Operations Management involves overseeing the day-to-day operations of a company, encompassing production, inventory management, quality control, and supply chain management. Let's compare two companies, Toyota Motors and Amazon Web Services (AWS), from an Operations Management perspective.
Company Name: Toyota Motors
Product Type: Automobiles
Product Design: Toyota is renowned for high-quality, durable, and reliable automobiles. The company emphasizes continuous improvement and implements lean manufacturing principles. It employs a just-in-time inventory system to minimize waste and maintain production efficiency. Toyota maintains a strong commitment to ensuring quality at every stage of the production process.
Company Name: Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Product Type: Cloud Computing Services
Product Design: AWS offers a range of cloud computing services, including data storage, computing power, and machine learning capabilities. Security is a top priority for AWS, employing a multi-layered approach to safeguard data privacy and protection. The company is dedicated to delivering exceptional customer service and support. AWS places a strong emphasis on innovation and continuous improvement to stay competitive.
The following chart summarizes the key differences between the two companies:
Criteria | Toyota Motors | Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Product Type | Automobiles | Cloud Computing Services
Product Design | High-quality, durable, | Multi-layered approach to security
| reliable | Data storage
| Continuous improvement | Computing power
| Lean manufacturing principles| Machine learning
| Just-in-time inventory system| Highest standards of customer service and support
| Focus on quality at every | Innovation and continuous improvement
| stage of production
In conclusion, although Toyota Motors and Amazon Web Services operate in different industries, both can benefit from a focus on Operations Management. By improving production processes, minimizing waste, maintaining high quality standards, and prioritizing customer satisfaction, these companies can enhance efficiency, increase profitability, and remain competitive in their respective markets.
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FurniturePlus Ltd is a large homeware retailer with five stores throughout Auckland. It has recently learnt that IKEA is planning to open its first store in New Zealand and this has the executive management team worried. The executives have just returned from a trip to Europe where they visited some IKEA stores to get a better sense of what they are dealing with. They noticed that many IKEA stores have a hotdog stand which sells cheap hotdogs and seems to attract a lot of customers to the store. The executives want to try something similar in New Zealand. However, knowing that hotdogs are less popular in New Zealand, they opt to install pie stalls at their five Auckland stores instead. They want to carry out a net present value (NPV) analysis to decide whether to go ahead with the project. The following details are available on the proposed project which has a time horizon of three years: - The cost of the executives' trip to Europe was $45,000. - The total capital expenditure related to the pie stands is $825,000 and is payable immediately. - The stand and equipment can be depreciated on a straight line basis, resulting in a depreciation expense of $275,000 per year over years 1 to 3. - FurniturePlus expects pie sales to generate revenue of $420,000 in year 1,$450,000 in year 2 and $500,000 in year 3. - FurniturePlus estimates that cash costs and expenses directly related to this project will be 60% of the total revenue generated by pie sales. - In addition to the pie sales mentioned above, FurniturePlus expects that having the pie stands will allow it to retain $250,000 of normal store sales per year that it would otherwise have lost to IKEA. Assume COGS and operating costs are unaffected. - Due to required food ingredients, FurniturePlus expects its inventory to increase by $175,000 in yea 0 . This will be recovered at the end of year 3 and no further effect on operating working capital is expected. - The corporate tax rate is 28%. - The corporate tax rate is 28%. Use the information above to answer the questions below. (a) Depreciation when carrying out a NPV analysis of the project because (b) Operating working capital will initially and this is treated as in the NPV analysis. (c) The $250,000 of retained normal store sales per year should be he NPV analysis becaus (d) The travel expenses related to the executives' trip to Europe should be the NPV analysis because they (e) The cash flow from operations (CFO) in year 3 is $ Note: Please provide your answer as an integer without commas in the format of xxxxxx (for example, if the answer is $123,456.00, type in 123456).
(a) Depreciation when carrying out an NPV analysis of the project because depreciation is a non-cash expense, and it helps in reducing the company's taxable income. Depreciation expense affects the cash flows of the company.
