Which layer is where most of the x-rays & gamma rays from the sun are absorbed and the ionosphere is found?.
The layer where most of the x-rays & gamma rays from the sun are absorbed and the ionosphere is found is Thermosphere.
The layer of incredibly rare air above the mesosphere is referred to as the thermosphere. The high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun heat the thermosphere to hundreds or perhaps thousands of degrees. We would, however, feel quite cold in this stratum due to how thin the air is.
In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space than the atmosphere. Actually, lots of satellites orbit the planet inside the thermosphere! Variations in the energy coming from the Sun have a significant impact on the temperature and height of the top of this layer.
The ionosphere is not a discrete layer. The ionosphere, on the other hand, is a collection of places in some mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has jarred electrons free of their parent atoms and molecules. The ionosphere gets its name from the electrically charged atoms and molecules that are created in this process; these ions also give this region some unique features.
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This membranous organelle resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
The Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle that resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
What is the Golgi apparatus?The Golgi apparatus is an organelle composed of many flattened membranes that serve to process and transport different macromolecules such as lipids in the endomembrane system.
In conclusion, the Golgi apparatus is a membranous organelle that resembles a stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated vesicles.
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black colored scales is dominant over white colored scales in a specific type of snake. a black colored snake (bb) is mated with a purebred, white colored snake (bb). if 8 eggs hatch, how many will likely have white scales?
Th progeny of black colored scale snake having white colored scale is half i.e. 4.
What is Allele?
At a specific genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. The person is homozygous for the allele if the two alleles are the same.
A dominant allele, which can come from just one parent, causes a dominant phenotype in those who possess one copy of the gene. A person needs two copies of a recessive allele, one from each parent, for it to result in a recessive phenotype. One dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will result in a person with the dominant phenotype.
Hence, The black snake will provide B or b. The white snake will always provide b. So the genotypes would be Bb half the time and bb the other half. Therefore, 50% of their offspring will have the genotype Bb. Since they had 8 eggs, it is likely that half, or 4, will be white.
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Which of the following statements about meiosis is incorrect?
At the end of meiosis, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is reduced
to half of the number that was in the starting cell.
The end product of meiosis is four haploid cells.
Meiosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes
Answer:Meiosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.
Explanation:Meiosis are haploid and genetically distinct. Mitosis are diploid and identical.
kinesin i and cytoplasmic dynein orchestrate glucose-stimulated insulin-containing vesicle movements in clonal min6 β-cells.
In clonal MIN6 -cells, kinesin I and cytoplasmic dynein coordinate the migration of insulin-containing vesicles in response to glucose.
For prolonged insulin production, large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) must be mobilized by glucose and transported to the plasma membrane. The cytoskeletal components and molecular drivers involved in vesicle trafficking in -cells are still not well understood. Here, we discuss the simultaneous imaging of LDCVs and microtubules in -cells that have been tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Vesicles travel along the tangled network of microtubules, which characterize intricate directional movements. Even though LDCVs frequently changed direction, suggesting the involvement of both plus- and minus-end directed motors, inactivating the minus-end motor, cytoplasmic dynein, only partially inhibited all vesicle movements that were involved in vesicle recovery after glucose-stimulated exocytosis. The plus-end motor, kinesin I, was selectively silenced by short interfering RNAs, which significantly reduced all vesicle motions. We determine that Kinesin I is primarily responsible for LDCV transport in -cells, while dynein is likely involved in the recovery of vesicles following rapid kiss-and-run exocytosis.
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what is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum? question blank 1 of 1
The existence of ribosomes is the primary distinction between RER and SER. When ribosomes attach to an ER's surface, giving it a noticeably rough appearance, the ER is referred to as a "Rough ER." A smooth ER, on the other hand, doesn't have ribosomes on its surface.
What about function of the endoplasmic reticulum?The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) performs critical functions, especially in protein synthesis, folding, modification, and trafficking.Two forms of ER, known as rough ER (RER) and smooth ER, are distinguished by differences in specific physical and functional features (SER).The RER ribosomes, which give the RER a rough appearance, are specialized for the synthesis of proteins with signal sequences that specifically target the ER for processing.Proteins synthesized by the RER have specific final destinations such as the cell membrane, the extracellular surface, or the ER itself.Sers are involved in the synthesis of lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids that are used to generate new cell membranes. I'm here.In liver cells, SER contributes to the detoxification of drugs and harmful chemicals.The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a special type of her SER that regulates the calcium ion concentration within the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.
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When viewing protists in this lab, applying a drop of __________ may be necessary to slow the movement of the organisms so they are more easily viewed.
When viewing protists in this lab, applying a drop of methyl-cellulose may be necessary to slow the movement of the organisms so they are more easily viewed.
In a lab where organisms like protists are to be studied, methylcellulose will be a common ingredient in such labs.
