The cost of saving a job through higher tariffs on steel imports imposed by Trump according to a report in Planet Money is $815,000 per year. The correct option is D. $815,000 per year.
What is a tariff?A tariff is a type of tax on imported or exported goods. It is a form of protectionism that increases the price of imported goods in order to reduce or limit the competition faced by domestic manufacturers. Tariffs are sometimes used as a political tool to put pressure on other countries to change their policies, but they can also be used to generate revenue for a government. Tariffs have both benefits and drawbacks, depending on the situation in which they are implemented.However, according to a report in Planet Money, the cost of saving a job through higher tariffs on steel imports imposed by Trump is $815,000 per year.Tariffs are designed to benefit domestic manufacturers by increasing the price of imported goods, but they also increase the cost of production for domestic manufacturers who rely on imported goods.
When the cost of production increases, the price of goods increases as well, making them less competitive in the market.
Hence, option d, is correct.
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Chapter 7S Problem 2 (Breakeven)
Breakeven analysis is a tool that tells a firm what capacity it must have to achieve profitability. It is the point, in dollars and units, at which costs equals revenue. To achieve profitability firms must operate above this point. Page 307 - 308 provides formulas for calculating BEP in dollars or units.
Given the following data, calculate the BEP in units, BEP in dollars, and profit at 100,000 units;
P=$8/unit
V=$4/unit
F= $50,000
Breakeven analysis is a helpful tool that helps businesses understand what capacity is required to be profitable. It is the point, measured in dollars and units, at which the cost is equal to the revenue.
To be profitable, companies must operate beyond this point.
Here,
we will be discussing how to calculate the BEP in units, BEP in dollars, and profit at 100,000 units given that
P=$8/unit, V=$4/unit, and F=$50,000.
In this scenario, BEP (units) = Total Fixed Costs/ Contribution Margin per unit
Contribution Margin per unit = Price - Variable cost per unit.
So,
CM= P - V= $8/unit - $4/unit = $4/unit
BEP(units) = $50,000/$4/unit = 12500 units
Therefore, at 12500 units, the firm would break even.
This indicates that any units sold beyond this will result in profits.
Now, let’s calculate BEP in dollars.
BEP (Dollars) = BEP(units) * price per unit= 12500 * $8/unit= $100,000At 100,000 units
,P = $8/unit
V = $4/unit
F = $50,000
Total Sales = 100,000*8= $800,000
Total Variable Costs = 100,000*4 = $400,000
Total Fixed Costs = $50,000
Profit = Total Sales - Total Variable Costs - Total Fixed Costs= $800,000 - $400,000 - $50,000= $350,000
Therefore, the profit at 100,000 units is $350,000, the BEP in units is 12,500 units, and the BEP in dollars is $100,000.
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When a company creates a logistics strategy it is defining the service levels at which its logistics organization is at its most cost-effective. Because supply chains are constantly changing and evolving, a company may develop a number of logistics strategies for specific product lines, specific countries, or specific customers. With this regard, 1.1 Explain the influence of customers in developing a successful logistics strategy. (10) 1.2 Critically evaluate the relationship between lean and agile strategies in managing logistical costs. Support your answer with suitable examples
Influence of customers in developing a successful logistics strategyCustomers play an important role in developing a successful logistics strategy. Customer needs and preferences are used to guide logistics decisions.
Logistics managers must be able to respond to customers’ needs, and the service levels offered must be in line with customer expectations. The logistics strategy should be developed to provide customers with the service they need at the lowest possible cost. Agile strategies, on the other hand, are focused on flexibility and responsiveness to changing customer needs and market conditions.
Both lean and agile strategies have their advantages and disadvantages, and companies need to evaluate which approach is best for their specific situation. In some cases, a combination of lean and agile strategies may be the most effective approach.By developing a logistics strategy that balances efficiency, flexibility, and responsiveness, companies can optimize their supply chain and achieve their business goals.
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There is an assembly line balancing problem with nine tasks (A,
B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I) to be assigned to workstations, with
intent to minimize the idle time, given the throughput rate of 275
unit
Assembly line balancing is a problem that requires assigning tasks to workstations while minimizing the idle time, given the throughput rate.
There are nine tasks A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, and the throughput rate is 275 units. The goal is to distribute these tasks across the assembly line such that the total idle time is minimized. Various methods can be used to solve the assembly line balancing problem. These include the Ranked Positional Weight (RPW) method, the Continuous Parallel Operations (COP) method, and the Helgeson-Birnie (HB) method.
However, for the nine tasks in this problem, the RPW method would be most appropriate. RPW involves computing the workload of each task and the cycle time for each workstation. The RPW is then calculated for each task by dividing the workload by the cycle time.
The task with the highest RPW is then assigned to the first workstation, and the remaining tasks are assigned to subsequent workstations in descending order of RPW.
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1. One of your least productive and efficient employees has just come to you asking for time off due to legitimate family problems. Your job as manager is to meet both the employee’s and the company’s needs. What do you do?
2. Because all of your employees get along, they have created an excellent working environment. Their time, however, is often spent care taking one another’s needs rather than getting their own work done. The productivity of the entire group is suffering. How would you attempt to remedy the situation? How would you construct your message for an industrial organization? A creative organization? A service‐oriented organization?
3. You are managing a group of student volunteers who are donating their time to help out a service organization on campus. The students are all well intentioned, but after their initial enthusiasm wanes, they begin to miss deadlines and become less reliable. How would you reestablish the focus of this group? Which managerial style do you think would work most effectively?
The most effective managerial style for this situation would be a democratic or participative style, which involves involving the group members in the decision-making process and allowing them to provide input and feedback.
1. When an employee is going through a tough time due to family problems, it is important for a manager to be understanding and supportive. The manager should listen to the employee’s situation, offer empathy and guidance, and work with the employee to come up with a solution that meets both the employee’s and the company’s needs. In this situation, the manager should discuss the possibility of taking time off with the employee, and determine if it is feasible for the employee to take time off given their workload and the needs of the company. If it is feasible, the manager should work with the employee to determine the length of the leave and any other necessary details. If it is not feasible, the manager should work with the employee to find alternative solutions that allow the employee to deal with their family problems while still meeting the needs of the company.