(b) Operating working capital will initially increase by $175,000 in year 0, and this is treated as an outflow in the NPV analysis.
(c) The $250,000 of retained normal store sales per year should be added to the NPV analysis because it is an incremental cash flow.
(d) The travel expenses related to the executives' trip to Europe should be excluded from the NPV analysis because they are a sunk cost.
(e) The cash flow from operations (CFO) in year 3 is $240,000.
We know that ,
Depreciation: Yearly Depreciation Expense = (Initial Investment - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Yearly Depreciation Expense = ($825,000 - $0) / 3 = $275,000
Year 0: The initial investment of $825,000 and an increase in working capital of $175,000
Year 1: Revenue = $420,000,
Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs + $175,000 of working capital expenses= (60% x $420,000) + $275,000 + $175,000 = $532,000
Year 2:Revenue = $450,000Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs= (60% x $450,000) + $275,000 = $502,000
Year 3:Revenue = $500,000Costs and expenses = 60% of revenue + Depreciation costs= (60% x $500,000) + $275,000 = $475,000
NPV:
Year 0: -$1,000,000 = -$825,000 - $175,000, Year 1: -$199,918 = (-$532,000 / (1 + 0.1)^1),Year 2: $83,346 = ($502,000 / (1 + 0.1)^2), Year 3: $219,749 = ($240,000 + $475,000 / (1 + 0.1)^3)NPV = $102,177
Therefore, the answer is $102177.
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Suppose you want to have $0.5 million saved by the time you reach age 30 and suppose that you are 20 years old today. If you can earn 10% on your funds, how much would you have to invest today to reach your goal?
You would have to invest approximately $67,185.50 today to reach your goal of $0.5 million by the time you reach age 30. This calculation demonstrates the importance of considering the time value of money and the impact of compounding returns when setting savings goals and making investment decisions.
To calculate the amount you need to invest today to reach your savings goal, we can use the present value formula, as you are looking to determine the present value of a future amount.
Given:
Desired savings goal: $0.5 million
Interest rate: 10%
Time horizon: 10 years (from age 20 to age 30)
Using the formula for present value (PV):
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
Where:
PV = Present value
FV = Future value
r = Interest rate
n = Number of periods
Substituting the values into the formula:
PV = $0.5 million / (1 + 0.10)^10
Simplifying the calculation:
PV = $0.5 million / 2.5937
PV ≈ $193,050.28
Therefore, you would need to invest approximately $193,050.28 today to reach your savings goal of $0.5 million by the time you reach age 30.
In conclusion, to have $0.5 million saved by the time you reach age 30, you would need to invest approximately $193,050.28 today, assuming an interest rate of 10% and a time horizon of 10 years. This calculation demonstrates the importance of considering the time value of money and the impact of compounding returns when setting savings goals and making investment decisions.
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Ilves Pty Ltd is preparing its September quarter cash budget. Sales are collected over three consecutive months, including the month the sale occurs, while sales commissions are paid to sales staff based on a percentage of the previous month's sales revenue. Sales data from which months will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions? May, June and October;
June and September ;
June and October;
May and September;
May and June
Ilves Pty Ltd is preparing its September quarter cash budget. Sales are collected over three consecutive months, including the month the sale occurs, while sales commissions are paid to sales staff based on a percentage of the previous month's sales revenue.
Sales data from which months will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions?The sales data from October will not be relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions. Hence, the correct option is : June and October.Commission payments are based on the sales revenue of the previous month. The commission payments for the September quarter cash budget of Ilves Pty Ltd are to be calculated based on the sales revenue of July, August, and September.In other words, commission payments for sales of October, November, and December are not relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions. As a result, sales data from October is not relevant to the budgeted payments for commissions.
