A student is collecting data for the reaction of baking soda and vinegar. The initial temperature of the vinegar is 25˚ C and the final temperature of the reaction is 19˚ C. Identify the reaction as endothermic or exothermic and explain what is happening in terms of energy of the systems and the surroundings.

The number of moles in a cylinder of Krypton can be calculated using the Ideal Gas Law, which states that the product of pressure, volume, and temperature divided by the gas constant should be equal to the number of moles of gas in the container.

Using the given values, we find that the number of moles in the cylinder is 1.61 moles. To calculate this, first convert the temperature to Kelvin (K) by adding 273.15 to the temperature in Celsius, giving us 385.95 K.

Then, the ideal gas law equation becomes (22.8 atm * 17 L) / (8.314 J/K*mol * 385.95 K) = 1.61 moles. Thus, the cylinder contains 1.61 moles of Ar.

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(a) Osmolarity of 0.069 m na2co3 is 0.138 m, (b) osmolarity of 0.62 m ai(no3)3 is 1.86 m, (c) osmolarity of a 0.30 m glucose (c6h1206) aqueous solution is 0.30 m.

Osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution. It is expressed as the number of osmoles (molecules or particles) of solutes per litre of solution. Osmolarity is an important factor in the body's ability to regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the blood and other bodily fluids. It is also important for the absorption of nutrients from the intestines, and the maintenance of blood pressure. Osmolarity is measured using a special instrument called an osmometer.

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1. Moles of CO₂ is 0.8047.

2. Moles of C is 1.6094.

3. C:H ratio is 1:3.

4. The Emperial formula is c6H6.

5. Emperical formula mass is 78g/mol.

1. Moles of CO₂ = 24.41 g / 44.01 g/mol = 0.5548 mol; Moles of H₂O = 14.49 g / 18.02 g/mol = 0.8047 mol

2. Moles of C = 0.5548 mol (1 C atom in CO₂); Moles of H = 0.8047 mol * 2 (2 H atoms in H₂O) = 1.6094 mol

3. C:H ratio = 0.5548:1.6094 ≈ 1:3 (divide by smallest value), but 1:2.89 is closer, which gives a ratio of 6:6 (multiply by 3 to get whole numbers)

4. Empirical formula: C₆H₆

5. Empirical formula mass: (6 * 12.01) + (6 * 1.01) = 78 g/mol. Molecular formula: (246 g/mol) / (78 g/mol) = 3; C₆H₆ * 3 = C₁₂H₁₂ (molecular formula)

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The final temperature of the steel and ethanol mixture is 30.46oC.

To answer this question, we can use the formula Q = m x c x ΔT, where Q represents the heat transferred, m represents the mass of the substance, c represents its specific heat capacity, and ΔT represents the change in temperature.

First, we need to calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the steel from 20oC to 100oC.

Q1 = m x c x ΔT
Q1 = 1g x 0.452 J/(g∘C) x (100oC - 20oC)
Q1 = 36.16 J

Next, we need to calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the ethanol from 30oC to the final temperature, which we will call T.

Q2 = m x c x ΔT
Q2 = 32g x 2.45 J/(g∘C) x (T - 30oC)
Q2 = 78.4(T - 30)

Now, we can set Q1 equal to Q2 since the heat transferred from the steel to the ethanol is equal to the heat gained by the ethanol.

Q1 = Q2
36.16 = 78.4(T - 30)
T - 30 = 0.46
T = 30.46oC

Therefore, the final temperature of the steel and ethanol mixture is 30.46oC.

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Out of the options provided, cooler temperatures allow CO2 to remain in solution the longest.

When a soft drink is opened, CO2 molecules start to escape from the solution and accumulate in the headspace of the container. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of the CO2 molecules, causing them to move faster and escape the solution more quickly. In contrast, cooler temperatures reduce the kinetic energy of the CO2 molecules, slowing down their movement and allowing them to remain in solution for a longer period of time.

Reduced air pressure, exposure to direct sunlight, and increased air currents can all further accelerate the loss of carbonation in an open soft drink. Reduced air pressure lowers the atmospheric pressure, which decreases the solubility of CO2 in the liquid. Exposure to direct sunlight increases the temperature of the drink and causes the CO2 molecules to escape more quickly. Increased air currents can also cause CO2 to escape more quickly by creating turbulence in the liquid.