2. To remedy the situation where employees are spending too much time care-taking one another’s needs, a manager should first assess the situation and determine the root cause of the problem. If the issue is due to the lack of clear expectations or guidelines, the manager should establish clear guidelines and communicate them to the team. If the issue is due to a lack of focus or motivation, the manager should work with each employee to set individual goals and develop a plan to achieve those goals. If the issue is due to conflicts or communication issues, the manager should facilitate team-building activities and communication exercises to improve teamwork and collaboration.
When constructing a message for an industrial organization, the manager should focus on the importance of meeting production goals and emphasize the need for individual accountability. When constructing a message for a creative organization, the manager should focus on the importance of collaboration and creativity, while also emphasizing the need for individual accountability. When constructing a message for a service-oriented organization, the manager should focus on the importance of customer service and emphasize the need for teamwork and collaboration.
3. To reestablish the focus of a group of student volunteers who are donating their time to help out a service organization on campus, a manager should first establish clear expectations and goals for the group. The manager should communicate the importance of meeting deadlines and being reliable, and work with the group to develop a plan to achieve their goals.
Therefore, This approach would allow the group members to feel more invested in the project and would encourage them to take ownership of their work.
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Apatite Augite Bauxite Biotite Calcite Chlorite Corundum Dolomite Fluorite Galena Garnet Graphite Gypsum Halite Hematite Hornblende Limonite Magnetite Muscovite Olivine Orthoclase Plagioclase Pyrite Quartz Talc An unknown sample of a common rock-forming mineral exhibits the physical properties shown below in bold. Identify this mineral based on these physical properties, and select the best answer from the pulldown menu. softer than a #2 pencil, greasy luster
The mineral that exhibits the physical properties of being softer than a #2 pencil and having a greasy luster is likely to be graphite.
Graphite is a form of carbon with a unique layered structure that gives it its characteristic properties. Its softness, even softer than a #2 pencil, is due to the weak bonds between the layers, allowing them to slide easily. This softness makes graphite an ideal material for use in pencils and lubricants.
Graphite's greasy or oily appearance is a result of its ability to leave a mark on surfaces, like paper, due to the transfer of thin layers of carbon. This property is also responsible for its use as a lubricant in various applications.
In terms of its composition, graphite consists entirely of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. It is a common mineral found in metamorphic rocks, particularly in graphite schist, and is also formed during the metamorphism of organic materials.
The combination of being softer than a #2 pencil and having a greasy luster strongly suggests that the unknown mineral is graphite.
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Write a professional memo to your boss (CEO) on how Amazon has been dealing with unethical working conditions in the organization. What could be done to fix these problems within the company?
MemorandumTo: CEO Subject: Unethical Working Conditions in AmazonCompany BackgroundAmazon is a renowned e-commerce firm that was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994. It is headquartered in Seattle, Washington, and has over 800,000 employees across the globe.
Despite its impressive performance, the company has faced allegations of unethical working conditions. This memo highlights the unethical practices that have been reported in the company and provides recommendations on how to resolve these issues.Working Conditions in AmazonThere are several ethical concerns that have been raised regarding Amazon's operations.
Amazon must take steps to address the ethical concerns that have been raised regarding its operations. By addressing these issues, the company will be able to restore employee morale, improve working conditions, and maintain a positive reputation. The recommendations provided in this memo are a good starting point to address these issues.
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You view Polaris at an altitude of 27 degrees and an azimuth of 40 degrees. What is your location on the Earth?
60 degrees S latitude
27 degrees N latitude
27 degrees S latitude
63 degrees N latitude
40 degrees N latitude
An observer at 27 degrees N latitude would be able to see Polaris at an altitude of 27 degrees, but the azimuth angle of 40 degrees is irrelevant in determining the observer's location. The answer is 27 degrees N latitude.
You view Polaris at an altitude of 27 degrees and an azimuth of 40 degrees.
The given altitude and azimuth angles of the star Polaris can be used to determine the observer's latitude and longitude. Polaris is the closest star to the north celestial pole, which means that its altitude angle is equivalent to the observer's latitude. The given altitude of 27 degrees indicates that the observer is located at a latitude of 27 degrees N latitude.
An observer at 27 degrees N latitude would be able to see Polaris at an altitude of 27 degrees, but the azimuth angle of 40 degrees is irrelevant in determining the observer's location. Therefore, the answer is 27 degrees N latitude.
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how can I mark total net benefit from total benefit and cost curve?
To mark total net benefit from total benefit and cost curve, we can follow the following steps:Step 1: Construct the total benefit and total cost curve.
Total benefit is represented as a positively sloped curve and total cost is represented as a positively sloped curve. The point of intersection of these two curves represents the equilibrium level of output where total benefit is equal to total cost.
The output level at this point is the efficient level of production and it is represented as the socially optimal level of production. The level of output at this point is marked as Q* on the horizontal axis.Step 2: At the point Q* on the horizontal axis, draw a vertical line to meet the total benefit curve.
Mark this point as P* on the vertical axis. Similarly, draw a vertical line from the point Q* on the horizontal axis to meet the total cost curve. Mark this point as C* on the vertical axis.Step 3: Subtract the total cost at the efficient level of production from the total benefit at the efficient level of production.
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Make the following entries for this problem:
1) On September 8, Esther invested $30,000 to buy mango trees.
On September 9, Esther sells hay to the agro center for $300.
Esther pays $260 in cash for the purchase of equipment.
Here are the journal entries for the given transactions: On September 8th:Cash Account Debit: $30,000.
Credit: $30,000(To record the investment of $30,000 in mango trees)On September 9th:Cash Account Debit: $260Credit: $260(To record the purchase of equipment in cash)Cash Account Debit: $300Revenue Account Credit: $300(To record the sale of hay to agro center for $300)The journal entry is a crucial part of accounting, which is used to record financial transactions in chronological order.
In this case, Esther invested $30,000 in mango trees on September 8th and on September 9th, she sold hay to the agro center for $300 and also purchased equipment worth $260 in cash. Hence, these are the journal entries for the given transactions.
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P7.5B (LO 5) (Bad-Debt Reporting) Presented below is information related to the Accounts Receivable accounts of Tans Inc. during the current year 2020 . 1. An aging schedule of the accounts reccivable as of December 31,2020 , is as follows: TThe \$4,600 weite-off of receivables is related to the 91 -to-120 day category. 2. The Accounts Receivabte control account has a debit balance of $466,750 on December 31,2020 . 3. Two entries were made in the Bad Debt Expense account during the year: (1) a debit on December 31 for the amount credited to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, and (2) a credit for $4,600 on November 3, 2020, and a debit to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts because of a bankruptcy. 4. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is as follows for 2020: 5. Acredit balance exists in the Accounts Receivable (60-90 days) of $12,500, which represents an advance on a sales contract. Instructions Assuming that the books have not been closed for 2020, make the necessary correcting entries.