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"Using gender-inclusive language means speaking and writing in a way that does not discriminate against a particular sex, social gender or gender identity, and that does not perpetuate gender stereotypes. However, often opponents of gender-neutral language argue that the proponents of gender-neutral language are impinging on the right of free speech and expression and that these new language policies might promote censorship." Write 200 words
Gender-inclusive language refers to speaking and writing in a way that does not discriminate against any particular sex, social gender, or gender identity. It is a way of avoiding gender stereotypes that may be harmful or unfair.
Gender-inclusive language is an important aspect of creating an inclusive society that values all individuals, regardless of their gender. This means that we must avoid using language that reinforces gender stereotypes or excludes individuals based on their gender identity. Instead, we should use gender-neutral terms that are inclusive of everyone.
using gender-inclusive language is an important aspect of creating a more inclusive and equitable society. It does not impinge on the right of free speech and expression, nor does it promote censorship. Instead, it promotes equality, respect, and understanding for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity. Therefore, it is important that we all make an effort to use gender-inclusive language in our daily lives.
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Hello, In a typical day 10 customers arrive each hour.
1. Manually calculate the capacities for each resource. (clerk, marketing rep, VP of marketing, sales rep) Show work!!
2. Is there a bottleneck in the process?
3. Manually calculate the cycle times of viable, non-viable and potential customers. how many minutes per customer???
4. Explain one strategy for improving this process, except adding resources.
1. Calculation of capacities for each resource
In a typical day, 10 customers arrive each hour. Thus, the number of customers that arrive in an 8-hour workday would be;8 hours × 10 customers per hour = 80 customers per day.
The formula for calculating the capacity of a resource is;
Capacity = (Working time available per day / Time per unit of output) × Number of identical resources
To calculate the capacities of each resource, we must know the time per unit of output for each resource. Here is the given data for that:
1. Clerk: the average time taken to serve a customer is 5 minutes
2. Marketing rep: the average time taken to conduct a meeting is 30 minutes
3. VP of marketing: the average time taken to approve a marketing plan is 60 minutes
4. Sales rep: the average time taken to make a sale is 20 minutes
Capacity of Clerk:
Capacity = (480 minutes / 5 minutes) × 1Capacity = 96 customers
Capacity of Marketing rep:
Capacity = (480 minutes / 30 minutes) × 1Capacity = 16 meetings
Capacity of VP of marketing:
Capacity = (480 minutes / 60 minutes) × 1
Capacity = 8 marketing plans
Capacity of Sales rep:
Capacity = (480 minutes / 20 minutes) × 1
Capacity = 24 sales
2. A bottleneck is defined as a process step that limits the capacity of the entire process. To find the bottleneck of a process, we can calculate the utilization rate of each resource. The resource with the highest utilization rate will be the bottleneck of the process.
Utilization rate = (Demand placed on the resource / Capacity of the resource) × 100
Utilization rate for Clerk = (80 customers / 96 customers) × 100 = 83.33%
Utilization rate for Marketing rep = (80 customers / (16 meetings × 2)) × 100 = 250%
Utilization rate for VP of marketing = (80 customers / (8 marketing plans × 3)) × 100 = 333.33%
Utilization rate for Sales rep = (80 customers / 24 sales) × 100 = 333.33%
Since the marketing rep has the highest utilization rate, it is the bottleneck of the process.
3. Calculation of cycle times for each type of customer
Cycle time is the average time it takes to complete a single unit of a process. We can calculate the cycle time for each type of customer using the following formula;
Cycle time = Working time available per day / Capacity of the bottleneck resource
a. Viable customers
Capacity of marketing rep = 16 meetings
Working time per day = 8 hours = 480 minutes
Cycle time = 480 minutes / 16 meetings
Cycle time = 30 minutes per meeting
Thus, the cycle time for a viable customer is 30 minutes per meeting.
b. Non-viable customers
Capacity of clerk = 96 customers
Working time per day = 8 hours = 480 minutes
Cycle time = 480 minutes / 96 customers
Cycle time = 5 minutes per customer
Thus, the cycle time for a non-viable customer is 5 minutes per customer.
c. Potential customers
Capacity of sales rep = 24 sales
Working time per day = 8 hours = 480 minutes
Cycle time = 480 minutes / 24 sales
Cycle time = 20 minutes per sale
Thus, the cycle time for a potential customer is 20 minutes per sale.