Therefore, to keep a soft drink fizzy for longer, it is best to store it in a cool place and avoid exposing it to direct sunlight, reducing air pressure or increased air currents.

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There are approximately 6 moles in given set of atoms.

To find the number of moles in 3.612x10^24 atoms of Carbon, you will need to use Avogadro's number, which is 6.022x10^23 atoms/mol.

1. Determine the number of atoms given: 3.612x10^24 atoms of Carbon

2. Use Avogadro's number to convert atoms to moles:
(3.612x10^24 atoms) * (1 mol / 6.022x10^23 atoms)

3. Perform the calculation:
(3.612x10^24) / (6.022x10^23) = 6 moles (approximately)

So, there are approximately 6 moles in 3.612x10^24 atoms of Carbon.

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The temperature of the balloon after increasing the pressure to 3.00 atm is 608 K.

First, we need to convert the initial pressure from torr to atm, which is 860.0 torr/760 torr/atm = 1.13 atm.

Using the combined gas law, we can solve for the new temperature:

(P₁x V₁)/T₁ = (P₂x V₂)/T₂

Where P₁ = 1.13 atm, V₁ is constant, T₁ = 20.0 + 273.15 K (convert from Celsius to Kelvin), P₂ = 3.00 atm, and we want to solve for T₂.

Substituting the values and solving for T₂:

Since V₁ and V₂ are equal (since it is the same balloon), we can simplify to:

Therefore, the temperature of the balloon after increasing the pressure to 3.00 atm is 608 K.

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The pH of the solution is 1.77 which, contains 1.44% formic acid by mass.

The first step is to determine the molarity of the solution, which can be done using the percent composition by mass and the density of the solution;

mass of formic acid = 1.44% × 100 g = 1.44 g

volume of solution = 1.44 g ÷ 1.01 g/mL

= 1.43 mL

= 0.00143 L

molarity of formic acid=moles of formic acid ÷ volume of solution

moles of formic acid = mass ÷ molar mass = 1.44 g ÷ 46.03 g/mol

= 0.0313 mol

molarity of formic acid = 0.0313 mol ÷ 0.00143 L

= 21.9 M

Next, we can use the expression for the acid dissociation constant of formic acid to determine the pH;

Ka = [H⁺][HCOO⁻] / [HCOOH]

Let x be the concentration of [H⁺] and [HCOO⁻] at equilibrium. Then, the concentration of [HCOOH] at equilibrium is 0.047 - x.

Substituting these expressions into the Ka expression and solving for x, we get;

6.2 × 10⁻⁴ = x² / (0.047 - x)

Solving for x using quadratic formula, we get;

x = 0.017 M

Therefore, the pH of the solution is;

pH = -log[H⁺] = -log(0.017)

= 1.77

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Answer: C

Explanation: When distinguishing between opinion and fact, it's important to pick out certain words or phrases.

EX 1: Apple's are healthy, but you shouldn't eat too many of them. Fact

EX 2: I don't think you should eat that banana, they don't taste good to me. Opinion

Try to say the sentence in your head as if you were talking to another person, and try to determine your answer that way.

The difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂ is 0.01 atm.

To find the difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂ using the van der Waals equation, follow these steps:

1. First, recall the van der Waals equation: (P + a(n/V)²)(V - nb) = nRT, where P is pressure, n is the number of moles, V is volume, T is temperature, a and b are van der Waals constants, and R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L･atm/mol･K).

2. Given values: n = 2.0 mol, V = 7.30 L, T = 200.0 K, a = 3.59 L²･atm/mol², b = 0.0427 L/mol, and P_vdW = 4.50 atm (non-ideal pressure).

3. Calculate the ideal pressure (P_ideal) using the ideal gas law, PV = nRT:
  P_ideal = nRT/V = (2.0 mol)(0.0821 L･atm/mol･K)(200.0 K) / 7.30 L = 4.49 atm.

4. Find the difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions:
  ΔP = P_vdW - P_ideal = 4.50 atm - 4.49 atm = 0.01 atm.

