The Bohr equation for the hydrogen atom is given by:
E = -2.18 × 10^-18 J/n^2
where E is the energy of the electron, and n is the principal quantum number.
The lowest energy level or ground state of hydrogen is when n = 1. So, we can find the energy of the lowest excited state by setting n = 2 in the Bohr equation:
E = -2.18 × 10^-18 J/2^2 = -0.54 × 10^-18 J
The energy of the lowest excited state is the difference between the energy of the ground state and the energy of the excited state. So, we can find the energy of the lowest excited state by subtracting the energy of the ground state (n=1) from the energy of the excited state (n=2):
ΔE = E₂ - E₁ = (-0.54 × 10^-18 J) - (-2.18 × 10^-18 J) = 1.64 × 10^-18 J
Therefore, the energy of the lowest excited state of hydrogen is 1.64 × 10^-18 J, which is closest to option (b) 1.66 × 10^-18 J.
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. ethanol (ch3ch2oh) burns in air to generate carbon dioxide and water, a. write a balanced equation to show this reaction b. determine the volume of air (not oxygen) in liters at 35 degrees c and 790 mm hg required to burn 250 grams of ethanol.
(a). [tex]C_2H_5OH + 3O_2[/tex] → [tex]2CO_2 + 3H_2O[/tex]
(b). The volume of air required to burn 250 grams of ethanol at 35°C and 790 mmHg is approximately 6.63 liters.
a. The balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol ([tex]C_2H_5OH[/tex]) in air to generate carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_2[/tex]) and water ([tex]H_2O[/tex]) is:
[tex]C_2H_5OH + 3O_2[/tex] → [tex]2CO_2 + 3H_2O[/tex]
b. We first need to calculate the number of moles of ethanol used in the reaction. The molar mass of ethanol is:
46.07 g/mol
Therefore, the number of moles of ethanol used is:
[tex]n = m/M = 250 g / 46.07 g/mol = 5.42 mol[/tex]
Therefore, the number of moles of oxygen required to burn 5.42 moles of ethanol is:
[tex]3n = 3 * 5.42 mol = 16.26 mol[/tex]
The ideal gas law is:
PV = nRT
V = nRT/P
Substituting the values, we get:
[tex]V = (16.26 mol)(0.08206 L.atm/(mol.K))(308.15 K) / 790 mmHg[/tex]
Simplifying, we get:
V = 6.63 L
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What is the percent by mass of hydrogen in CH3COOH (formula mass = 60. )?
A) 7. 1%
B) 5. 0%
C)6. 7%
D)1. 7%
15 points pls answer quick it's timed I don't need explanation
The percent by mass of hydrogen in CH3COOH is 6.7%. (C)
To calculate the percent by mass of hydrogen in a compound, you need to determine the mass of hydrogen present in relation to the total mass of the compound.
The molecular formula of acetic acid (CH3COOH) indicates that it contains two hydrogen atoms. To calculate the percent by mass of hydrogen, we need to consider the molar mass of hydrogen and the molar mass of acetic acid.
The molar mass of hydrogen (H) is approximately 1.00784 grams per mole, and the molar mass of acetic acid (CH3COOH) can be calculated as follows:
Molar mass of CH3COOH = (molar mass of carbon × 2) + (molar mass of hydrogen × 4) + molar mass of oxygen
= (12.01 g/mol × 2) + (1.00784 g/mol × 4) + 16.00 g/mol
= 24.02 g/mol + 4.03136 g/mol + 16.00 g/mol
= 44.05 g/mol
Now, to calculate the percent by mass of hydrogen, we can use the following formula:
Percent by mass of hydrogen = (mass of hydrogen / total mass of acetic acid) × 100
Since there are two hydrogen atoms in one molecule of acetic acid, the mass of hydrogen is (2 × 1.00784 g/mol) = 2.01568 g/mol.
Plugging the values into the formula, we get:
Percent by mass of hydrogen = (2.01568 g/mol / 44.05 g/mol) × 100= 6.7%
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When ammonium is added to water the temperature of the water decreases. Ammonium nitrates can be recovered by evaporating the water added Which explains those observations A the ammonium nitrates dissolved in water and process is endothermic B the ammonium nitrate reacts with the water and process is endothermic C the ammonium nitrates dissolved in water and process is exothermic D the ammonium nitrate reacts with the water and process is exothermic
Ammonium nitrates can be recovered by evaporating the water added explains that ammonium nitrates dissolved in water and process is endothermic. Thus, option A is correct.
When ammonium is added to water, the temperature of the water decreases. This is because the dissolution of ammonium in water is an endothermic process, meaning it requires energy in the form of heat to take place. When ammonium dissolves in water, it absorbs heat from the surroundings, which causes the temperature of the water to decrease.
Furthermore, ammonium nitrates can be recovered by evaporating the water that was added. This indicates that the ammonium nitrates dissolved in water and the process is endothermic. If the ammonium nitrate had reacted with the water, it would not be possible to recover it by evaporation.
Therefore, option A, "the ammonium nitrates dissolved in water and process is endothermic," is the correct explanation for the observations that when ammonium is added to water, the temperature decreases, and ammonium nitrates can be recovered by evaporating the water added.