4. One strategy to improve this process
One strategy to improve this process is to reduce the cycle time for each type of customer. This can be achieved by eliminating waste from the process. Waste can be defined as any activity that does not add value to the customer. By eliminating waste, we can reduce the cycle time and increase the capacity of the process without adding resources. One way to eliminate waste is by using lean tools such as value stream mapping. Value stream mapping is a tool that helps to identify waste in a process and develop a plan to eliminate it. By using value stream mapping, we can reduce the cycle time and improve the overall efficiency of the process.
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Fill in the blank. Savannah purchased a machine in 2018 and claimed a Section 179 expense deduction on the total purchase price. In 2021, business use dropped below 50%. As a result of this drop, Savannah must __________. must __________.
When business use of a machine drops below 50% after claiming a Section 179 expense deduction, Savannah must recapture part of the deduction as ordinary income.
This is known as the Section 179 recapture. The recaptured amount is the excess of the depreciation deductions that would have been allowed under the regular depreciation rules over the depreciation deductions actually taken under Section 179. Savannah will need to report this recapture as income on her tax return in the year that the business use drops below 50%.
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Average Houfly Eamings in Canada increased to 3237 CAD in 3 dy of 2022 over the prewous month. Aover hanks Cowals See that big bump in 2020 ? The average hourly earnings in Canada have been growing rather steadily since the beginning of the century. Then the COVID pandemic happens, and they shoot ap. It looks like the pandemic was great for workers! But 1 do not really think it was that great. Cive an explanation for that increase in earnings. Then discuss in short whether the workers should have really happy er unhappy about sach a developenent. I think there is a good hint for this question in chapter 1 but it is not the most obvious. If yoe cannot find that hint, do not stress. Also, do not stress about getting the right answer. There may be several decent explanations. Do your best to present your argument clearly and try to be concise. 150−400 words should be about right.
The sudden increase in hourly earnings in Canada during the COVID pandemic might not be that great. One reason is that the increase in hourly earnings may be related to an increase in overtime work.
Employees may work more hours than usual to maintain their standard of living in the face of increasing prices and the reduced purchasing power of the Canadian dollar. Another reason is that the increase in hourly wages may be related to the increase in demand for certain services, such as delivery services, to meet the needs of people who were forced to stay at home because of the pandemic.
As a result, the answer to the question of whether workers should be happy or unhappy about the increase in hourly wages in Canada during the COVID pandemic is not that simple. It depends on the individual worker's situation. For those who have been able to work from home during the pandemic, the increase in hourly wages might be a good thing. On the other hand, for those who have been unable to work from home and who have been forced to work in low-wage jobs with little job security, the increase in hourly wages might not be that great.
In general, it is difficult to say whether the sudden increase in hourly wages in Canada during the COVID pandemic is good or bad for workers. It depends on individual workers' situations.
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New Job for Robots_Taking Stock for Retailers 目 PDF document The Robot in Aisle Five Isnt Stalking You No Really 目 PDF document How 5 Top Grocers are Modernizing through Automation and Robotics 目 PDF document How Al is Making Supermarkets Less Exhausting 目 PDF document Amazon Ushers In Checkoutless Grocery Era 目 PDF document
The retail industry has always been on the forefront of automation and robotics. With technological advancements, retailers are investing in artificial intelligence and robotics to offer better service and enhance customer experience.
Automation in retail includes a variety of technologies such as self-checkout machines, smart shelf systems, and mobile payments. Robotics in retail refers to automated systems that can perform a variety of tasks, such as scanning, stocking, and cleaning. The use of automation and robotics in retail is not new. However, there is a growing trend towards the adoption of more advanced technologies such as AI and machine learning.
