Dysregulated translational factors and epigenetic regulation interact in B cells and contribute to autoimmune disease.
B cells play an important role in antigen presentation, antibody production, and secretion of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines in adaptive immunity. Several translation factors, including transcription factors and cytokines, are involved in regulating B cell development in concert with epigenetic regulation. Autoimmune diseases are generally characterized by autoreactive B cells and highly pathogenic autoantibodies. Successful B-cell depleting therapies in mouse models and clinical studies demonstrate the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Failure of B-cell tolerance at immune checkpoints results in the accumulation of autoreactive naive B (BN) cells with aberrant B-cell receptor signaling and dysregulated B-cell responses, leading to autoantibody-mediated autoimmune responses.
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The atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere are considered to be Group of answer choices independent of one another open subsystems closed subsystems exchanging mass but not energy exchanging energy but not mass
The whole earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere are all included in the geosphere. The area above the Earth's surface is known as the atmosphere.
This includes the air we breathe. The lithosphere, which consists of rocks and mountains, is the solid core of the Earth.
The lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere are the four interconnected "spheres" that make up the Earth's crust. Changes in one of the spheres generally generate changes in one or more of the others since the spheres are so intertwined.
An example of an open system is the ocean. The hydrosphere includes the ocean, and the surface of the ocean serves as the contact between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere above it.
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Group the items according to the type of respiration they describe.
The items:
Carbon dioxide by-product
Produces ATP
Uses oxygen
Fermentation
Takes place within cells
Does not use oxygen
Type of respiration:
Aerobic
Both
Anaerobic
Aerobic Process: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide by-product
Anaerobic Process: Carbon Dioxide, Fermentation
Both: Produces ATP, Takes place in cells
What is Respiration and Types of Respiration?All organisms go through the metabolic process of breathing. It is a biological process that takes place inside of an organism's cells. The breakdown of glucose in this process results in the production of energy (ATP-Adenosine triphosphate), which is then utilised by cells to carry out numerous tasks. Respiration is a function of all living things, from simple single-celled creatures to dominant multicellular ones.
Let's take a closer look at the various types of respiration that organisms engage in.
Aerobic Respiration
It is a sort of energy-producing cellular respiration that occurs when there is oxygen present. Within the cells of both animals and plants, it is an ongoing process. The chemical equation can be used to describe this process:
Oxygen (6O2) + Glucose (6H12O6) + Carbon dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) + Energy (ATP)
Aerobic respiration takes place When there is oxygen.Aerobic respiration generates carbon dioxide and water as waste productsAerobic respiration generates more energyAnaerobic Respiration
In the absence of oxygen, it is a sort of cellular respiration that generates energy. Anaerobic respiration's chemical formula is
Alcohol 2(C2H5OH) + Carbon dioxide 2(CO2) + Energy = Glucose (C6H12O6) (ATP )
Anaerobic respiration does not takes place,whwn there is oxygen is present Anaerobic respiration generates alcohol, Anaerobic respiration generates less energy
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difine an enzyme in biology
Answer: An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
Answer:
hope it helps...stay safe healthy and happy..If a mutation causes you to get a new trait, by how natural selection works, that trait will disappear even if it will help you survive T or F
Answer:
False, natural selection would not cause the mutation to die out unless it harms reproductivity
Explanation:
Natural Selection works through many different aspects, here we see that a creature has developed a mutation. If the creature would be aided with this new found mutation it would not simply disappear. The creature would end up reproducing with similar creatures spreading this new mutation, and this is what natural selection is. Natural selection is when creatures with negitive mutations are unable to reproduce causing their gentic line to die out, while creatures with superior genetics continuously reproduce.
I hope this answer helps!
PLSS HELP IMMEDIATELY!!! ILL MARK BRAINIEST IF U DONT GUESS OR LEAVE A LINK!
Answer: The answer is A. Increaed use of fossil fuels.
Explanation:
do body cells use mitosis to replicate?
Answer:
Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the process of making new body cells. ... During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells.
Explanation:
cheese
pepper powder
lettuce
ham
salt
tomato
can you guys tell me if all of this ingredients is colloid,suspension or solution?
Cheese is a colloid.
Pepper powder is a suspension.