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The separation of benzene (B) from cyclohexane (C) by distillation at 1 atm is impossible because of a minimum-boiling-point azeotrope at 54. 5 mol% benzene. However, extractive distillation with furfural is feasible. For an equimolar feed, cyclohexane and benzene products of 98 and 99 mol%, respectively, can be produced. Alternatively, the use of a three-stage pervaporation process, with selectivity for benzene using a polyethylene membrane, has received attention, as discussed by Rautenbach and Albrecht [47]. Consider the second stage of this process, where the feed is 9,905 kg/h of 57. 5 wt% B at 75C. The retentate is 16. 4 wt% benzene at 67. 5C and the permeate is 88. 2 wt% benzene at 27. 5C. The total permeate mass flux is 1. 43 kg/m2-h and selectivity for benzene is 8. Calculate flow rates of retentate and permeate in kg/h and membrane surface area in m2
The retentate flow rate is 5,021.862 kg/h and the permeate flow rate is 5,021.862 kg/h. The membrane surface area required is 3,517.948 m².
What is permeate flow ?Permeate flow is the rate at which a fluid passes through a membrane. It is a measure of the membrane's permeability, which is the ability of a substance to pass through a membrane. Permeate flow is used in many industrial processes, such as purification of fluids, separation of compounds, and concentration of liquids.
The first step is to calculate the mass flow rate of the feed. This is given by the equation:
Mass flow rate (kg/h) = Feed flow rate (kg/h) x Feed concentration (wt%)
Mass flow rate = 9,905 kg/h x 57.5 wt% = 5,686.625 kg/h
Next, we need to calculate the flow rate of the retentate and permeate in kg/h. This is given by the equation:
Flow rate (kg/h) = Mass flow rate (kg/h) x Retentate/Permeate concentration (wt%)
Retentate flow rate = 5,686.625 kg/h x 16.4 wt% = 931.939 kg/h
Permeate flow rate = 5,686.625 kg/h x 88.2 wt% = 5,021.862 kg/h
Finally, we need to calculate the membrane surface area in m². This is given by the equation:
Membrane surface area (m²) = Permeate flow rate (kg/h) / Total permeate mass flux (kg/m²-h)
Membrane surface area = 5,021.862 kg/h / 1.43 kg/m²-h = 3,517.948 m².
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11. The latent heat of fusion of water is 334 J/g. The latent heat of
vaporization of water is 2257 J/g. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4.186 J/g °C How much heat is needed to evaporate 500
og of ice that starts at 0°C ? Hint: Sum of AQS...Q1: Solid to Liquid;
Q2 of Liquid water; Q3 Liquid to Gas
The amount heat needed to evaporate 500 g of ice that starts at 0 °C is 1504800 J
How do i determine the heat needed to evaporate the ice?First, we shall determine the heat needed to melt the ice. Details below:
Mass of ice (m) = 500 gLatent heat of fusion (ΔHf) = 334 J/gHeat (H₁) =?H₁ = m × ΔHf
H₁ = 500 × 334
H₁ = 167000 J
Next, we shall determine the heat required to change the water from 0 °C to 100°C. Details below:
Mass of water (M) = 500 gInitial temperature of water (T₁) = 0 °CFinal temperature of water (T₂) = 100 °CChange in temperature of water (ΔT) = 100 - 0 = 100°CSpecific heat capacity of water (C) = 4.186 J/gºC Heat (H₂) =?H₂ = MCΔT
H₂ = 500 × 4.186 × 100
H₂ = 209300 J
Next, we shall determine the heat required to vaporize the water. Details below:
Mass of water (M) = 500 g Heat of Vaporization (ΔHv) = 2257 J/gHeat (H₃) =?H₃ = m × ΔHv
H₃ = 500 × 2257
H₃ = 1128500 J
Finally, we shall determine the heat required to evaporate the ice. Details below:
Heat required to melt the ice (H₁) = 167000 JHeat required to change the steam from 0 °C to 100 °C(H₂) = 209300 JHeat required to vaporize the water (H₃) = 1128500 JTotal heat required (Q) =?Q = H₁ + H₂ + H₃
Q = 167000 + 209300 + 1128500
Total heat required = 1504800 J
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Help pls! Assuming non-ideal behavior, a 2. 0 mol sample of CO₂ in a 7. 30 L container at 200. 0 K has a pressure of 4. 50 atm. If a = 3. 59 L²･atm/mol² and b = 0. 0427 L/mol for CO₂, according to the van der Waals equation what is the difference in pressure (in atm) between ideal and nonideal conditions for CO₂?
The difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂ is 23.42 atm.
To find the difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂, we need to use the van der Waals equation:
(P + a(n/V)²)(V - nb) = nRT
where P is the pressure, n is the number of moles, V is the volume, T is the temperature, R is the gas constant, a is a constant related to the attractive forces between molecules, and b is a constant related to the volume of the molecules.