Retailers are leveraging these technologies to create smarter systems that can learn and adapt to customer behavior. This allows retailers to offer personalized service and targeted marketing campaigns. One of the most significant areas of development in robotics in retail is the use of drones. Amazon has been testing drone deliveries, and many other retailers are following suit.
Drones can be used to deliver products to customers' homes, and they can also be used to monitor inventory and perform security checks. Another area of development is the use of chatbots and virtual assistants. Retailers are using these technologies to offer 24/7 customer service.
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What are the effects on financial risk and cash flow when receivables are collected less quickly? a. Financial risk increases and cash flow decreases. b. Financial risk decreases and cash flow increases. c. Both increase. d. Both decrease. e. I am not sure.
The effects on financial risk and cash flow when receivables are collected less quickly are as follows:
a. Financial risk increases and cash flow decreases.
When receivables are collected less quickly, it means that the company's customers are taking longer to pay their debts. This leads to an increase in financial risk because the company is exposed to the possibility of not receiving the full amount owed to them. It can also impact the company's cash flow negatively as there is a delay in receiving the cash from customers, which can lead to a decrease in available funds for the company's operations. Therefore, option a is the correct answer.
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Prioritize Requirements Activity and Techniques Subject - Requirement Life Cycle Management
Q- How did the requirements prioritization activity go? What were the issues and challenges? How can the issues and challenges be resolved?
The requirements prioritization activity can face challenges like lack of stakeholder involvement, ambiguous requirements, conflicting priorities, and limited resources. Resolving these challenges involves engaging stakeholders, refining requirements, promoting collaboration, and applying prioritization techniques to ensure the most important requirements are addressed first.
The requirements prioritization activity is a crucial step in requirement life cycle management. It involves assessing and ranking the importance of different requirements to determine which ones should be addressed first. However, this activity can encounter several issues and challenges.
1. Lack of stakeholder involvement: One common issue is the absence of key stakeholders in the prioritization process. This can lead to misalignment between the prioritized requirements and the actual needs of the stakeholders.
2. Ambiguous or incomplete requirements: Unclear or incomplete requirements make it difficult to prioritize them accurately. This can result in confusion and misunderstandings among team members.
3. Conflicting priorities: Stakeholders may have different priorities and conflicting interests, which can make it challenging to reach a consensus on the order of requirements.
4. Limited resources: Limited time, budget, and resources can pose a challenge in prioritizing requirements. It may not be feasible to address all requirements simultaneously, necessitating trade-offs and compromises.
To resolve these issues and challenges:
1. Engage stakeholders: Involve key stakeholders throughout the prioritization process to ensure their needs are considered. Conduct workshops or interviews to gather their input and validate priorities.
2. Refine requirements: Work closely with stakeholders to clarify and refine requirements, making them more specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). This will enhance their prioritization.
3. Facilitate communication and collaboration: Establish effective communication channels to encourage open discussions and negotiations among stakeholders. Encourage compromise and seek common ground to address conflicting priorities.
4. Apply prioritization techniques: Utilize appropriate prioritization techniques such as MoSCoW (Must have, Should have, Could have, Won't have), Kano analysis, or pairwise comparison to systematically rank and prioritize requirements based on their importance and impact.
In summary, addressing issues in requirements prioritization requires stakeholder involvement, refining requirements, promoting collaboration, and employing prioritization techniques. This will ensure that the most critical and valuable requirements are addressed first, leading to successful requirement life cycle management.
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Two investors with different holding periods but the same expectations and required rate of return for a company are estimating the intrinsic value of a common share of the company. The investor with the shorter holding period will most likely estimate a:
A. lower intrinsic value.
B. higher intrinsic value.
C. similar intrinsic value.
Why answer is c?
When two investors have the same expectations and required rate of return for a company, their estimation of the intrinsic value of a stock is likely to be similar, regardless of their holding periods. Holding period does not directly impact the estimation of intrinsic value. Therefore the correct answer is option C.
The answer is C - similar intrinsic value.