Lettuce, ham, salt and tomato are not considered to be a colloid, suspension or solution as they are classified as solid food items.
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Tropical savannas in East Africa have herds of ____________________ and ____________________ hoofed animals.
Tropical savannas in East Africa have herds of zebra and wildebeest hoofed animals.
The zebra is a member of the equid family and is one of the most recognizable animals in the world. Its black and white stripes make it easily distinguishable from other animals, and it is found in a variety of ecosystems across Africa. Zebras are very social animals, living in large herds of up to several hundred individuals. They feed on grass and other vegetation, and are mostly active in the early morning and late afternoon.
The wildebeest is also a grazing mammal, but from the bovidae family. It is larger than the zebra and has a distinctive curved horn on its head. Wildebeest are highly social animals, often traveling in large herds of up to several hundred individuals. They are also mainly active during the early morning and late afternoon, and feed on grass and other vegetation.
The relationship between zebra and wildebeest is one of mutual benefit. The zebra’s stripes help camouflage it from predators, while the wildebeest’s curved horns are used to defend itself and the herd. Together, they can also provide better protection against predators by forming a large herd. In addition, the two species of hoofed animals help each other to find food and water, and they even graze in the same areas.
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Why is coal considered to be a nonrenewable energy resource?
A.
Sunlight is the original source of energy for coal
B.
The burning of coal could cause environmental pollution
C.
Once coal is mined, it can take millions of years to be replaced
D. Coal is abundant, but is very expensive to mine from underground
Answer:
C.
Coal is made from fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals. When coal is mined/burned it takes millions of years for it to be replaced.
A prey population consists of individuals with a variety of reaction times. The adaptation that allows some of these animals to react faster would be an example of natural selection if it helps them a. Reduce the mortality rate of the population
b. Reproduce and increase gene frequency in the population
c. Survive and mate
d. Produce offspring that can react at an average speed
The correct answer is option (A) Reduce the mortality rate of the population.
Natural selection is a pressure that causes groups of organisms to change over time. Animals inherit their genetics from their parents or ancestors, and the environment is constantly changing. So, no organism is perfectly adapted to its environment. Thus, natural selection is constantly influencing the evolution of species.
The environment will change, even if a parent was perfectly acclimated to it, leaving the offspring poorly adapted to it. Only the best and fittest organisms can reproduce since there are many species and few resources. Natural selection, which is thought of as the environment and forces acting to prevent organisms from surviving and reproducing, operates against all living things. As a result, living things have the ability to pass on their DNA to the next generation. These DNA sequences are "selected" for by this.
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Determine whether each factor of a terrestrial ecosystem is biotic or abiotic.
Trees
Fungii
Sunlight
Soil
Birds
The biotic factors of the terrestrial ecosystems are trees, fungi and birds while the abiotic factors are the sunlight and soil.
What is a terrestrial ecosystem?A terrestrial ecosystem is the type of ecosystem that is found in the earth environment which is made up of both the biotic and abiotic factors.
The biotic factors are those factors that are considered as the living things such as the trees, fungi and birds while the abiotic factors are the non living things found in the ecosystem and they are soil and sunlight.
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In order to maintain homeostasis, the systems of the body work together to maintain stable internal conditions. Which human body systems are responsible for erouring nutrients are properly absorbed and waste is eliminated from the body?
O Nervous and Excretory
o Respiratory and Digestive
O Circulatory and Respiratory
o Digestive and Excretory
HELP ME!!!
Answer:
o Digestive and Excretory
Explanation:
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants called insulin-like growth factors which are also called what
Development chemical invigorates the liver and different tissues to deliver development energizers called insulin-like development factors which are additionally called Somatostatin is one more name for human development chemical.
Corticotropin-delivering chemical (CRH) is let out of the nerve center, which invigorates the foremost pituitary to deliver adrenocorticotropic chemical (ACTH). ACTH then, at that point, follows up on its objective organ, the adrenal cortex.
Development chemical animates the creation of insulin-like development factor 1in the liver and different organs, and this follows up on tissues in the body to control digestion and development. Notwithstanding its impact on the development of chemical discharge, the development chemical delivering chemicals additionally influences rest, food admission, and memory.
Human development chemical, otherwise called hGH and somatotropin, is a characteristic chemical your pituitary organ makes and delivers that follows up on many pieces of the body to advance development in youngsters.