First, we need to calculate the volume of the CO₂ molecules using the given values of n and V:
V/n = V/2.0 mol = 7.30 L/2.0 mol = 3.65 L/mol
Next, we can plug in the given values of a, b, n, V, and T into the van der Waals equation:
(P + a(n/V)²)(V - nb) = nRT
(4.50 atm + 3.59 L²･atm/mol²(2.0 mol/3.65 L)²)(7.30 L - 0.0427 L/mol × 2.0 mol) = 2.0 mol × 0.0821 L･atm/mol･K × 200.0 K
Simplifying the equation, we get:
(4.50 + 3.59(2.0/3.65)²)(7.30 - 0.0427 × 2.0) = 32.19
Therefore, the non-ideal pressure is:
Pnon-ideal = 32.19 atm
To find the ideal pressure, we can use the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
Pideal = nRT/V = 2.0 mol × 0.0821 L･atm/mol･K × 200.0 K/7.30 L
Pideal = 8.77 atm
Finally, we can calculate the difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions:
ΔP = Pnon-ideal - Pideal = 32.19 atm - 8.77 atm = 23.42 atm
Therefore, the difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂ is 23.42 atm.
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Explain why the following carboxylic acids cannot be prepared by a malonic ester synthesis. Part A A line-angle formula shows a ring with six vertices and alternating single and double bonds. A CH2COH group, with an O atom double-bonded to the second (from left to right) carbon atom, is attached to one of the ring vertices. A line-angle formula shows a ring with six vertices and alternating single and double bonds. A CH2COH group, with an O atom double-bonded to the second (from left to right) carbon atom, is attached to one of the ring vertices. An SN2 reaction cannot be done on benzyl bromide. An SN2 reaction cannot be done on bromobenzene. An SN2 reaction cannot be done on dibromobenzene. The bromide required for the synthesis is unstable
The first two carboxylic acids described contain a benzene ring, which is not susceptible to the malonic ester synthesis.
The malonic ester synthesis requires a compound with a methyl group adjacent to both carboxylate groups, and a benzene ring does not fulfill this requirement. The last two carboxylic acids described cannot be prepared by the malonic ester synthesis because an SN₂ reaction cannot be performed on compounds with bulky substituents or with two or more halogen atoms attached to the same carbon atom.
The synthesis requires the use of an alkyl halide that can undergo an SN₂ reaction with sodium ethoxide, but benzyl bromide, bromobenzene, and dibromobenzene are not suitable for this type of reaction. Additionally, the bromide required for the synthesis is unstable, which further complicates the reaction.
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Biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem because
Biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem because it enhances the resilience, stability, and overall productivity of an ecosystem.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including the genetic diversity within species, the variety of species, and the range of ecosystems in a given area. High levels of biodiversity result in numerous benefits for ecosystems and the organisms living within them.
Firstly, biodiversity fosters ecosystem resilience, allowing it to recover from disturbances more effectively. A diverse ecosystem is less vulnerable to natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and climate change impacts. When there is a greater variety of species, the ecosystem can better withstand external pressures, and it is more likely to maintain its structure and function.
Secondly, biodiversity supports ecosystem stability. A diverse ecosystem is less susceptible to drastic fluctuations in population sizes or the collapse of specific species. The presence of multiple species can compensate for the loss of a few, ensuring the maintenance of essential ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow.
Furthermore, biodiversity enhances ecosystem productivity. When multiple species coexist, they can occupy different niches, utilize resources more efficiently, and avoid direct competition.
This promotes higher overall productivity, as each species can contribute to ecosystem processes in unique ways. Increased biodiversity also supports a greater variety of food web interactions, providing a more stable food supply for different species and promoting balanced predator-prey relationships.
In conclusion, biodiversity is crucial for the sustainability of ecosystems because it fosters resilience, stability, and productivity. A diverse ecosystem can better withstand external pressures, maintain essential functions, and support a balanced food web, ultimately benefiting both the environment and human societies that depend on it.
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14. Lab Analysis: You forgot to label your chemicals and do not know whether your unknown solution is strontium nitrate or magnesium nitrate. You use the solutions potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate in order to determine your mistake. unknown + potassium carbonate & unknown + potassium sulfate . Write the complete balanced molecular equation(s) below of the reaction(s) that occurred, including the states of matter. HINT: Try writing ALL possible reactions that could have been created, and then decide which reactions actually occurred.
Unknown + Potassium Carbonate → Potassium Nitrate + Unknown Carbonate
[tex]Sr(NO_3)_2[/tex] + [tex]K_2CO_3[/tex] → [tex]2KNO_3[/tex] + [tex]SrCO_3[/tex] (if the unknown is strontium nitrate)
[tex]Mg(NO_3)_2[/tex]+ [tex]K_2CO_3[/tex] → [tex]2KNO_3[/tex] + [tex]MgCO_3[/tex] (if the unknown is magnesium nitrate)
Here are the balanced molecular equations for the reactions that could have occurred between the unknown solution (either strontium nitrate or magnesium nitrate) and potassium carbonate and potassium sulfate: Unknown + potassium carbonate → potassium nitrate + magnesium or strontium carbonate (depending on the unknown)
Unknown + potassium sulfate → potassium nitrate + magnesium or strontium sulfate (depending on the unknown)
Unknown + Potassium Sulfate → Potassium Nitrate + Unknown Sulfate
[tex]Sr(NO_3)_2[/tex] + [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex] → [tex]2KNO_3[/tex] + [tex]SrSO_4[/tex] (if the unknown is strontium nitrate)
[tex]Mg(NO_3)_2[/tex] + [tex]K_2SO_4[/tex] → [tex]2KNO_3[/tex] + [tex]MgSO_4[/tex] (if the unknown is magnesium nitrate)
To determine which reaction occurred, you would need to observe which products were formed. If [tex]SrCO_3[/tex] or [tex]SrSO_4[/tex] were formed, then the unknown was strontium nitrate.