The difference in pressure between ideal and non-ideal conditions for CO₂ is 0.01 atm.

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E. None of these compounds should be soluble in pentane. Pentane is a nonpolar solvent, meaning it will dissolve other nonpolar molecules, but not polar or ionic molecules.

Acetic acid is polar, while pentanol and ethyl methyl ketone have polar functional groups. Benzene is nonpolar, but larger than pentane, so it is unlikely to dissolve well in it.

Acetic acid is a colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is also known as ethanoic acid and is a weak acid. It is a pungent-smelling liquid that is commonly used as a solvent, as a food preservative, and in the manufacture of various chemicals. Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar, and it is also used as a reagent in laboratory experiments. In the body, acetic acid is produced during the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

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Extraction is a useful technique for separating and purifying mixtures of compounds based on differences in their physical properties and reaction types.

The physical property used in extraction is the solubility of a compound in a particular solvent. If a compound is more soluble in one solvent than another, it can be selectively extracted and separated from the mixture.

For example, if a mixture contains both water-soluble and oil-soluble compounds, the mixture can be extracted with water to separate the water-soluble compounds, and then extracted with an organic solvent to separate the oil-soluble compounds.

The reaction type used in extraction is often acid-base chemistry. If a mixture contains both acidic and basic compounds, they can be selectively extracted by adjusting the pH of the solvent.

For example, if a mixture contains both an acidic carboxylic acid and a basic amine, the mixture can be extracted with a basic solvent to selectively extract the amine, and then extracted with an acidic solvent to selectively extract the carboxylic acid.

Overall, extraction is a powerful technique for separating and purifying mixtures of compounds, and its effectiveness depends on the physical properties and reaction types of the compounds in the mixture.

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Answer:

Mechanical energy is the total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object.

It can also be defined as the energy of an object due to either its motion or position or both.

Hope this helps!

pls like and mark as brainliest!

Answer:

Energy possessed by a machine.

When the force of tectonic plates pushing against each other become too strong the plates break and create faults.

Tectonic plates are large, rigid pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move relative to one another. The lithosphere is the rocky outer layer of the Earth that includes the crust and part of the upper mantle. Tectonic plates can vary in size from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers in diameter. They interact at their boundaries and are responsible for the formation and destruction of the Earth's surface features, such as mountains and ocean trenches. Movement of the plates helps explain the occurrence of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain building, and oceanic trench formation. In plate tectonics, the lithosphere is divided into seven major plates and several minor ones. The major plates include the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American plates. The plates move at a rate of several centimeters per year in response to convection currents in the mantle.

When the force of tectonic plates pushing against each other become too strong the plates break and create faults. This can cause folding of the crust to create mountains or reverse faults can create deep valleys. Volcanoes are also involved in the formation of landforms as they create mountains, ridges and canals. Earthquakes can also cause landforms to form in areas that were previously flat.

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This type of reaction is classified as an endothermic reaction, as it absorbs energy in the form of heat from its surroundings.

The heat transfers between the cold pack and your skin by conduction, which is the transfer of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler one. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.

In this case, the heat from your skin is transferred to the cold pack, and the cold pack absorbs the heat and converts it into a different form of energy, usually in the form of radiation or vibration.

This is the same process that occurs with an ice pack, where the heat in the skin is absorbed by the ice, and the ice radiates the heat away in the form of cold air.

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When discussing a job agency and its reliability, a conversation between friends may touch on several aspects of the agency's services. They might consider the agency's reputation within the industry, the quality of the jobs the agency offers, and the level of support they provide to job seekers.

The agency's reputation, screening process, communication, and track record, the conversation might also touch on other factors that can affect an agency's reliability. These may include the types of industries and job roles the agency specializes in, the geographic region it serves and the fees it charges for its services.

If the agency primarily focuses on entry-level jobs or temporary positions, it may not be the best fit for job seekers looking for long-term career growth. If the agency only operates in a specific region or industry, it may not be able to offer the same level of job opportunities as larger agencies with a broader reach.

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The equilibrium concentration of each species for the complex ion 0.500M [tex]Co(NH_3)^6+3[/tex] can be calculated using the dissociation constant (Kd) of 2.2 x 10^-34.