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Which of the following is a key part of psychotherapy?Single choice.
(1 Point)
A. a client lying on a couch in the therapist's office
B.verbal interaction between a therapist and client
C.MRI exam of the brain
D.regular blood pressure readings
Answer:
B: Verbal interaction between a therapist and client
Explanation:
Psychotherapy itself is known as talk therapy. Personal interaction and conversation is key to psychotherapy and overcoming problems presented.
There are two types of waves: mechanical and electromagnetic. Microwaves, infrared
waves, and radio waves are examples of electromagnetic waves. Which claim is TRUE about
the speed of electromagnetic waves?
A: They are not affected by changes in medium.
B: It is slower in a vacuum than in a medium.
C: In a vacuum, its speed equals half the speed of light.
D: It slows down when it goes from a vacuum to a medium.
Answer: b
Explanation:
What type is monggo?
Monggo or mung bean are the seeds that belong to the legume family of plants.
Monggo is the another name for the mung bean plant. It is a green colored lentil known for its high nutrition content. The common regions where the cultivation of monggo takes place is East, Southeast and South Asia. The monggo is a legume plant.
Legume is the term that refers to the plants of the family Fabaceae. It is characterized by the presence of seeds inside a pod. These seeds are usually edible. The examples include beans, lentils, and peas. These plant form root nodules for nitrogen fixation.
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Is this correct? and can you explain why its not incorrect or correct?
Answer:
Yes,Good Bro no it's a joke you re bad
What 3 features do all mollusks share?
The three common feature of all molluscs are: presence of mantle, muscular foot and unsegmented body.
Molluscs is the name that refers to the organisms of the phylum Mollusca. These are the animals that are invertebrates. The phylum constitutes the second largest phylum of the animal kingdom. The examples include: snails, oysters, clams, etc.
Mantle is the outer body wall of the molluscs. It is soft and fleshy in appearance. It may sometimes be covered by calcifies plates for strengthening. It covers the visceral mass of the Molluscs. This mantle secretes the calcium carbonate for the formation of shell of molluscs.
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explain why there is a greater efficiency in supplying plants as human food
Answer:
Does this help?
Explanation:
Plants are very efficient when it comes to supplying for people. Plants not only allow us to breath, but we can also feed off them. We can always grow plants. Planting is also better for the environment. Less people will pay for fruits and vegetables. Even with all the advantages of just supplying plants as human food, it would be almost, if not impossible to feed the entire population all year off salads.
What are the four types of receptors? What kind of stimulus does each one respond to? NO LINKS PLEASE
A farmer wanted to test the best way to grow tall lemon trees. Two groups of lemon trees were planted in a grove. One group of lemon trees was watered daily and the other group was watered twice a week.
Answer:
The group of lemon trees that was watered twice a week grow taller.
Explanation:
The group of lemon trees that was watered twice a week grow taller as compared to other group in which lemon trees was watered daily because too wet condition for the lemon tree is bad and can adversely affected its growth and development. Lemon tree needs optimum water for its growth and development. Too much water or drought condition adversely affected the growth of lemon tree which leads to lower height of the lemon tree.
How do we know a particular lineage of prokaryote exists in a natural habitat without first isolating and growing it in laboratory culture
The use of DNA-based techniques is one way to ascertain whether a certain lineage of prokaryote occurs in a natural habitat without first isolating and cultivating it in laboratory culture.
These methods allow researchers to identify species of prokaryotes without having to isolate and grow them in culture. The most common DNA-based method is called PCR (polymerase chain reaction) which is used to amplify and detect the presence of specific DNA sequences in a sample. By designing primers specific to a particular prokaryote, researchers can determine if the organism is present in a given sample, even if it is present in very small amounts.
Other methods such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16s rRNA gene sequencing can also be used to identify different species of prokaryotes in a sample. These methods allow researchers to determine if a particular lineage of prokaryote exists in a natural habitat without having to isolate and grow it in laboratory culture.
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HELP PLEASE
A population of coyotes lives in a small valley. The coyotes prey mainly on rabbits. The rabbits eat meadow plants that grow in the valley
Each year there are about the same number of coyotes, rabbits, and plants in the valley. One year a drought kills about half of the meadow
plants.