If [tex]MgCO_3[/tex] or [tex]MgSO_4[/tex] were formed, then the unknown was magnesium nitrate.
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A decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas is an exothermic reaction. If the temperature is initially 28˚ C, what would you expect to see happen to the final temperature? Explain what is happening in terms of energy of the system and the surroundings.
If the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas is an exothermic reaction, we would expect the final temperature to be lower than the initial temperature of 28˚C.
This is because during an exothermic reaction, energy is released from the system into the surroundings in the form of heat. In other words, the energy of the products (water and oxygen) is lower than the energy of the reactants (hydrogen peroxide), and the excess energy is released into the surroundings.
As a result, the temperature of the surroundings (in this case, the container holding the reaction) will increase, while the temperature of the system (the reactants and products) will decrease. This means that the final temperature of the reaction will be lower than the initial temperature of 28˚C.
Overall, we would expect the reaction to release heat into the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to increase while the temperature of the system decreases.
Gas in a balloon occupies 2. 5 L at 300 K. At what temperature will the balloon expand to 7. 5 L?
Gas in a balloon occupies 2. 5 L at 300 K. The temperature will the balloon expand to 7. 5 L is 900 K.
The Charles law states that the volume of the ideal gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature at the constant pressure.
V ∝ T
The Charles’ Law is expressed as :
V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂
Where,
The volume , V₁ = 2.5 L
The temperature, T₁ = 300 K
The volume, V₂ = 7.5 L
The temperature, T₂ = ?
T₂ = V₂ T₁ / V₁
T₂ = ( 7.5 × 300 ) / 2.5
T₂ = 900 K
The temperature that will the balloon expand to the 7. 5 L is 900 K.
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What is the percent of water in plaster of paris (caso4 · ½h2o) rounded to the nearest tenth?
The percent of water in Plaster of Paris is 6.2% (approx.) rounded to the nearest tenth.
It can be easily calculated using the formula:
% of water = (mass of water / total mass of compound) x 100
In this case, the molar mass of CaSO₄ · 1/2H₂O is:
1 mol Ca = 40.08 g
1 mol S = 32.06 g
4 mol O = 4 x 16.00 g = 64.00 g
1/2 mol H₂O = 1/2 x 18.02 g = 9.01 g
Therefore, the total molar mass of CaSO₄ · 1/2H₂O is:
40.08 + 32.06 + 64.00 + 9.01 = 145.15 g/mol
The mass of water in one mole of CaSO₄ · 1/2H₂O is 9.01 g, so the percent of water in plaster of Paris is:
% of water = (9.01 g / 145.15 g) x 100 = 6.21%
Rounding this to the nearest tenth gives:
% of water ≈ 6.2%
Therefore, the percent of water in plaster of Paris is approximately 6.2%.
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Find the balance and net ionic equation for the statements below. Answer what you can.
1. Calcium + bromine —>
2. Aqueous nitric acid, HNO3, is mixed with aqueous barium chloride
3. Heptane, C7H16, reacts with oxygen
4. Chlorine gas reacts is bubbles through aqueous potassium iodide (write both the balanced and net ionic equation)
5. Zn (s) + Ca (NO3)2 (aq) —>
6. Aqueous sodium phosphate mixes with aqueous magnesium nitrate (write both the balanced and net ionic equation)
7. Aluminum metal is placed in aqueous zinc chloride
8. Iron (III) oxide breaks down
9. Li(OH) (ag) + HCI (aq) —>
(write both the balanced and net ionic equation)
10A. Solid sodium in water. Hint: Think water, H2O, as H(OH)
10B. What would happen if you bring a burning splint to the previous reaction?
A- The burning splint continues to burn.
B - The burning splint would make a "pop" sound.
C - The burning splint would go out.
Ca +Br2 ---> CaBr2
2HNO3 + BaCl2 --->Ba(NO3)2 +2HCl
C7H16 + 11O2 → 7CO2 + 8H2O
Cl2 + 2KI --->2KCl + I2
No reaction
2Na3PO4 + 3Mg(NO3)2 → Mg3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3
2Al + 3ZnCl2 → 3Zn + 2AlCl3
Li(OH) (ag) + HCI (aq) —>LiCl + H2O
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
The burning splint would make a "pop" sound.
What is the balanced equation?A balanced equation is a chemical equation that has an equal number of atoms of each element on both the reactant and product sides.
In other words, a balanced equation follows the law of conservation of mass, which states that the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
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Titan is a moon of the planet Saturn
Table 3 shows the percentages of the gases in the atmosphere of Titan.