Methylcellulose allows microbiologists to keep the cell of the protists intact and the behavioral activity of the protist is also maintained by methylcellulose.
Protists have cilia which allow them to move fast. Hence, for studying protists, a microbiologist needs to limit the movement of protists. Methylcellulose is known for restricting the movement of cilia hence a drop of methylcellulose is used when viewing protists.
Without methylcellulose, it will be difficult to view organisms with fast movements under a microscope.
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cd103 and cd103 bronchial lymph node dendritic cells are specialized in presenting and cross-presenting innocuous antigen to cd4 and cd8 t cells.
The correct answer is because these cells are largely absent in CCR7(-/-) mice derived from the lung and that CCR7 expression is required for their migration from the lung to the draining lymph node.
Cross-presentation occurs when dendritic cells (DC) capture, process, and present exogenous Ag to CD8(+) T lymphocytes via MHC class I. We show that CD103(+) (CD11c(high)CD11b(low)) and CD103(-) (CD11c(int)CD11b(high)) DC in the lung-draining bronchial lymph node (brLN) have evolved to have opposing functions in presenting innocuous inhaled Ag. Thus, under tolerogenic conditions, CD103(-) DC present innocuous Ag to CD4(+) T cells, whereas CD103(+) DC, which do not express CD8alpha, present Ag exclusively to CD8(+) T cells. Ag-carrying CD103(+) DC are largely absent in the brLN of CCR7-deficient mice but not in plt/plt mice, despite the presence of CD103(+) DC in the lung of CCR7-deficient mice.
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What does the atmosphere and the hydrosphere work together to do?
A: What do the atmosphere and the hydrosphere work together to do?
B: to allow the water cycle to constantly provide fresh water for Earth.
C: to keep ice caps from melting and sea levels from rising on Earth
D: to provide homes for most organisms living on Earth
E:to maintain a consistent temperature for life on Earth
Answer:
E........................
Answer:
e
Explanation:
it's just right now cmon
A caldera is a crater which has:
Answer: become very large because of the collapse of its walls
Explanation:
A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the rock above the magma chamber is lost. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface (from one to dozens of kilometers in diameter). Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur each century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times per century. Only seven caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2016. More recently, a caldera collapse occurred at Kīlauea, Hawaii in 2018.
A root cell may continue to absorb minerals even though the concentration of the minerals is greater inside the cell than in the soil. This absorption is accomplished mainly by —.
A root cell may continue to absorb minerals even though the concentration of the minerals is greater inside the cell than in the soil. This absorption is accomplished mainly by active transport.
In the field of science, active transport can be described as a process by which molecules move against the concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Such a process of transfer of molecules requires energy.
A root cell has the function to absorb minerals from the soil. It can continue to take up minerals from the soil even when the concentration of minerals is more in the cell rather than in the soil. The process of active transport will allow the root hair cell to draw minerals from the soil in such a circumstance.
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How long does it take a modern scientist to collect data and adjust their theories in response to the data
1. Years
2. Days
3. Weeks
4. Months
A periodic climatic change that causes the waters off the west coast of south america to warm.
A periodic climatic change that causes the waters off the west coast of South America to warm is known as EL Nino.
EL Nino happens after every few years. During El Nino, the trade winds blowing westward weaken along the equator. This change in air pressure pushes warm water to the east, that is towards the west coast of South America.
This periodic climatic change was first discovered in the 1600s when the local fishermen noticed warm waters. They named it El Niño de Navidad.
El Nino comes with severe effects on fishing, agriculture, and the weather in that area.
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a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum is prone to developing multiple skin cancers starting in childhood. this occurs because of a mutation in a gene that codes for enzymes that help repair dna damage through the nucleotide excision repair (ner) pathways. how does ner differ from other repair mechanisms? in ner:
Mammals primarily use Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) to erase large DNA lesions like those caused by UV radiation. Light, the environment, and several DNA-based cancer chemotherapeutic drug users.
NER deficiencies linked to the genetic condition Xeroderma pigmentosum, which is incredibly risky for developing skin cancer. The fundamental distinction between base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair is that base excision repair only corrects damaged bases, which are non-bulky lesions, whereas nucleotide excision repair corrects bulky DNA adducts by removing short single-stranded DNA segments. Damage recognition, subunit assembly, dual incisions that result in excision of the damage-containing oligomer, resynthesis to fill in the gap and ligation to regenerate an intact molecule are the basic mechanisms of nucleotide excision repair.