The Accounts Receivable accounts for Tans Inc., the following entries are necessary: a debit entry to Bad Debt Expense for $4,600 to write off receivables in the 91-to-120 day category, a debit entry to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for $4,600 due to a bankruptcy, and a credit entry to Accounts Receivable (60-90 days) for $12,500 to reverse an advance on a sales contract.
Tans Inc. needs to make several correcting entries in their Accounts Receivable accounts for the year 2020. Firstly, a debit entry of $4,600 should be made to Bad Debt Expense to write off receivables in the 91-to-120 day category. This adjustment recognizes the uncollectible amount and reduces the net receivables balance.
Secondly, there were two entries made in the Bad Debt Expense account during the year. On December 31, a debit entry should be made for the amount credited to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. This adjustment reflects the necessary expense for estimated bad debts and updates the allowance account accordingly.
Additionally, on November 3, 2020, a credit entry was made for $4,600, and a subsequent debit entry was made to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts due to a bankruptcy. To correct this, a corresponding debit entry should be made to Bad Debt Expense to offset the previous credit entry.
Lastly, there is an existing credit balance of $12,500 in the Accounts Receivable (60-90 days) account, representing an advance on a sales contract. To rectify this, a credit entry should be made to reverse the advance and adjust the accounts accordingly.
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Find two different companies, one company that produces goods and one company that delivers a service. From an Operations Management perspective, compare these two companies. Your answer can be in chart form.
Operations Management involves overseeing the day-to-day operations of a company, encompassing production, inventory management, quality control, and supply chain management. Let's compare two companies, Toyota Motors and Amazon Web Services (AWS), from an Operations Management perspective.
Company Name: Toyota Motors
Product Type: Automobiles
Product Design: Toyota is renowned for high-quality, durable, and reliable automobiles. The company emphasizes continuous improvement and implements lean manufacturing principles. It employs a just-in-time inventory system to minimize waste and maintain production efficiency. Toyota maintains a strong commitment to ensuring quality at every stage of the production process.
Company Name: Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Product Type: Cloud Computing Services
Product Design: AWS offers a range of cloud computing services, including data storage, computing power, and machine learning capabilities. Security is a top priority for AWS, employing a multi-layered approach to safeguard data privacy and protection. The company is dedicated to delivering exceptional customer service and support. AWS places a strong emphasis on innovation and continuous improvement to stay competitive.
The following chart summarizes the key differences between the two companies:
Criteria | Toyota Motors | Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Product Type | Automobiles | Cloud Computing Services
Product Design | High-quality, durable, | Multi-layered approach to security
| reliable | Data storage
| Continuous improvement | Computing power
| Lean manufacturing principles| Machine learning
| Just-in-time inventory system| Highest standards of customer service and support
| Focus on quality at every | Innovation and continuous improvement
| stage of production
In conclusion, although Toyota Motors and Amazon Web Services operate in different industries, both can benefit from a focus on Operations Management. By improving production processes, minimizing waste, maintaining high quality standards, and prioritizing customer satisfaction, these companies can enhance efficiency, increase profitability, and remain competitive in their respective markets.
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You just won the lottery for $1 million. When you go to the government office to pick up your check, they tell you the $1 million is payable in 20 annual payments of $50,000 and you can receive your first check today. Alternatively, if you want "all cash" now, you can accept a one-time payment of $745,700. Obviously, the government has an implied discount rate built in this structure. What is the implied discount rate?
Ch3 a. 3.23 b. 3.30 c. 3.04 d. 2.97
After performing the necessary calculations, the implied discount rate is approximately 3.30 percent, rounded to two decimal places. Thus, the correct answer to this question is option B) 3.30..
The present value of an annuity refers to the current worth of a series of cash flows received at regular intervals. When money is expected to be received in the future, its value is lower than if it were received immediately due to the opportunity cost associated with waiting for payment. To calculate the present value of an annuity, the discounted cash flow approach is utilized, considering that future cash flows hold less value compared to current cash flows.
The formula for calculating the present value of an annuity is given as:
PV = Payment x [1 - (1 + r)^(-n)] / r
In this equation:
PV represents the present value of the annuity,
Payment refers to the payment amount,
r denotes the implied discount rate for the series of payments,
n represents the number of payments.
Applying this formula to the scenario, we can determine the present value of the 20 annual payments:
PV = $50,000 x [1 - (1 + r)^(-20)] / r
To find the implied discount rate for the 20 payments, we can use the present value of the annuity equation:
$745,700 = $50,000 x [1 - (1 + r)^(-20)] / r
After performing the necessary calculations, the implied discount rate is approximately 3.30 percent, rounded to two decimal places.
Hence, the right one is option B) 3.30.
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What are the common errors that are
common during organizational change?
How can each be avoided? If they occur,
how can each be addressed?
During organizational change, there are several common errors that can occur. These include:
1. Lack of clear communication: This error can be avoided by ensuring that communication channels are open and transparent. It is important to clearly communicate the reasons for the change, the desired outcomes, and the roles and responsibilities of all individuals involved.
2. Resistance to change: To avoid this error, it is crucial to involve employees in the change process from the beginning. By soliciting their input, addressing their concerns, and providing training and support, resistance can be minimized.
3. Inadequate planning: This error can be avoided by conducting a thorough analysis of the change requirements and developing a comprehensive plan. This plan should include realistic timelines, clear objectives, and sufficient resources.
4. Poor leadership and support: To address this error, leaders should actively support and champion the change effort. They should provide guidance, motivate employees, and address any issues or challenges that arise.
5. Lack of employee engagement: To avoid this error, it is important to involve employees in the change process. This can be done through regular communication, soliciting feedback, and involving them in decision-making.
If any of these errors occur during organizational change, they can be addressed by taking the following steps:
1. Identify the issue: Determine which error or errors are present and causing the problem.
2. Take corrective action: Once the issue is identified, develop a plan to address it. This may involve providing additional training, improving communication channels, or addressing concerns and resistance.