Table 3
Gas
Percentage of gas in
atmosphere (%)
Nitrogen
98. 4
Methane
1. 4
Other gases
0. 2
08
1 Some scientists think that living organisms could have evolved on Titan.
Explain why these organisms could not have evolved in the same way that life is
thought to have evolved on Earth.
Use Table 3.
[3 marks]
08
2 Saturn has other moons.
The other moons of Saturn have no atmosphere.
Titan is warmer than the other moons of Saturn because its atmosphere contains the
greenhouse gas methane.
Explain how this greenhouse gas keeps Titan warmer than the other moons of Saturn
[3 marks]
Titan's atmosphere predominantly consists of nitrogen and methane, with traces of other gases, ruling out the possibility of life evolving there in the same manner that it is believed to have done on Earth.
On Earth, nitrogen and oxygen make up the majority of the atmosphere, with traces of other gases. Because they are required for respiration, nitrogen and oxygen are crucial for maintaining life as we know it. On the other hand, no known form of life uses methane, which is a highly reactive and combustible gas. Additionally, any form of life would have a very difficult time surviving on Titan due to its extremely low temperatures, which average around -180°C.
Methane, a greenhouse gas, traps heat from the sun and prevents it from escaping back into space, keeping Titan warmer than the other moons of Saturn. Because it absorbs and then emits infrared radiation, which is the main type of heat energy emitted by the sun, methane is a potent greenhouse gas.
Titan has a far stronger greenhouse effect than Saturn's other moons as a result, which keeps Titan's surface warm. Titan's surface would be significantly colder without the methane greenhouse effect, making it more like the other moons of Saturn.
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Correct question:
Titan is a moon of the planet Saturn Table shows the percentages of the gases in the atmosphere of Titan.
Percentage of gas in atmosphere (%)
Nitrogen 98
Methane 1
Other gases 0.
Some scientists think that living organisms could have evolved on Titan. Explain why these organisms could not have evolved in the same way that life is thought to have evolved on Earth.
Saturn has other moons. The other moons of Saturn have no atmosphere. Titan is warmer than the other moons of Saturn because its atmosphere contains thegreenhouse gas methane. Explain how this greenhouse gas keeps Titan warmer than the other moons of Saturn.
A gas sample occupies a volume of 155 mL at a temperature of 316 K and a pressure of 0. 989 atm. How many moles of gas are there?
2Points
Show your work
There are approximately 0.00614 moles of gas in the sample.
To find the number of moles of gas in the sample, we will use the Ideal Gas Law formula: PV = nRT.
Given:
Volume (V) = 155 mL = 0.155 L (converted to liters)
Temperature (T) = 316 K
Pressure (P) = 0.989 atm
Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 L atm / K mol
We need to find the number of moles (n).
Rearranging the formula for n: n = PV / RT
1. Convert the volume to liters: 155 mL = 0.155 L
2. Plug in the given values into the formula: n = (0.989 atm) x (0.155 L) / (0.0821 L atm / K mol) x (316 K)
3. Simplify the equation and solve for n: n ≈ 0.00614 mol
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Please help!!! The following thermodynamically favored reaction takes place in an acidified
galvanic cell.
O2(g) + 2 H2S(g) 2 S(s) + 2 H2O(l)
a. What is the half reaction that takes place at the anode?
b. What is the half reaction the takes place at the cathode?
c. Calculate the standard cell potential, Eo
cell.
d. What must the partial pressures of the reactants be in order to produce the
voltage in part c?
a. The anode is where oxidation occurs, so the half reaction taking place at the anode is: O₂(g) + 4 H⁺(aq) + 4 e⁻→ 2 H₂O(l)
b. The cathode is where reduction occurs, so the half reaction taking place at the cathode is: 2 H⁺(aq) + 2 e⁻+ 2 H₂S(g) → 2 S(s) + 2 H₂O(l)
c. To calculate the standard cell potential, Eocell, we need to add the reduction potential of the cathode and the oxidation potential of the anode. The reduction potential of the cathode half reaction is +0.15 V, and the oxidation potential of the anode half reaction is -1.23 V. Therefore, Eocell = +0.15 V + (-1.23 V) = -1.08 V.
d. To produce the voltage of -1.08 V, the reaction must be spontaneous, which means that the Gibbs free energy change, ΔG, must be negative.
The relationship between ΔG, Eocell, and the equilibrium constant, K, is: ΔG = -nFEocell = -RTlnK, where n is the number of electrons transferred, F is Faraday's constant, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.
Solving for K, we get: K = e^(-ΔG/RT) = e^(-nFEocell/RT).
Substituting the values, we get: K = e^(-(-2)(96485 C/mol)(-1.08 V)/(8.314 J/mol-K)(298 K)) = 4.5 x 10¹⁸. Since the reaction is in acid, the partial pressure of H⁺ is 1 atm.
Using the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction, K = [S]²/[H₂S]², we can solve for the partial pressure of H₂S: P(H₂S) = [S]/√K. Substituting the values, we get: P(H₂S) = (1 atm)/√(4.5 x 10¹⁸) = 6.7 x 10⁻¹⁰atm.
Therefore, the partial pressure of H₂S must be 6.7 x 10⁻¹⁰ atm, and the partial pressure of O₂ must be 1 atm, to produce the voltage in part c.