The intrinsic value of a company represents the true underlying value of its stock based on its fundamentals. It is determined by factors such as earnings, cash flows, growth prospects, and risk. When two investors have the same expectations and required rate of return for a company, they will analyze the same information and use similar valuation models to estimate the intrinsic value of the stock.
The difference in holding periods between the two investors does not directly impact their estimation of the intrinsic value. Holding period refers to the duration that an investor plans to hold the stock before selling it. It is more relevant to the investment strategy and decision-making process rather than the estimation of intrinsic value. Therefore, both investors are likely to arrive at a similar intrinsic value for the common share of the company, assuming they have the same expectations and required rate of return.
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1. Post your answer to the Question (200 –500 words): PMI’s
Pulse of the Profession Reportin 2016states that Organizations
waste $97 million for every $1 billion spent on projects.PMI’s 2017
Pul
The PMI (Project Management Institute) is one of the most prominent organizations that provides a platform for project managers to come together and share their knowledge and expertise. It provides a plethora of resources, including publications, research studies, and networking opportunities.
PMI’s Pulse of the Profession report 2016 highlights the fact that organizations tend to waste $97 million for every $1 billion spent on projects.The 2017 Pulse of the Profession report states that organizations can avoid wasting money by implementing good project management practices. This report is based on extensive research that analyzes project performance and success rates across different industries.
The report serves as a guide for organizations that want to improve their project performance by implementing best practices. It is essential for project managers to understand the importance of project management practices and to develop the skills and knowledge required to deliver successful projects.
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Technological knowhow is a typical entry barrier in industries:
Question 28 options: that are embryonic.
that are mature.
without absolute cost advantages.
where economies of scale exist.
Technological know-how is a typical entry barrier in industries that are embryonic, where economies of scale exist. The entry barriers are obstacles that make it difficult or costly for new companies to establish themselves in the market.
These barriers limit the number of competitors that can compete in a given industry, resulting in higher prices and profits for existing businesses. It also influences market concentration, which is the number of sellers in the market.
Technological know-how is one of the most common barriers to entry. Industries in their embryonic stage are the ones where technological knowledge is crucial. Entrepreneurs who want to enter these industries will find it difficult to obtain the knowledge they need to be successful.
As a result, they might be unable to begin a company in that industry because of their inability to obtain the necessary knowledge. Therefore, technological know-how is a typical entry barrier in industries that are embryonic and where economies of scale exist.
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Required information. [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Legacy issues $650,000 of 5.0%, four-year bonds dated January 1, 2021, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31, They are issued at $584,361 when the market rate is 8%. 4. Prepare the journal entries to record the first two interest payments. View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 1 2 Record the interest payment and amortization on June 30. Note: Enter debits before credits. Date General Journal June 30 Debit Credit Required information [The following information applies to the questions displayed below.] Legacy issues $650,000 of 5.0%, four-year bonds dated January 1, 2021, that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. They are issued at $584,361 when the market rate is 8%. 4. Prepare the journal entries to record the first two interest payments. View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 1 2 Record the interest payment and amortization on December 31. Note: Enter debits before credits. Date: General Journal Debit December 31 Credit
Here is the solution for the given query.Preparation of the journal entries to record the first two interest payments - June 30 and December 31DateAccount Title Debit CreditJune 30Interest Expense24,269Premium on Bonds Payable4,269Cash20,000
The bond is issued at $584,361, when the market rate is 8%.Now, we will calculate the bond premium or discount.Bond Premium or Discount = Face Value of Bond - Issue Price= $650,000 - $584,361= $65,639The bond premium will be amortized over the bond term as an adjustment to the interest expense and premium on bonds payable accounts.
The bond pays interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31.The premium will be amortized over the bond term, using the straight-line method.Premium Amortization = Bond Premium / Bond Term= $65,639 / 4= $16,410/yearThe premium amortization will be $16,410 semiannually.Journal entries to record the first two interest payments are shown above.