3. Monitor progress: Continuously assess the effectiveness of the corrective actions taken and make adjustments as necessary.
By being aware of these common errors and taking proactive steps to avoid or address them, organizations can increase the chances of successful organizational change.
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Question 5 Asset Register and Disposal of asset.. Q1. Asset Register and Disposal of Asset As part of her aim to grow the business Jane has decided to expand her market and started producing and wholesaling her own range of candles. From the information you are required to: Prepare a register of property, plant and equipment from the fixed asset transactions (provided below) Determine method of calculating depreciation Maintain asset register and associated depreciation schedule Prepare the general journal entries to record the disposal of the equipment All work must be carried out in accordance with Jane’s Design Worlds policies and procedures which are available in Canvas You must include your depreciation calculations in the space provided. (round all calculations to the nearest whole dollar)
AASB 116's primary requirements;(a) specifies the conditions for the assets of property, plant, and equipment to be recognized, (b) establishes guidelines for the depreciation of assets such as property, plant, and equipment;(c) mandates that AASB 136's Impairment of Assets rules be applied to all property, plant, and equipment assets;
In order for consumers of the financial report to understand information regarding an entity's investment in its property, plant, and equipment as well as changes to that investment, this Standard specifies the accounting treatment for property, plant, and equipment.
The identification of the assets, determining their carrying values, and determining the depreciation and impairment losses to be Assets recorded in connection to them are the main accounting concerns for property, plant, and equipment.
I can only respond to one question per Homework Help's rules, so please submit further questions individually.
I had already offered my knowledge on the subject.
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Puzzle Company uses a job order costing system. The company's executives estimated that direct labor would be $132,000 (12,000 hours at $11/hour) and that estimated factory overhead would be $528,000 for the current period. At the end of the period, the records show that there had been 18,000 hours of direct labor and $700,000 of actual overhead costs. Using estimated direct labor dollars as a base, what was the predetermined overhead rate?
The predetermined overhead rate for the Puzzle Company is $4 per direct labor dollar.
Job Order Costing System : A job order costing system is a process that companies use to allocate the production cost of a specific product or service based on the number of goods produced.
Direct materials, labor costs, and overhead expenses are tracked by a job order costing system, allowing for a thorough understanding of production expenses.
Predetermined Overhead Rate (POHR) is a production overhead calculation that estimates the amount of overhead expense to be charged to each good produced during an accounting cycle.
Estimated overhead costs= $528,000
Estimated direct labor hours= 12,000 hours
Estimated direct labor costs= 12,000 × $11/hour
= $132,000
POHR= Estimated overhead costs/ Estimated direct labor cost
= $528,000/$132,000
= $4 per direct labor dollar
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Not all products follow the same product lifecycle, and as a result, a number of product lifecycle patterns exist. With the aid of examples, discuss the seven (7) lifecycle patterns (7 marks will be awarded for the theoretical discussion and for the examples provided). Then identify which product lifecycle pattern the Clover Danao product would most probably follow and justify your answer with evidence from the case study
The product lifecycle consists of seven patterns: introduction, growth, maturity, saturation, decline, rejuvenation, and discontinuation. Based on the case study, the Clover Danao product is likely in the introduction stage, aiming to establish market acceptance and awareness as a new and innovative dairy-based beverage.
Product lifecycle refers to the stages a product goes through from its introduction to the market until its eventual decline. Different products exhibit various lifecycle patterns based on factors such as market demand, competition, technological advancements, and consumer preferences. Here are seven common product lifecycle patterns with examples:
Introduction: In this stage, a new product is introduced to the market. Sales are initially low as consumers become aware of the product. Example: Smartwatches when they were first introduced.
Growth: The product gains market acceptance, and sales begin to increase rapidly. Competitors may enter the market, leading to intensified competition. Example: Electric vehicles (EVs) as they gained popularity in recent years.
Maturity: Sales reach their peak, and the market becomes saturated with competitors. Price competition becomes more intense, and companies focus on product differentiation. Example: Smartphone market, where numerous brands compete for market share.
Saturation: Sales plateau, and the market becomes saturated with similar products. Companies struggle to differentiate their offerings. Example: DVD players as streaming services became more prevalent.
Decline: Sales start to decline as the product becomes outdated or replaced by newer technologies. Companies may discontinue or phase out the product. Example: Film cameras with the rise of digital photography.
Rejuvenation: Companies make significant updates or improvements to revive declining sales and extend the product's lifecycle. Example: Nintendo's release of the Nintendo Switch, revitalizing the gaming console market.
Discontinuation: The product is phased out entirely, either due to lack of demand or obsolescence. Example: VCRs, which became obsolete with the rise of DVDs and digital streaming.
Based on the case study, the Clover Danao product is a dairy-based beverage targeting health-conscious consumers. Given its introduction into the market, it aligns with the Introduction stage of the product lifecycle. The case study mentions that the product is new and innovative, offering a healthier alternative to traditional beverages. This suggests that it is in the early stages of market acceptance and awareness. The focus is on creating demand and establishing the product in the market.
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How
was the Scottish banking system different from England's? Why do
you think the game of bank bargains turned out different for
Scotland?
The Scottish banking system was different from England's in a few key ways. One major difference was that Scotland had a higher number of banks per capita compared to England. Additionally, Scottish banks had more freedom to issue their own banknotes, which was not the case in England. This led to a more decentralized and competitive banking system in Scotland.
The game of bank bargains turned out differently for Scotland because of the more liberal banking laws in the country. Scottish banks were able to issue their own banknotes, which allowed them to compete with each other and offer better deals to customers. This competition led to a greater variety of banking options and potentially better bargains for customers in Scotland. In contrast, England had more centralized banking regulations, which limited the ability of banks to compete and offer unique deals.
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On December 31, 2020, SSNIT and SIC (non-life) entered into a six year swap arrangement with first payment to be exchanged on December 31st, 2022 and each December 31st thereafter under the following terms: • SIC will pay SSNIT an amount equals to 5% per annum on a notional principal of US$50 million. (FIXED Amount) • SSNIT will pay SIC an amount equals to one-year LIBOR +1.25% per annum on a notional amount of US$50 million. (Flexible Amount).
• On 31st December 2022, one-year LIBOR is projected to be 2.75%.