The dissociation reaction for the complex ion is:

[tex]Co(NH_3)^6+3[/tex]⇌ ]tex]Co_3[/tex]+ [tex]6NH_3[/tex]

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:

Kd = [Co3+] [NH3]^6 / [Co(NH3)6+3]

We can assume that x moles of Co(NH3)6+3 dissociates to form x moles of Co3+ and 6x moles of NH3. Therefore, the equilibrium concentrations of the species are:

[Co(NH3)6+3] = 0.500 - x
[Co3+] = x
[NH3] = 6x

Substituting these values into the equilibrium constant expression and solving for x gives:

Kd = [x] [6x]^6 / [0.500 - x]
2.2 x 10^-34 = 46656 x^7 / (0.500 - x)

Since Kd is very small, we can assume that x is much smaller than 0.500. Therefore, we can approximate 0.500 - x as 0.500.

2.2 x 10^-34 = 46656 x^7 / 0.500
x = 2.38 x 10^-6 M

Therefore, the equilibrium concentrations of each species are:

[Co(NH3)6+3] = 0.500 - x = 0.49999762 M
[Co3+] = x = 2.38 x 10^-6 M
[NH3] = 6x = 1.43 x 10^-5 M

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The set of coefficients that will balance the chemical equation is: C)1, 3, 1, 3

In chemistry, reaction is a process that leads to the changing of one or more substances into one or more different substances.

Coefficients in front of each reactant and product indicate the relative number of moles of each substance that participate in the reaction.

Looking at the equation, we can see that there are three chloride ions on the left-hand side and three chloride ions on right-hand side. Therefore,  coefficient of AgCl should be 3. There are three nitrate ions on the right-hand side, so the coefficient of Fe(NO₃)₃ should be 1.

The balanced chemical equation is: FeCl₃ (aq) + 3 AgNO₃ (aq) → Fe(NO₃)₃ (aq) + 3 AgCl (s)

Therefore, the set of coefficients that will balance the chemical equation is: C)1, 3, 1, 3

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A forensic investigator relies on rigor mortis and livor mortis to determine the time of death, which respectively refers to the body stiffening and going through predictable stages and bluish-purple blotches appearing due to gravity causing the blood to flow downward after death.

A forensic investigator relies on two primary clues from a corpse to determine the time of death: rigor mortis and livor mortis. Rigor mortis refers to the process where the body stiffens after death, going through predictable stages that typically begin around two hours post-mortem. This occurs due to the lack of ATP in muscles, causing them to contract and become rigid. The stiffness progresses and peaks around 12 hours after death, then gradually subsides within the next 24-48 hours.

Livor mortis, on the other hand, is caused by gravity influencing the blood flow in the body after death. As the blood stops circulating, it flows downward and accumulates in the dependent areas, resulting in bluish-purple blotches appearing on the skin due to the lack of oxygen. This process usually starts around 30 minutes to 2 hours after death and becomes more pronounced within 6-12 hours.

By observing the extent and progression of rigor mortis and livor mortis, a forensic investigator can estimate the time of death, aiding in the investigation process.

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Acid rain water with a pH of 2 is 10,000 times more acidic than unpolluted rainwater with a pH of 6.

The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that each change in pH by one unit represents a tenfold change in acidity. Therefore, the difference in pH between acid rain (pH 2) and unpolluted rainwater (pH 6) is four units. To calculate the difference in acidity, we take the antilogarithm of four, which is 10,000. This means that acid rain is 10,000 times more acidic than unpolluted rainwater.

Mathematically, this can be shown as:

[H⁺] in acid rain / [H⁺] in unpolluted rainwater

Therefore, acid rain is 10,000 times more acidic than unpolluted rainwater.

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The total energy absorbed by a 500 g sample of red river ice when it is brought indoors and melted from -40°C to 25°C is 218,250 joules. This includes the energy required to raise the temperature of the ice, melt the ice, and raise the temperature of the resulting liquid water.

To calculate the total energy absorbed by the ice sample, we need to consider the different processes involved in the transition from ice at -40°C to liquid water at 25°C.