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1-A sunk cost is defined as the most valuable alternative that is given up if a particular investment is undertaken.
Group starts True or False
2- Depreciation (CCA) tax shield is defined as the tax saving that results from the CCA deduction, calculated as depreciation multiplied by the corporate tax rate.
Group starts True or False
3- In Canada, depreciation for tax purposes is called ___________.
Multiple Choice
Depreciation for tax purposes.
Modified accelerated cost recovery.
Capital cost allowance.
Decelerated appreciation.
Accelerated depreciation.
4- Opportunity cost is defined as a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be removed and therefore should not be considered in an investment decision.
Group starts True or False
1- False. A sunk cost is not defined as the most valuable alternative that is given up if a particular investment is undertaken.
2- True. The Depreciation (CCA) tax shield is indeed defined as the tax saving resulting from the CCA deduction, calculated as depreciation multiplied by the corporate tax rate.
3- Capital cost allowance. In Canada, depreciation for tax purposes is referred to as capital cost allowance.
4- False. Opportunity cost is not a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be removed. It refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision.
1- A sunk cost is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. It is independent of future decisions and should not be considered in investment decisions.
2- The Depreciation (CCA) tax shield refers to the tax benefit received due to the deduction of depreciation expenses. It is calculated by multiplying the depreciation amount by the corporate tax rate.
3- In Canada, the term used for depreciation for tax purposes is "Capital Cost Allowance" (CCA). It represents the deduction allowed for the wear and tear, obsolescence, or depreciation of capital assets.
4- Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when choosing one option over another. It is a crucial factor in decision-making and should be considered when evaluating the potential benefits and drawbacks of different choices.
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Multiples Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? Select one or more alternatives: A possible disadvantage of using multiples to value a company is that it may be difficult to find enough comparable companies. For a company with positive earnings growth, we would expect the forward-looking PE multiple to be higher than the current PE multiple. We should not expect to find significant differences in PE ratios for firms operating in the same industry. The EV/Sales multiple may be more appropriate for valuing companies that are making a loss than the PE multiple.
The statement that is false is: "We should not expect to find significant differences in PE ratios for firms operating in the same industry."
Multiples, such as the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio and enterprise value-to-sales (EV/sales) ratio, are commonly used in fundamental analysis to evaluate a company's financial health and compare it with its peers. These ratios are particularly useful when comparing firms within the same industry. However, there are certain limitations to using multiples in valuation.
One limitation is the difficulty in finding comparable firms, especially if the market is thin or if there have been significant industry shifts. It can be challenging to identify companies with similar financial performance, growth potential, and risk profiles, which can affect the comparability of their multiples.
Regarding the P/E ratio, for a company with positive earnings growth, we would expect the forward-looking P/E multiple to be higher than the current P/E multiple. This is because higher growth prospects lead to anticipated increases in earnings over time, thereby increasing the P/E multiple.
On the other hand, the EV/sales multiple is more suitable for valuing companies that are making a loss or have negative earnings. This multiple assesses a company's revenue-generating ability by comparing its enterprise value to its sales. Unlike earnings, sales are not subject to accounting estimates, making the EV/sales multiple applicable to unprofitable or new firms.
Conversely, the P/E multiple is not appropriate for valuing a loss-making company since it requires positive earnings per share. Hence, the EV/sales multiple becomes a more appropriate measure when valuing such companies.
Contrary to the false statement, we should indeed expect to find significant differences in P/E ratios for firms operating in the same industry. Various factors, including growth prospects, dividend policy, and risk profile, can influence a company's P/E ratio, resulting in variations among industry peers. Therefore, it is important to consider the unique attributes and characteristics of each company when analyzing its P/E ratio within the industry context.
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Corporation H’s auditors prepared the following reconciliation between book and taxable income. H’s tax rate is 21 percent. Net income before tax $ 634,000 Permanent book/tax differences 32,000 Temporary book/tax differences (93,000) Taxable income $ 573,000 Required: Compute Corporation H’s tax expense for financial statement purposes. Compute Corporation H’s tax payable. Compute the net increase in Corporation H’s deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities (identify which) for the year.