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Explain light phases of photosynthesis
Answer:
Take place in grana
chemical energy is used in two processes
1:water molecules spilited
2:ATP is energy carrier
Iculations. 1.2 If only the above food chain exists in an ecosystem, explain the effect of the death of the greenfly that ecosystem. 2 An investigation was carried out using 50g of each of three soil types: sand, loam and clay place n filter paper in a funnel. 80 ml of water was run through each soil. A measuring cylinder was plac elow each set of apparatus to collect the water. An incomplete set of results for the investigation is given in the table below: Amount of water grained through each soil (ml) Amount of water retained by each soil (ml) 2.2.1 Soil A 40 2.2.2 Soil B How much of water was retained by soil C? Which soil type (A, B or C) was sand? Give a reason for your answer. 2.2.3 Identify TWO factors that should be kept constant in this investigation. 15 Soil 25
3 soil types as mentioned in the experiment:
A: Sand
B: Loam
C: Clay
80 ml water was passed through each of them.
Small-sized particles are found in clayey soil, large-sized particles are found in sandy soil, and both sizes are found in equal amounts in loamy soil. Soil that is clayey has the largest potential to hold water.Since, the table having incomplete set of observations is not attached, it is difficult to answer the amount of water retained by each soil type. However, since it is mentioned that Soil A i.e., sand had 40 ml water below in the beaker. This means that 40 ml of water was retained by Sand. The factors that should be kept constant in this experiment is:Amount/ Mass of soil takenAmount of water run through each soil typeLearn more about water retention here:
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I need help asap, thx
Answer: A base
Explanation:
the characteristics of a malignant tumor are... high degree of anaplasia increase in vascularity rarely necrotic metastasizing
Neoplasia is an uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control. A malignant cell is composed of cells that look like the normal cell of origin.
Neoplasia means new growth. when cells start dividing in an uncontrolled manner it leads to cancer. There are different classes of cancer such as sarcoma, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Malignant neoplasm cells are derived from epithelial cells and are called carcinomas. They are derived from connective tissues called sarcomas.
The characteristics of neoplasm include:
More rapid in size.Ability to invade surrounding tissues.Less differentiation.Prominent nucleoli.Causes of neoplasia:
ChemicalsOncogenes RadiationTherefore, Neoplasia is an uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control. A malignant cell is composed of cells that look like the normal cell of origin.
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Which concept describes how the chemical world eventually becomes disorganized?
entropy
compounds
chemical bonds
molecular structure
Entropy describes how the chemical world eventually becomes disorganized because Entropy is the measurement of a number of microstates that are available to a system or environment. A microstate is an arrangement and behavior of all atoms in a system, environment, or container at a specific time.
However, the more microstate will be there, the higher will be the disorganized pattern or higher will be the atomic disturbance in a system. This disturbance and disorganization are called Entropy.
Therefore, the state of Entropy will is the most probable state of the system, environment, container, or world of chemicals. The atomic disturbances will give the complete idea about the disorganization of the systems or chemical world.
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what are the two primary ways percipitation passes through the water cycle
The two primary ways through which the precipitation passes through the water cycle are Rain and Snow.
What is Water Cycle?The continual movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface is referred to as the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle. The amount of water on Earth stays relatively constant over time, but how it is divided up into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water (salt water), and atmospheric water varies based on a variety of climatic factors.
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow are some of the physical processes by which water travels from one reservoir to another, such as from a river to the ocean or from the ocean to the atmosphere. As a result, the water transforms into liquid, solid (ice), and vapour.
The energy exchange that takes place during the water cycle causes temperature fluctuations. Water evaporation cools the atmosphere by absorbing energy from its surroundings. It releases energy and heats the surroundings when it condenses. The climate is affected by these heat exchanges.
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if michael's pituitary gland is not functioning correctly at 2 years of age, what might be the consequence?
If Michael's pituitary gland is not functioning properly at 2 years of age, what could be the consequence of the lack of regulation of various body processes and stimulate the production of another series of hormones exerting influence from digestion to menstruation.
What is pituitary gland?The pituitary gland is a small gland located in a bony space called the sella turcica. The pituitary is connected directly to the hypothalamus, providing a link between the brain and the endocrine system.
With this information, we can conclude that Change hormone production, leading to symptoms such as weight gain, stunted or excessive growth, high blood pressure, low sx drive or mood changes.
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Which 3 organelles/cell parts help process waste in a animal cell?
A male bird with bright red plumage mates and has offspring, which also have bright red plumage. which characteristic of life is this an example of?
It would be heredity
Hope this helps
What are the two main types of allies ?
Answer: Here is seven types.
Sponsor.
Champion.
Advocate.
Amplifier.
Scholar.
Upstander.
Confidant.
Explanation:
enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the warburg effect
Enzymatic activation of pyruvate kinase increases cytosolic oxaloacetate to inhibit the Warburg effect is a research paper written by Elizabeth K Wiese, Sadae Hitosugi, Sharon T Loa, Annapoorna Sreedhar, Lindsey G Andres-Beck, Kiran Kurmi, Yuan-Ping Pang, Larry M Karnitz, Wilson I Gonsalves and Taro Hitosugi.