I. What will be the payment flows for the first year, December 31st?
II. In the second year, assume LIBOR increased by 0.75% to 3.50%. What will be the payment flows on December 31st 2023?
III. Assume that in the third, LIBOR decreased by 2% +1 in June 2023. What will be the payment flows on December 31at 2023?
I. On December 31st of the first year, SSNIT will receive a fixed payment of US$2.5 million from SIC, and SSNIT will make a flexible payment of US$1.5 million to SIC.
II. On December 31st, 2023, SSNIT will receive a fixed payment of US$2.5 million from SIC, and SSNIT will make a flexible payment of US$2.375 million to SIC.
III. On December 31st, 2023, SSNIT will receive a fixed payment of US$2.5 million from SIC, and SSNIT will make a flexible payment of US$0.625 million to SIC.
I. Payment Flows for the First Year, December 31st:
The payment flows for the first year, December 31st, can be calculated as follows:
SSNIT will receive a fixed amount of 5% per annum on a notional principal of US$50 million. Therefore, the fixed payment SSNIT will receive is:
Fixed payment = 5% of US$50 million = US$2.5 million
SSNIT will pay SIC an amount equal to one-year LIBOR + 1.25% per annum on a notional amount of US$50 million. The LIBOR rate for the first year, December 31st, is projected to be 2.75%. Therefore, the flexible payment SSNIT will make is:
Flexible payment = 2.75% + 1.25% of US$50 million = US$1.5 million
II. Payment Flows on December 31st, 2023:
In the second year, assuming the LIBOR rate increased by 0.75% to 3.50%, the payment flows on December 31st, 2023, can be calculated as follows:
The fixed payment that SSNIT will receive remains the same at US$2.5 million.
The LIBOR rate for the second year is 3.50%. Therefore, the flexible payment SSNIT will make is:
Flexible payment = 3.50% + 1.25% of US$50 million = US$2.375 million
III. Payment Flows on December 31st, 2023:
Assuming LIBOR decreased by 2% + 1 (June 2023), the LIBOR rate for December 31st, 2023, would be -0.25%. However, LIBOR rates cannot be negative. Therefore, we assume the LIBOR rate to be zero.
The fixed payment that SSNIT will receive remains the same at US$2.5 million.
The LIBOR rate for the third year is zero. Therefore, the flexible payment SSNIT will make is:
Flexible payment = 0% + 1.25% of US$50 million = US$0.625 million
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The Boston Toy Corporation (BTC) currently uses an injection moulding machine that was purchased two years ago. This machine is being depreciated on a straight line basis towards a K5000 salvage value, and it has six years of remaining life. Its current book value is K26000, and it can be sold at K30000 at this point. BTC is offered a replacement machine which has a cost of K80000, an estimated useful life of six years, and an estimated salvage value of K8000. The replacement machine would permit an output expansion, so that sales would rise by K10 000 per year, even so, the new machine with much greater efficiency would still cause operating expenses to decline by K15000 per year. The new machine would require that inventories be increased by K20000 and accounts payable would simultaneously increase by K5000. BTC's effective tax rate is 46% and its cost of capital is 15%. Required By using the Net Present Value Technique, determine whether BTC should replace the old machine.
Since the NPV is positive, it indicates that the project should be accepted and BTC should replace the old machine.
How to find?The new machine has a cost of K80000 and an estimated useful life of six years with an estimated salvage value of K8000.
The replacement machine will cause an output expansion, increasing sales by K10,000 per year and a decline in operating expenses by K15000 per year.
The new machine would require that inventories be increased by K20000 and accounts payable would simultaneously increase by K5000.
BTC's effective tax rate is 46% and its cost of capital is 15%.Now we need to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the investment.
Calculation
We will use the following formula for calculating the NPV of the investment:
NPV = (Σ(Ct/(1+r)t)) - Co
NPV = Net Present Value
Σ = the sum of
Ct = net cash inflow during the period
tr = the expected net cash inflow in period
rCo = the total initial investment
r = the discount rate (cost of capital).
Here, Initial investment = K80000 − K30000 + K20000 − K5000
= K95000.
Year Cash flows Discount factor (15%) Present value0 -95000 1.0000 -950001 5000 0.8696 43481.2 10000 0.7561 7561 10000 0.6575 6575 10000 0.5718 5718 10000 0.4972 4972 18000 0.4329 7792.2
Net present value = K22,820.4 (rounded off to the nearest K).
The NPV of the investment in the new machine is K22,820.4.
Since the NPV is positive, it indicates that the project should be accepted.
Therefore, BTC should replace the old machine.
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The six-month and one-year zero rates are both 10% per annum. For a bond that has a life of 18 months and pays a coupon of 8% per annum (with semiannual payments and one having just been made), the yield is 10.4% per annum. What is the bond’s price? What is the 18-month zero rate? All rates are quoted with semiannual compounding.
The bond's price is $2,004.38, and the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum.
To calculate the bond's price, we need to determine the present value of its cash flows. The bond pays a coupon of 8% per annum, with semiannual payments. Since the coupon has already been paid, there are three remaining coupon payments of $20 each ($1,000 * 8% * 0.5). We discount these cash flows using the semiannual zero rates.
The present value of the three coupon payments can be calculated as follows:
PV = (20 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))) + (20 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))^2) + (20 + 1,020 / (1 + (0.1 / 2))^3)
≈ 18.18 + 16.53 + 1,026.98
≈ $1,061.69
Next, we need to calculate the present value of the bond's face value. The face value of the bond is $1,000, and it will be received in 18 months. We discount the face value using the 18-month zero rate.
The present value of the face value can be calculated as follows:
PV = 1,000 / (1 + (r / 2))^3
= 1,000 / (1 + (0.104 / 2))^3
≈ 1,000 / 1.06169
≈ $942.69
Finally, we sum the present values of the cash flows to find the bond's price:
Bond Price = PV of coupons + PV of face value
= $1,061.69 + $942.69
= $2,004.38
To calculate the 18-month zero rate, we use the bond's price formula with the known values and solve for the rate:
2,004.38 = 1,000 / (1 + (r / 2))^3
(1 + (r / 2))^3 ≈ 1.00038
(1 + (r / 2)) ≈ 1.00038^(1/3)
r / 2 ≈ (1.00038^(1/3) - 1)
r ≈ 2 * ((1.00038^(1/3) - 1))
r ≈ 0.116
Therefore, the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum.