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A 25. 0 mL sample of a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution is titrated with 0. 029 M HCl, and
the equivalence point is reached after 37. 3 mL of titrant are dispensed. Based on this
data, what is the concentration (M) of Ca(OH)2?
The concentration of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] is 0.0217 M.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between the [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] and the HCl is:
[tex]Ca(OH)_2 + 2HCl[/tex] → [tex]CaCl_2 + 2H_2O[/tex]
From this equation, we can see that 1 mole of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] reacts with 2 moles of HCl.
The number of moles of HCl used can be calculated as:
moles HCl = Molarity * Volume in liters[tex]= 0.029 M\ *\ 0.0373 L = 0.0010837\ mol[/tex]
Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:2 between [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] and HCl, the number of moles of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] in the 25.0 mL sample can be calculated as:[tex]moles\ Ca(OH)2 = 0.0010837\ mol / 2 = 0.00054185\ mol[/tex]
The concentration of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] can then be calculated as:
[tex]Molarity = moles[/tex] ÷ [tex]Volume\ in\ liters\ = 0.00054185\ mol[/tex] ÷ 0.025 L = 0.0217M
Therefore, the concentration of [tex]Ca(OH)_2[/tex] is 0.0217 M.
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Three inert gases X,E and Z are pumped into an evacuated 5. 00l rigid container until the total pressure is 3. 00 atm. Determine the partial pressure of gas X if 0. 500 moles of each is used
The partial pressure of gas X if 0. 500 moles of each is used is 1 atm.
In a gas mixture, the pressure exerted by individual gases on the walls of the container is known as partial pressure of the gas. The sum of the partial pressures of all the gas molecules fives the total pressure of the gas.
Partial pressure = number of moles/ total moles × total pressure
since, 0.5 moles of each gas is used,
partial pressure of X is
= moles of X /total moles of X,E,Z × total pressure
= 0.5 moles × 3 atm/ 1.5 moles
= 1 atm
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You have been supplied with a concentrated solution of calcium dihydrogen phosphate to be used in a hydroponic system to grow lettuce. The solution has a phosphorus concentration of 200 mg/ L, however, in a hydroponic nutrient solution, the common range of elemental phosphorus required is 30-50 mg/L. Explain how you would prepare a solution containing 35 mg/L phosphorus in a 500 mL volume?
To prepare a hydroponic solution with 35 mg/L of phosphorus in a 500 mL volume, you will need to dilute the concentrated calcium dihydrogen phosphate solution.
Firstly, calculate the volume of the concentrated solution required to make the desired concentration. You can apply the formula here:
C1V1 = C2V2
Where C1 is the concentration of the concentrated solution (200 mg/L), V1 is the volume of concentrated solution required, C2 is the desired concentration (35 mg/L), and V2 is the final volume of the solution (500 mL).
Substituting these values, we get:
(200 mg/L) V1 = (35 mg/L) (500 mL)
V1 = (35 mg/L) (500 mL) / (200 mg/L)
V1 = 87.5 mL
So, you need 87.5 mL of the concentrated solution to make 500 mL of the final solution with a phosphorus concentration of 35 mg/L.
To prepare the final solution, measure 87.5 mL of the concentrated solution and add it to a measuring cylinder. Add distilled water to make the remaining 500 mL, and then. Mix the solution well to ensure that the calcium dihydrogen phosphate is evenly distributed.
This will give you a hydroponic solution with a phosphorus concentration of 35 mg/L, which falls within the common range of elemental phosphorus required for growing lettuce.
What is hydroponic solution?
A Hydroponic solution, also known as hydroponic nutrient solution, is a specially formulated liquid mixture of nutrients that is used to grow plants hydroponically. Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in a soil-free medium, where the roots of the plants are suspended in a nutrient-rich solution.
A 1500. 0 gram piece of wood with a specific heat capacity of 1. 8 g/JxC absorbs 67,500 Joules of heat. If the final temperature of the wood is 57C, what is the initial temperature of the wood? (2 sig figs)
The equation Q = mcΔT, where Q is the amount of heat absorbed, m is the mass of the object, c is the specific heat capacity of the object, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
In this case, we are given the mass of the wood (1500.0 grams) and its specific heat capacity (1.8 g/JxC), as well as the amount of heat absorbed (67,500 Joules) and the final temperature (57C). We want to find the initial temperature.
First, we can rearrange the equation to solve for ΔT: ΔT = Q/mc. Plugging in the values we know, we get:
ΔT = 67,500 J / (1500.0 g x 1.8 g/JxC) = 25C
This tells us that the temperature of the wood increased by 25C due to the heat absorbed. To find the initial temperature, we can subtract ΔT from the final temperature:
Initial temperature = final temperature - ΔT = 57C - 25C = 32C
Therefore, the initial temperature of the wood was 32C.
In summary, we used the equation Q = mcΔT and rearranged it to solve for ΔT. We then subtracted ΔT from the final temperature to find the initial temperature of the wood. The specific heat capacity tells us how much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of a given mass of a substance by a certain amount.