What effect will the drought have on the coyote population in the valley?
O A It will decrease because the rabbits will decrease.
B. It will stay the same because only the plants are affected.
O c. It will increase because there will be more space for us
D. It will decrease because there will be fewer plants for them.
The coyote population in the valley will decrease because the rabbits will decrease.
An ecosystem, also known as an ecological system, is made up of all the organisms and the physical setting in which they live. The nutrition cycles and energy flows connect these biotic and abiotic elements. Photosynthesis is how energy enters the system and is absorbed by plant tissue. Animals play a significant part in the transfer of materials and energy through the system by eating plants and one another.
They also have an impact on the biomass levels of the microbial and plant communities. In addition to facilitating nutrient cycling by transforming nutrients held in dead biomass back into a form that can be easily utilized by plants and microorganisms, decomposers also release carbon into the atmosphere through the breakdown of dead organic matter.
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in a food chain, why is it important for an organism to have different sources of food
Answer:
They need backups.
Explanation:
If the organism only has one food source they will use up that resource and eventually the organism will deplete due to lack of food.
Can someone help me please (please hurry this is due in 1 minute)
Why does a single X chromosome that carriers the allele for red-green colorblindness cause males to be color blind but doesn’t cause females to be color blind
(PLEASE ANSWER)
Answer:
because that's the result if you the punnet square
Why is individual II-1 heterozygous according to the answer key. - Pedigrees
In given pedigrees II-1 heterozygous because the man (II-1) that brown-eyed woman marry has brown eye but they have a son (III-1) with blue eye. So, genotype of II-1 will be Bb.
What is pedigrees?A family tree diagram that makes use of standardized symbols. The relationships between family members are shown in a pedigree, which also identifies the members of a family who have particular genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases as well as their current health.
Pedigrees are typically employed to illustrate straightforward dominant and recessive traits. Having a widow's peak hairline, for instance, is dominant. If someone possesses that quality, their pedigree symbol will be shaded in.
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Which of the following provides an accurate calculation of the surface area to volume ratio of an HSHS red blood cell, as well as a prediction of its effect on the efficient transferring of oxygen compared to a normal red blood cell
The ratio is 0.89, and the cells are less efficient at transferring oxygen.
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a red blood cell condition that causes the cells to be smaller and spherical rather than the normal flattened, biconcave form. Normal red blood cells have an average diameter of 7.2μm, while red blood cells in people with HS have an average diameter of 6.7μm. The typical surface area of a normal red blood cell is 136μm^2 and its volume is 91μm^3.
Hereditary spherocytosis is a blood condition that runs in families. It occurs as a result of an issue with the red blood cells (RBCs). The cells are not formed like a disc, but rather like a spherical. These red blood cells (known as spherocytes) are more delicate than disk-shaped RBCs.
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Can plants perform light-independent reactions?
The second and last step of photosynthesis is the process that is not dependent on light are light-independent reactions. It creates organic materials for the plant .
The photochemical process of photosynthesis involves a number of light-independent biochemical events light-independent reactions that result in plant the formation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide. This metabolic pathway is propelled by the energy released from the ATP created during the light reactions. Photosystems I and II, which are both found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, are plant responsible for using light energy. The light-independent reactions ,chemical energy obtained during the light-dependent processes is used to construct carbohydrate molecules from plant carbon dioxide in light-independent reactions (the Calvin cycle).
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The plasma membrane of E. coli is about 75% protein and 25% phospholipid by weight. How many molecules of membrane lipid are present for each molecule of membrane protein
The plasma membrane of E. coli is about 75% protein and 25% phospholipid by weight. 26 molecules of membrane lipid are present for each molecule of membrane protein
The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is responsible for protecting the cell and also offers a fixed cell environment.
The lipid to protein ratio is 1:4 (25% lipid and 75% proteins).
An average protein has a weight of 54,000 (5.4 x 104).
54,000/3 = 18,000.
So, 1:4 ratio = 18,000:54,000.
So, for a protein (54,000 weight), there are lipids weighing 18,000.
An average lipid weighs 700. So, 18,000 weight of lipids would have 25.71 (26) lipid molecules.
That means there are 26 lipid molecules are present for each molecule of membrane protein.
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