The bond's price is $2,004.38, and the 18-month zero rate is approximately 11.6% per annum. This means that an investor would be willing to pay $2,004.38 to purchase the bond, considering the future cash flows and the prevailing interest rates.
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A- A firm is deciding between two different sewing machines. Technology A has fixed costs of $840 and marginal costs of $60 whereas Technology B has fixed costs of $540 and marginal costs of $110. At what quantity is the firm indifferent between the two technologies?
B- Suppose a firm's total expected costs at each quantity are given by the function:
C(q) = 32000 + 60 q - 1.5 q2 + .05 q3
What is the formula for marginal cost?
The answers are:
A. To determine the quantity at which the firm is indifferent between the two technologies, we need to compare the total costs of each technology at different quantities.
For Technology A:
Total cost = Fixed cost + (Marginal cost * Quantity)
Total cost = $840 + ($60 * Quantity)
For Technology B:
Total cost = Fixed cost + (Marginal cost * Quantity)
Total cost = $540 + ($110 * Quantity)
To find the quantity at which the firm is indifferent, we set the total costs of both technologies equal to each other and solve for Quantity:
$840 + ($60 * Quantity) = $540 + ($110 * Quantity)
Simplifying the equation:
$840 - $540 = ($110 * Quantity) - ($60 * Quantity)
$300 = $50 * Quantity
Quantity = $300 / $50
Quantity = 6
Therefore, the firm is indifferent between the two technologies at a quantity of 6.
B. The formula for marginal cost can be found by taking the derivative of the total cost function concerning quantity.
Given the total cost function: C(q) = 32000 + 60q - 1.5q^2 + 0.05q^3
To find the marginal cost, we need to take the derivative of the total cost function concerning q:
Marginal cost = dC(q)/dq = 60 - 3q + 0.15q^2
So, the formula for marginal cost is Marginal cost = 60 - 3q + 0.15q^2.
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Laiho Industries's 2020 and 2021 balance sheets (in thousands of dollars) are shon a. Sales for 2021 were $446,650,000, and EBITDA was 15% of sales. Furthermore, depreciation and amortization were 19% of net fixed assets, interest was $8,579,000, the corporate tax rate was 25%, and baihe pays 47.25% of its net income as dividends. Given this information, construct the firm's 2021 income statement. Laiho Industries: Income Statement for Year Ending December 31,2021 (thousands of dollars) b. Construct the statement of stockholders' equity for the year ending December 31, 2021, and the 2021 statement of cash flows. Hint: The difference in accumulated depreciation from one year to the next is the annual depreciation expense for the year. Laiho Industries: Statement of Stockholders' Equity. December 31. 2021 (thousa Laiho Industries: Statement of Cash Flows for 2021 (thousands of dollars) c. Calculate 2020 and 2021 net operating working capital (NOWC) and 2021 free cash flow (FCF). Assume the firm has no excess cash. d. If Laiho hereases its dividend papect ratic, what affect woeld this have on corperate taxes paid? wat effect would this have an taxes paid by the company't ahareheiders? 4. Assume that the firm's affer-tax cost of creital is it so'. what is the frm's 2021 Eva? thoukand d. If taho increased its dildend payeut ratio, what sffect mould this have en corporate taves paid? What enect would this have sn taxes paid by the company's sharsholders? If laho increased its divident payout ratio, the firm would pay coporate taves and the company't sharehelders wowld pay tawes on the didends they would receive. e. Aatume that the fem's after-tax cost of eapila is 11.54. What in the firmia 2021 Pua? 3 thousand 1. Assume that, the firm's stock srice is $22 per share and that at year-end 2021 the fiem has 10 milipn ahares outstanding. What is the firmis what at vear-end 2021 ? 5 thousand
Laiho Industries: Income Statement for Year Ending December 31, 2021 (thousands of dollars)
Sales: $446,650Cost of goods sold: $(357,320)Gross profit: $89,330Depreciation and amortization: $(49,460)EBITDA: $39,870Interest: $(8,579)EBT: $31,291Taxes (25%): $(7,823)Net income: $23,468Dividends (47.25%): $(11,083)Retained earnings: $12,385Laiho Industries: Statement of Stockholders' Equity. December 31, 2021 (thousands of dollars)
Common Stock: $10,000Retained earnings: $12,385Total stockholders' equity: $22,385Laiho Industries: Statement of Cash Flows for 2021 (thousands of dollars)
Operating cash flow
Net income: $23,468Add: Depreciation and amortization: $49,460Less: Increase in net operating working capital: $(5,880)Net operating cash flow: $67,048Investing cash flow
Purchase of net fixed assets: $(46,245)Free cash flow: $20,803Financing cash flow
Dividends paid: $(11,083)Net cash flow: $9,720c. Net operating working capital (NOWC)
NOWC 2020: $104,045 - $89,800 = $14,245NOWC 2021: $123,870 - $109,180 = $14,690d. Effect on corporate taxes paid
If Laiho Industries increases its dividend payout ratio, it will incur higher taxes on its profits due to the corporate tax rate of 25%. The increased dividend payments will result in higher tax expenses for the company.e. Effect on taxes paid by shareholders
If Laiho Industries increases its dividend payout ratio, shareholders will have to pay more taxes on the increased dividends they receive. Dividends are taxed as personal income.f. Economic value added (EVA)
EVA = NOPAT - WACC x CapitalEVA = $23,468 - 0.11 x $214,000EVA = $7,572g. Market value of equity
Market value of equity = Number of shares x Price per shareMarket value of equity = 10,000,000 x $22Market value of equity = $220,000,000Learn more about Income Statement
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To construct the income, calculate EBIT using the EBITDA percentage, subtract depreciation, interest, and taxes to obtain net income, and calculate dividends using the dividend payout ratio. Use the information from the balance sheets and income statement to construct the statement of stockholders' equity and statement of cash flows. Calculate net operating working capital (NOWC) and free cash flow (FCF) using relevant formulas. Increasing the dividend payout ratio would result in increased corporate taxes paid and taxes paid by shareholders. Use the after-tax cost of capital to calculate Economic Value Added (EVA).
Explanation:To construct Laiho Industries' 2021 income statement, we can use the provided information. First, we calculate EBIT by multiplying the sales revenue by the EBITDA percentage. Then, we subtract depreciation, interest, and taxes to determine the net income. Finally, we calculate dividends by multiplying the net income by the dividend payout ratio. The statement of stockholders' equity and statement of cash flows can be constructed using the information from the balance sheets and income statement.
Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) can be calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. Free cash flow (FCF) for 2021 can be calculated by subtracting capital expenditures and the change in net operating working capital from the net income.
If Laiho Industries increases its dividend payout ratio, it would lead to an increase in corporate taxes paid and taxes paid by the company's shareholders. The after-tax cost of capital can be used to calculate Economic Value Added (EVA). If the firm's stock price is given, the market value of equity can be calculated by multiplying the stock price by the number of shares outstanding.
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Brad would like to be able to withdraw from his account $3,000 in one year, $2,000 in 2 years, and 1,000 in 3 years. He earns 3% rate of interest in his account. How much money does Brad need to put into this account today?
Brad needs to put $8,606.12 into his account today as per the information provided.
The formula to find the present value of an annuity is given by,PV = (Pmt / r) × [1 - 1 / (1 + r)ⁿ]
Where PV is the present value of an annuity, Pmt is the annuity payment, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods in which the annuity is received.
The annuity payments to Brad are $3,000 in one year, $2,000 in 2 years, and 1,000 in 3 years. Therefore, Brad needs to invest an amount that is equivalent to the present value of this annuity.The rate of interest per period is 3%.
We need to convert this into an effective annual interest rate, so that it can be used in the formula.Using the formula, i = (1 + r / n)ⁿ - 1, we get:i = (1 + 0.03 / 1)¹ - 1i = 0.03 or 3%The effective annual interest rate is 3%.Substituting the values in the formula,PV = ($3,000 / 0.03) × [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.03)¹] + ($2,000 / 0.03) × [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.03)²] + ($1,000 / 0.03) × [1 - 1 / (1 + 0.03)³]PV = $8,606.12
Therefore, Brad needs to put $8,606.12 into his account today.
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Required information Problem 02-18 Excel Exercise Parts 1 and 2 From California to New York, legislative bodies across the United States are considering eliminating or reducing the surcharges that banks impose on noncustomers, who make $10 million in withdrawals from other banks' ATM machines. On average, noncustomers earn a wage of $22 per hour and pay ATM fees of $3.50 per transaction. It is estimated that banks would be willing to maintain services for 4 million transactions at $1.00 per transaction, while noncustomers would attempt to conduct 20 million transactions at that price. Estimates suggest that, for every 1 million gap between the desired and available transactions, a typical consumer will have to spend an extra minute traveling to another machine to withdraw cash. Suppose there is legislation that would place a $1.00 cap on the fees banks can charge for noncustomer transactions. Problem 02-18 - Excel Exercise Part 2 of 2 Assume that the information from the problem changed to the following: Instruction: Update the data in your spreadsheet to the values above and enter the recomputed answers for the original questions. Required: 1. What is the nonpecuniary cost of this legislation? Instruction: Enter your response rounded to two decimal places. 2. What is the full economic price of this legislation? Instruetion: Enter your response rounded to two decimal places.
1. Nonpecuniary cost of the legislation
The nonpecuniary cost of this legislation refers to the increased travel time consumers have to spend traveling to another machine to withdraw cash if there is a 1 million gap between the desired and available transactions.
Estimates suggest that a typical consumer will have to spend an extra minute traveling for every 1 million gap between the desired and available transactions.
2. Full economic price of the legislation
The full economic price of this legislation refers to the sum of the cost savings for noncustomers and the costs imposed on banks. The cost savings for noncustomers is equal to the difference between the initial fee of $3.50 per transaction and the new fee of $1.00 per transaction, multiplied by the number of transactions that would occur at the new fee.
The cost imposed on banks is equal to the difference between the initial fee of $3.50 per transaction and the new fee of $1.00 per transaction, multiplied by the number of transactions that would not occur at the new fee. The full economic price of this legislation is equal to the cost savings for noncustomers minus the cost imposed on banks.
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You are the Economic Advisor to the Mayor of St. Charles. The Mayor wants to impose a Price Ceiling on rent prices in St. Charles to make housing more affordable for Lindenwood students. What are the economic and business implications of this proposed policy? Explain using a graph that shows the price control and its economic implications.
A price ceiling is a government-imposed limit on how much a product may be sold for, typically set below the equilibrium price in order to make the product more affordable.
In this case, the Mayor of St. Charles wants to impose a price ceiling on rent prices in St. Charles to make housing more affordable for Lindenwood students.However, a price ceiling may have unintended consequences, including reduced quantity supplied, increased quantity demanded, and shortages.
The price ceiling may lead to a decrease in the quantity and quality of rental properties, as well as increased demand, as renters flock to take advantage of the lower prices.In addition, it may lead to a decrease in the availability of affordable housing, as landlords are unable to cover their costs at the lower price.
In the long term, the price ceiling may lead to a decrease in the quantity and quality of rental properties, as well as increased demand, as renters flock to take advantage of the lower prices.Over time, the price ceiling may lead to a reduction in the number of rental properties on the market, as landlords find it difficult to cover their costs at the lower price.
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bonds. Click on the table icon to view the FVIFA table and the PVIFA table and the FVIF table a. Justify Jinhee's participation in her employer's 401(k) plan using the time value of money concepts. It is in Jinhee's best interest to start contributing t her 401(k) immediately because: (Select the best choice below.) A. she will not be able to buy a house if she does not participate in the 401(k) plan. B. the employer match is only offered until she turns 30 . C. the employer match is only offered for the first year. D. the employer match is "free money" that shouldn't be passed up.
It is in Jinhee's best interest to start contributing to her 401(k) plan immediately because the employer match is "free money" that shouldn't be passed up. So, option d is correct.
Jinhee should participate in her employer's 401(k) plan because of the time value of money concepts.
According to the time value of money, the money we have today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future because of the opportunity cost. It means that when Jinhee invests money in the 401(k) plan, it will earn interest, which will increase its value over time. Thus, the earlier Jinhee starts to invest in the 401(k) plan, the more money she will have in the future.
If Jinhee's employer is offering a match, she should take advantage of it because it is like getting "free money." When an employer offers a match, it means that the employer will match a percentage of the employee's contribution. For example, if the employer matches 50%, it means that for every dollar Jinhee contributes, the employer will contribute 50 cents.