In this case, the specific heat capacity of the wood (1.8 g/JxC) was used to calculate how much heat energy was absorbed by the wood. The mass of the wood was also important, as it determines how much heat energy is needed to raise its temperature. The final temperature of the wood and the amount of heat absorbed were given in the problem, and we used this information to solve for the initial temperature.
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Which of the following is equal to 2?
O A. 6+4 ÷ (2+1) × 3
O B. (6+4 ÷ 2) - 1×3
O
C. 6+ (4÷ 2) + 1 × 3
O D. (6 + 4)÷2-1×3
O D. (6 + 4)÷2-1×3
the cacuclator gives u the answer to this
Help what’s the answer?
Answer:
in chemical reactions moles correspond to the number of molecules or atoms that go into reaction. It means that number that is in front of molecule or atom for example in this reaction you have one oxygen it means one mole of oxygen. 4 molecules of acid correspond to 4 moles of HCl. So the final answer would be:
4 moles of HCl
2 moles of H2O
2 moles of Cl2
Explain what sedimentation equilibrium is and how it is related to chemical equilibrium.
Answer:
Sedimentation equilibrium in a suspension of different particles, such as molecules, exists when the rate of transport of each material in any one direction due to sedimentation equals the rate of transport in the opposite direction due to diffusion.
a generic salt, ab3, has a molar mass of 305 g/mol and a solubility of 4.30 g/l at 25 °c. ab3(s)↽−−⇀a3 (aq) 3b−(aq) what is the ksp of this salt at 25 °c?
The dissociation reaction for the salt AB3 is:
AB3(s) ↔ A3+(aq) + 3B-(aq)
Let's assume the solubility of AB3 in water at 25 °C is x mol/L. Then, the equilibrium concentrations of A3+ and B- can be expressed as x and 3x, respectively.
The Ksp expression for AB3 is:
Ksp = [A3+][B-]^3 = x(3x)^3 = 27x^4
The molar mass of AB3 is 305 g/mol, so the number of moles in 4.30 g (the solubility) is:
n = 4.30 g / 305 g/mol = 0.0141 mol/L
Therefore, the solubility of AB3 at 25 °C is:
x = 0.0141 mol/L
Substituting this into the Ksp expression:
Ksp = 27x^4 = 27(0.0141)^4 = 5.6 x 10^-9
Therefore, the Ksp of AB3 at 25 °C is 5.6 x 10^-9.
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write balanced equations for each of the processes described below. (use the lowest possible coefficients. omit states-of-matter.)
1. Balanced equation for the combustion of propane: [tex]C_3H_8 + 5O_2\ - > 3CO_2 + 4H_2O.[/tex]
2. Balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:[tex]HCl + NaOH\ - > NaCl + H_2O.[/tex]
3. 3. Balanced equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate upon heating: [tex]CaCO_3\ - > CaO + CO_2.[/tex]
1. [tex]C_3H_8 + 5O_2\ - > 3CO_2 + 4H_2O.[/tex]
This reaction shows that propane[tex](C_3H_8)[/tex] reacts with oxygen[tex](O_2)[/tex] from the air to produce carbon dioxide[tex](CO_2)[/tex] and water[tex](H_2O)[/tex] in a balanced chemical equation.
2. [tex]HCl + NaOH\ - > NaCl + H_2O.[/tex]
This reaction demonstrates that hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce sodium chloride (NaCl) and water [tex](H_2O)[/tex] in a balanced chemical equation.
3. [tex]CaCO_3\ - > CaO + CO_2[/tex].
This reaction illustrates that when calcium carbonate[tex](CaCO_3)[/tex] is heated, it decomposes to produce calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide [tex](CO_2)[/tex] in a balanced chemical equation.
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--The complete Question is, Write balanced equations for each of the processes described below:
1. Combustion of propane (C3H8) in air to produce carbon dioxide and water.
2. Reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to produce sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O).
3. Decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) upon heating to produce calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). --
(marking brainliest!) given the following bond energies:
h-h = 436 kj/mol
i-i = 151 kj/mol
h-i = 297 kj/mol
calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction:
h-h + i-i ---> 2h-i
-choices are attached!
Bond energy refers to the amount of energy required to break a bond between two atoms. This energy is required because bonds are formed when electrons are shared between atoms, and breaking a bond requires energy to be put into the system to overcome the electrostatic forces holding the atoms together.
In the case of the reaction given, h-h + i-i ---> 2h-i, we are asked to determine the energy change associated with breaking the H-H and I-I bonds and forming two new H-I bonds. To do this, we can use the bond energies of the individual bonds involved.
According to a standard table of bond energies, the H-H bond has a bond energy of 432 kJ/mol, while the I-I bond has a bond energy of 149 kJ/mol. The H-I bond has a bond energy of 436 kJ/mol. Using these values, we can calculate the energy change for the reaction as follows:
(2 x H-I bond energy) - (H-H bond energy + I-I bond energy)
= (2 x 436 kJ/mol) - (432 kJ/mol + 149 kJ/mol)
= 293 kJ/mol
So the energy change for the reaction is 293 kJ/mol. This means that the reaction is exothermic, as energy is released when the bonds are formed. This energy can be used to do work or heat up the surroundings.