First, we need to calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the ice from -40°C to 0°C:

Q1 = m × cice × ΔT1

Q1 = 500 g × 2.09 J/gK × (0°C - (-40°C))

Q1 = 41800 J

Next, we need to calculate the energy required to melt the ice at 0°C:

Q2 = m × ΔHfusion

Q2 = 500 g × 6.02 kJ/mol ÷ 18.02 g/mol

Q2 = 166 kJ

Then, we need to calculate the energy required to raise the temperature of the water from 0°C to 25°C:

Q3 = m × cwater × ΔT2

Q3 = 500 g × 4.18 J/gK × (25°C - 0°C)

Q3 = 10450 J

Finally, we add up the three energy values to get the total energy absorbed by the ice sample:

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Qtotal = 41800 J + 166000 J + 10450 J

Qtotal = 218250 J

Therefore, the total energy absorbed by the ice sample is 218250 joules (J).

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The type of conversion that would be required to determine how many liters 26 grams of water is would be a conversion from mass to volume. This is because grams are a unit of mass, while liters are a unit of volume. In order to make this conversion, it is necessary to know the density of water, which is approximately 1 gram per milliliter at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

To convert 26 grams of water to liters, we need to divide the mass by the density. This gives us:

26 grams / 1 gram per milliliter = 26 milliliters
Since there are 1000 milliliters in a liter, we can further convert this to liters by dividing by 1000:
26 milliliters / 1000 = 0.026 liters

Therefore, 26 grams of water is equivalent to 0.026 liters of water.

In summary, to determine the volume of a given mass of water, we need to use the density of water as a conversion factor. This involves dividing the mass by the density to obtain the volume in milliliters, and then converting this to liters by dividing by 1000.

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To solve this problem, we can use the following equation:

Moles of acid = Moles of base

where "acid" refers to the HCl and "base" refers to the NaOH.

First, let's calculate the moles of HCl:

moles of HCl = concentration of HCl × volume of HCl

            = 0.152 mol/L × 0.0223 L

            = 0.0033856 mol

Next, let's calculate the volume of NaOH required to neutralize the HCl:

moles of NaOH = moles of HCl

volume of NaOH = moles of NaOH / concentration of NaOH

We know the concentration of NaOH (0.200 M), so let's substitute in the values:

moles of NaOH = 0.0033856 mol

volume of NaOH = 0.0033856 mol / 0.200 mol/L

              = 0.016928 L

              = 16.928 mL (rounded to three decimal places)

Therefore, 16.928 mL of 0.200 M NaOH is required to neutralize 22.3 mL of 0.152 M HCl.

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The Si unit of Hertz (Hz) represents the frequency of a wave, which is defined as the number of complete cycles of a wave passing a fixed point per second.

In other words, one Hertz equals one wave passing a fixed point in one second. This unit is commonly used to measure the frequency of various types of waves, including sound waves, electromagnetic waves, and radio waves.

For example, if a sound wave has a frequency of 440 Hz, it means that the sound wave completes 440 cycles of compression and rarefaction (the peaks and troughs of the wave) per second. Similarly, if a radio wave has a frequency of 100 MHz (megahertz), it means that the wave completes 100 million cycles per second.

The Hertz unit was named after Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist who was the first to demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz's experiments in the late 19th century paved the way for the development of modern radio, television, and other forms of wireless communication.

In summary, the Si unit of Hertz equals one wave passing a fixed point in one second, and it is a fundamental unit of measurement for the frequency of various types of waves.

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Polonium is a rare and radioactive element that belongs to the group of chalcogens. The coordination number of polonium in a simple cubic lattice is 8.

It is known to crystallize in the simple cubic lattice structure, which is one of the three basic types of crystal lattice structures. In this structure, each polonium atom is located at the corner of a cube, sharing its electrons equally with its neighboring atoms.

The coordination number of an atom in a crystal lattice is the number of nearest neighbor atoms to which it is bonded. In the case of polonium, since each atom is located at the corner of a cube, it is in contact with eight other atoms, which are located at the corners of the adjacent cubes.

The knowledge of the crystal structure and coordination number of polonium is important for understanding its physical and chemical properties, and can also have implications in the fields of materials science, nuclear physics, and medical applications.