Therefore, Jinhee should contribute to the 401(k) plan to receive the maximum match from the employer. This employer match will grow over time, and the earlier Jinhee starts, the more she will have in the future. Hence, it is in Jinhee's best interest to start contributing to her 401(k) plan immediately because the employer match is "free money" that shouldn't be passed up. So, option d is correct.
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From a mature Zambian company's perspective, examine the practicality of Modigliani and Miller's Dividend Irrelevance Hypothesis. 3. Generally, the purpose of financial statements is to help investors and other users make informed financial decisions about the entity in which they have an interest or stakeholding. Financial statements provide the owners of the business with some means of assessing the proficiency with which their business is being run. These statements are therefore one way in which shareholders can assess or evaluate the directors' performance in running the company. This is because financial statements report the impact management decisions have on the company's financial position and cash flows for the year. However, with creative accounting being practiced by the corporate world, it seems published financial statements rarely serve the purpose for which they are prepared. Discuss. 3. Generally, the purpose of financial statements is to help investors and other users make informed financial decisions about the entity in which they have an interest or stakeholding. Financial statements provide the owners of the business with some means of assessing the proficiency with which their business is being run. These statements are therefore one way in which shareholders can assess or evaluate the directors' performance in running the company. This is because financial statements report the impact management decisions have on the company's financial position and cash flows for the year. However, with creative accounting being practiced by the corporate world, it seems published financial statements rarely serve the purpose for which they are prepared. Discuss.
Modigliani and Miller's Dividend Irrelevance Hypothesis proposes that a company's dividend policy has no effect on its value.
What does it entail?It suggests that a firm's value is determined by its earnings power and the risk of its underlying assets. The hypothesis also assumes that there are no taxes or transaction costs. According to this theory, investors are indifferent to receiving dividends or capital gains, as they can always create their own dividends by selling some of their shares. So, in this way, the practicality of the hypothesis can be examined from a mature Zambian company's perspective. Financial statements, on the other hand, are an essential part of a company's transparency. The purpose of financial statements is to provide information to investors, creditors, and other stakeholders regarding the financial position, performance, and cash flow of an entity. Financial statements provide users with valuable insights into the operations of a business and allow them to make informed decisions. However, it has been observed that the corporate world uses creative accounting practices that hamper the reliability and accuracy of financial statements.Creative accounting techniques are used to inflate the financial position of a company artificially. This is done to boost the value of the company's shares and attract new investors.
Thus, the published financial statements are rarely used for their intended purpose.
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Since you believe that Bitcoin’s price currently at 45,000$ will stay rangebound until the end of the year, you decide to sell one 48,000$ straddle for 12,000$. On expiry unfortunately the market has risen and reached 55,000$ what is the outcome of this trade?
· A gain of 2 000$
· A gain of 5 000$
· A loss of 2 000$
· A loss of 1 000$
· 0 as I can get out of this trade if it starts loosing money
If market has risen, reached $55000, then the outcome of this trade is : (b) gain of $5000.
A straddle is defined as options strategy where the trader sells both put option, call option with same strike-price and expiration-date. In this case, trader sold straddle with strike price of $48,000 and received premium of $12,000.
Since the market price of Bitcoin at expiry is $55,000, which is above strike price, both put and call options will expire out of money. This means that trader gets to keep entire premium of $12,000 as profit.
So, outcome of this trade is gain of $5,000 ($12,000 premium - $7,000 difference between market price and the strike price).
Therefore, the correct option is (b).
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The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
Since you believe that Bitcoin’s price currently at 45,000$ will stay rangebound until the end of the year, you decide to sell one 48,000$ straddle for 12,000$. On expiry unfortunately the market has risen and reached 55,000$ what is the outcome of this trade?
(a) gain of $2000,
(b) gain of $5000,
(c) loss of $2000,
(d) loss of $1000.
Widmer Company had gross wages of $177,000 during the week ended June 17. The amount of wages subject to social security tax was $159,300, while the amount of wages subject to federal and state unemployment taxes was $22,000. Tax rates are as follows: The total amount withheld from employee wages for federal taxes was $35,400. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. If required, round answers to two decimal places. a. Journalize the entry to record the payroll for the week of June 17. June
The journal entry for the payroll for the week of June 17 would be as follows:
Date: June 17
Wage Expense $177,000
Social Security Payable $159,300
Federal and State Unemployment Taxes Payable $22,000
Federal Taxes Payable $35,400
To journalize the entry to record the payroll for the week of June 17, you will need to record the following transactions:
1. Debit the Wage Expense account for the gross wages of $177,000.
2. Credit the Social Security Payable account for the social security tax withheld from employee wages, which is $159,300.
3. Credit the Federal and State Unemployment Taxes Payable account for the federal and state unemployment taxes, which is $22,000.
4. Credit the Federal Taxes Payable account for the federal taxes withheld from employee wages, which is $35,400.
The journal entry for the payroll for the week of June 17 would be as follows:
Date: June 17
Wage Expense $177,000
Social Security Payable $159,300
Federal and State Unemployment Taxes Payable $22,000
Federal Taxes Payable $35,400
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a) Performance standard; b) operational definition; c) target; d) upper and lower specification limits; e) defect. Pg 84-89 11. What is discrete data? What is continuous data? Examples of each. Which one is preferred for LSS projects? Why?
The definitions of discrete data, performance standards, target, upper and lower specifications limits is explained below.
Discrete data is the data that can only be counted and cannot be measured. Examples of discrete data include the number of defects, number of patients, and number of complaints.
Continuous data, on the other hand, is data that can be measured, and there is no limit to the number of values that can be taken. Examples of continuous data include height, weight, and length. Continuous data is preferred for LSS projects because it allows the identification of variations more easily.
a) Performance standard: This is a document that defines the expected level of performance in terms of accuracy, speed, or quality. Performance standards are often established to ensure that the products or services offered by an organization meet the expectations of customers.
b) Operational definition: This is a statement that describes how to measure or observe a variable. The operational definition of a variable is important because it helps ensure that different researchers or observers will measure or observe the variable in the same way.
c) Target: This refers to the desired level of performance or quality. Targets are often established to help motivate employees and to ensure that products or services meet the expectations of customers.
d) Upper and lower specification limits: These are the maximum and minimum values that are acceptable for a variable. Upper and lower specification limits are often established to ensure that products or services meet the expectations of customers.
e) Defect: This refers to a non-conformity in a product or service. Defects are often measured as the number of units that do not meet the specified requirements.
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