What is the abstract?The PKM2 paradox in the Warburg effect is a phenomena whereby lactate generation is lowered following pharmacological stimulation of the glycolytic enzyme PKM2 or expression of the constitutively active PKM1 isoform in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that oxaloacetate (OAA) inhibits human lactate dehydrogenase A competitively, and that increased PKM2 activity boosts the de novo production of OAA by glutaminolysis, inhibiting LDHA in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the contradictory relationship between increased PKM2 activity and lower lactate concentration in cancer cells treated with a PKM2 activator was abolished by substituting human LDHA with rabbit LDHA, which is highly resistant to OAA inhibition. In addition, rabbit LDHA-expressing tumors were more resistant to the PKM2 activator than human LDHA-expressing tumors in mice.
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Spectrophotometric measurements require the use of clean cuvettes. How would a failure to remove fingerprints, oil and dirt from the cuvette affect the absorbance measurements?.
Spectrophotometric measurements require the use of clean cuvettes. Failure to remove fingerprints, oil and dirt from the cuvette would affect absorbance measurements because it would affect transmittance, as spectrophotometric measurements are used to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light.
What are Spectrophotometric methods?Spectrophotometry is a method used to measure how much light a chemical substance absorbs by measuring the intensity when a beam of light passes through the sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light in a certain wavelength range.
With this information, we can conclude that The basis of spectrophotometry, therefore, is passing a beam of light through the sample and measuring the intensity of the light reaching the detector. The spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution.
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the interactions between two proteins such as an antibody and an antigen or a hormone and its receptor are quite strong despite the fact that these interactions consist of relatively weak noncovalent bonds. how can this be?
This observation is explained by the concept of molecular complementarity.
Concept of molecular complementarity.
Because there are so many noncovalent interactions happening when proteins, such as an antibody and an antigen, match up in a way that creates many noncovalent bonds, even weak noncovalent bindings can effectively produce strong interactions between two proteins.
When the structures of molecules or macromolecules fit together, physical, non-covalent interactions cause them to associate reversibly with one another. This is known as molecular complementarity.
Why is molecular complementarity significant in biomolecules?Functions including information translation and storage, enzymatic operations, structural self-organization, and molecule defense against deteriorative processes all depend on molecular complementarity.
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Which TWO characteristics of phospholipids' orientation facilitate their function in the cell?
A
B
C
D
The inward-facing orientation of non-polar tails allows the bilayer to act as a barrier for charged and polar molecules entering and exiting the cell.
The inward-facing orientation of polar tails allows the bilayer to act as a barrier for charged and non-polar molecules entering and exiting the cell.
The outward-facing orientation of hydrophobic heads allows interactions between the cell and the aqueous environment.
The outward-facing orientation of hydrophilic heads allows interactions between the cell and the aqueous environment.
The outward-facing orientation of polar heads allows polar molecules to easily enter and exit the cell.
The two characteristics of phospholipids orientation that facilitate their function in the cell are as follows:
The outward-facing orientation of hydrophilic heads allows interactions between the cell and the aqueous environment.The inward-facing orientation of non-polar tails allows the bilayer to act as a barrier for charged and polar molecules entering and exiting the cell.What is the phospholipid bilayer?The phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head.
The head (polar region) of each phospholipid molecule is oriented towards the exterior of the bilayer while the tail (nonpolar region) of each phospholipid molecule is oriented towards the interior of the bilayer. This orientation is due to the hydrophobic effect.
Therefore, it can be said that the two characteristics of phospholipids orientation that facilitate their function in the cell are as follows:
The outward-facing orientation of hydrophilic heads allows interactions between the cell and the aqueous environment.The inward-facing orientation of non-polar tails allows the bilayer to act as a barrier for charged and polar molecules entering and exiting the cell.Learn more about phospholipid bilayer at:https://brainly.com/question/13198012
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The order for organization of life in order from smallest to largest is:
A. Organ System, Cell, Organisms, Tissue, Atoms, Organ
B. Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Atoms, Cell, Organism
C. Atoms, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
D. Cell, Atoms, Organ, Organ System, Organisms, Tissues
quiz;et which diagnostic test may be performed to evaluate blood flow within intracranial blood vessels?
The painless transcranial doppler ultrasonography (TCD) test utilizes sound waves to look at the blood flow in your brain. To identify a medical problem that affects blood flow to and within the brain, which doctor advises to perform this test.
Ultrasound- An ultrasonic scan creates a picture of a person's interior body structures using high-frequency sound waves. Ultrasound is frequently used by medical professionals to examine a growing fetus (unborn child), a person's abdominal and pelvic organs, brain, heart, and blood vessels.
Sound Waves- The pattern of disturbance caused by energy traveling through a medium as it dissipates from the sound source is known as a sound wave.
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