Finally, you mentioned the term "marking brainliest". I assume you are referring to the "Brainliest Answer" feature on certain online platforms, where the person who asks a question can choose which answer they found most helpful or accurate. If this is the case, I hope my answer has been helpful and informative!
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(a) Determine the ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units in a copolymer having a number- average molecular weight of 350,000 g/mol and degree of polymerization of 4425. (b) Which type(s) of copolymer(s) will this copolymer be, considering the following possibilities: random, alternating, graft, and block? Why?
(a) The degree of polymerization (DP) for butadiene can be calculated as follows:
DP(butadiene) = (mass of copolymer) x (fraction of butadiene repeat units) / (molar mass of butadiene)
Similarly, the DP for styrene can be calculated as:
DP(styrene) = (mass of copolymer) x (fraction of styrene repeat units) / (molar mass of styrene)
Since the molecular weight of the copolymer and the DPs of both butadiene and styrene are known, we can set up two equations:
350,000 g/mol = (DP(butadiene) x molar mass of butadiene) + (DP(styrene) x molar mass of styrene)
4425 = DP(butadiene) + DP(styrene)
We can solve these equations simultaneously to find the fraction of butadiene repeat units:
DP(butadiene) = (350,000 g/mol - DP(styrene) x molar mass of styrene) / molar mass of butadiene
4425 = DP(butadiene) + DP(styrene)
Substituting the first equation into the second equation and solving for DP(butadiene), we get:
DP(butadiene) = 4425 - DP(styrene)
(350,000 g/mol - DP(styrene) x molar mass of styrene) / molar mass of butadiene = DP(butadiene)
Simplifying and solving for DP(styrene), we get:
DP(styrene) = (350,000 g/mol x molar mass of butadiene) / (molar mass of styrene x molar mass of butadiene + 350,000 g/mol)
DP(styrene) = 1910
Therefore, the DP for butadiene is:
DP(butadiene) = 4425 - 1910 = 2515
The ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units is:
(fraction of butadiene repeat units) / (fraction of styrene repeat units) = (DP(butadiene) x molar mass of butadiene) / (DP(styrene) x molar mass of styrene)
(fraction of butadiene repeat units) / (fraction of styrene repeat units) = (2515 x 54.09 g/mol) / (1910 x 104.15 g/mol)
(fraction of butadiene repeat units) / (fraction of styrene repeat units) = 0.821
Therefore, the ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units is approximately 4:1.
(b) Based on the ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units, this copolymer is likely to be a random copolymer. In a random copolymer, the monomers are added in a statistical manner, resulting in a random distribution of repeat units along the polymer chain. This is consistent with the experimental evidence that the ratio of butadiene to styrene repeat units is not exactly 1:1, indicating that the monomers are not arranged in a specific alternating or block sequence.
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How can you determine the specific heat capacity of 1. 0g of yam
Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius per unit of mass.
To determine the specific heat capacity of 1.0g of yam, we can use a simple equation:
q = m × c × ΔT
where q is the amount of heat required, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
To measure the specific heat capacity of yam, we would first need to heat the yam to a known temperature, and then measure the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by a certain amount.
For example, we could heat 1.0g of yam to 25°C and then place it in a known amount of water at a lower temperature, such as 20°C. We could then measure the change in temperature of the water and calculate the amount of heat required to heat the yam.
By rearranging the equation above, we can solve for c:
c = q / (m × ΔT)
We can then substitute in the values we measured and calculate the specific heat capacity of the yam. This process can be repeated several times to obtain an average value for the specific heat capacity of yam.
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How many grams of oxygen would be needed to completely react with 254 g of tristearin, C57H110O6, by the following reaction:
2C57H110O6 + 163O2 114CO2 + 110H2O
You would need 740.1 grams of oxygen to completely react with 254 grams of tristearin, C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆, in the given reaction.
To find out how many grams of oxygen are needed to completely react with 254 g of tristearin, C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆, in the given reaction, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the molar mass of tristearin (C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆) and oxygen (O₂).
2. Convert grams of tristearin to moles using its molar mass.
3. Use stoichiometry to find the moles of oxygen needed.
4. Convert moles of oxygen to grams using its molar mass.
Molar mass of tristearin: (57 * 12.01) + (110 * 1.01) + (6 * 16.00) = 891.62 g/mol
Moles of tristearin: 254 g / 891.62 g/mol = 0.285 moles
Moles of oxygen needed: 0.285 moles * (163 O₂ / 2 C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆) = 23.16 moles
Molar mass of O₂: 2 * 16.00 = 32.00 g/mol
Grams of oxygen needed: 23.16 moles * 32.00 g/mol = 740.1 g
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what do you think determines these traits in the lobsters? How could these traits change?
The traits in lobsters are determined by their genetic makeup and environmental factors.
Natural selection can play a role in changing traits over time.
Which genetic factors are at play?Genetic factors include inherited traits from their parents such as color, size, and shell density. Environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and availability of food can also impact these traits.
For example, lobsters in warmer water tend to grow faster and larger than those in cooler water. Changes in habitat or pollution can also impact the availability of food and water quality, leading to changes in growth rates and physical traits.
Lobsters with advantageous traits, such as stronger shells or better camouflage, are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. Over time, these beneficial traits may become more common in the population.
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