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The statement that reflects a central theme of the atomists is: Atomists would agree that a butterfly and a caterpillar exist as a collection of atoms, but their atoms are organized differently.

Atomists believe that everything in the universe is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. They assert that the properties of objects, like a butterfly and a caterpillar, are determined by the arrangement and organization of these atoms.

While a butterfly and a caterpillar may share similar atoms, their unique characteristics are due to the differences in how these atoms are arranged within each organism.

This perspective acknowledges the transformation from a caterpillar to a butterfly as a process of reorganization of atoms, rather than the creation or destruction of matter.

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To predict the molecular geometry of these molecules using the VSEPR theory, we first need to draw the Lewis structure for each molecule:

1. HI

Lewis structure: H-I (single bond)

The central atom (Iodine) has 7 valence electrons, and each hydrogen atom contributes 1 valence electron. Therefore, the total valence electrons in the molecule is 9.

Steric number = number of lone pairs of electrons + number of atoms bonded to central atom = 0 + 1 = 1

Molecular geometry: linear

2. CBr4

Lewis structure:

:Br-C-Br:

: | :

:Br-C-Br:

The central atom (Carbon) has 4 valence electrons, and each Bromine atom contributes 7 valence electrons. Therefore, the total valence electrons in the molecule is 32.

Steric number = number of lone pairs of electrons + number of atoms bonded to central atom = 0 + 4 = 4

Molecular geometry: tetrahedral

3. CH2Cl2

Lewis structure:

H : Cl

| :

H-C-H

| :

Cl:

The central atom (Carbon) has 4 valence electrons, each hydrogen atom contributes 1 valence electron, and each chlorine atom contributes 7 valence electrons. Therefore, the total valence electrons in the molecule is 20.

Steric number = number of lone pairs of electrons + number of atoms bonded to central atom = 2 + 4 = 6

Molecular geometry: octahedral

However, the two lone pairs of electrons on the central atom will repel the bonded pairs more than the bonded pairs will repel each other. Therefore, the shape will be bent or V-shaped.

4. SF2

Lewis structure:

F : S : F

\ /

F

The central atom (Sulfur) has 6 valence electrons, each Fluorine atom contributes 7 valence electrons. Therefore, the total valence electrons in the molecule is 20.

Steric number = number of lone pairs of electrons + number of atoms bonded to central atom = 1 + 2 = 3

Molecular geometry: trigonal planar

However, the lone pair of electrons on the central atom will repel the bonded pairs more than the bonded pairs will repel each other. Therefore, the shape will be bent or V-shaped.

5. PCl3

Lewis structure:

Cl : P : Cl

:

Cl

The central atom (Phosphorus) has 5 valence electrons, each Chlorine atom contributes 7 valence electrons. Therefore, the total valence electrons in the molecule is 26.

Steric number = number of lone pairs of electrons + number of atoms bonded to central atom = 0 + 3 = 3

Molecular geometry: trigonal planar

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Answer:

Explanation:

In redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, the transfer of electrons between species occurs. As a result, the number of atoms and molecules of the reactants and products can be different. This is because, during the reaction, electrons can be gained or lost by the atoms, leading to the formation of new species with different numbers of atoms.

For example, consider the reaction between copper and silver ions in a solution:

Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

In this reaction, one copper atom reacts with two silver ions to form one copper ion and two silver atoms. The number of reactant molecules does not necessarily match the number of product molecules.

Therefore, in redox reactions, the relationship between reactant and product molecules is not necessarily direct, and the number of atoms or molecules in the reactants and products can be different due to electron transfer.

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Yes, Cayden will succeed in making curd. We would follow the same procedure to make the curd.

When a spoonful of old curd is added to warm milk, the bacteria present in the curd starts to multiply in the milk. These bacteria convert the lactose (milk sugar) present in the milk into lactic acid, which causes the milk to thicken and form curd. The process of curd formation is called curdling.

When the curdled milk is kept in a fridge, the low temperature inhibits the growth of bacteria, and the curd sets. This is because the lactic acid formed by bacteria during the curdling process makes the milk protein molecules coagulate and form a solid mass.

Therefore, Cayden's procedure of adding a spoonful of old curd to warm milk and keeping it in the fridge is an effective way to make curd.

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