The tax expense for financial statement purposes is $120,330. The tax payable is also $120,330. The net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets for the year is $93,000.
To compute Corporation H's tax expense for financial statement purposes, we need to calculate the tax liability based on the taxable income and the applicable tax rate. The taxable income is given as $573,000 and the tax rate is 21 percent. Therefore, the tax expense for financial statement purposes is calculated as:
Tax expense = Taxable income * Tax rate
Tax expense = $573,000 * 0.21
Tax expense = $120,330
To compute Corporation H's tax payable, we need to apply the tax rate to the taxable income. The tax payable is calculated as:
Tax payable = Taxable income * Tax rate
Tax payable = $573,000 * 0.21
Tax payable = $120,330
The net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities can be determined by analyzing the temporary book/tax differences. Temporary differences arise when the recognition of revenues or expenses differs for tax purposes and financial statement purposes, and they reverse over time. In this case, the temporary book/tax differences amount to -$93,000.
Since the temporary differences have reduced taxable income, resulting in lower taxes paid currently, they create a deferred tax asset. The deferred tax asset will be recorded on the balance sheet, representing the expected tax benefits to be realized in the future.
Therefore, the net increase in Corporation H's deferred tax assets for the year is $93,000.
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Provide 3 metrics that you believe are appropriate measures of the effectiveness and efficiency of a mass transit system. For each metric, explain how it provides insight to management of the transit system on the effectiveness and efficiency characteristics.
Three metrics that are appropriate measures of the effectiveness and efficiency of a mass transit system are as follows:1. Ridership: It is a measure of the number of people who use the transit system.
High ridership is an indication of the transit system's effectiveness. This metric enables management to determine peak times of use and to make changes accordingly.2. On-time performance: This metric helps determine how well the transit system is running according to the scheduled time of arrival.
This metric enables management to track the delays and the reasons for delays. It also enables the management to make necessary changes and improvements to reduce delays and improve performance.3. Cost per passenger: This metric indicates the cost of providing transit service per passenger. This metric enables management to determine the efficiency of the transit system by calculating the costs associated with providing transit service.
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he problem requires you to use File CO3 on the computer problem spreadsheet. Diction ablishing estimates that it needs 5500,000 to support its expected growth. The underwriting as charged by the imvestment banking firm for which you work are 6.5% for such issue sizes. addition, it is estimated that Diction will incur $4,900 in other expenses relared to the IPO. a. If your analysis indicates that Diction's stock can be sold for $40 per share, how many shares must be issued to net the company the $500,000 it needs? b. Suppose that Diction's investment banker charges 10% rather than 6.5%. Assuming that all other information given earlier is the same, how many shares must Diction issue in this situation to net the company the 5500,000 it needs? c. Suppose that Diction's investment banker charges 8.2% rather than 6.5%. Assaming that all other information given earlier is the same, how many shares must Diction issue in this situation to met the company the $500,000 it needs? d. Suppose everything is the same as originally presented, except Diction will incur $5,835 in other expenses rather than $4,900. In this situation, how many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $500,000 it needs? e. Now suppose that Diction decides it only needs $450,000 to support its growth. In this case, its investment banker charges 7% flotation costs, and Diction will incur only $3,840 in other expense. How many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $450,000 it needs? f. Suppose the scenario presented in part (c) exists, except the price of Diction's stock is $32 per share. How many shares must Diction issue to net the company the $450,000 it needs?
Number of Shares = $490,841.59 / $32 = 15,338.17 (approximately 15,338 shares .in this case, Diction must issue approximately 15,338 shares.
To calculate the number of shares Diction must issue to net the required amount, we need to consider the underwriting fees, other expenses, and the desired net amount for each scenario. a. Given that Diction's stock can be sold for $40 per share, and they need to net $500,000, we can calculate the total amount needed before fees and expenses:
Total Amount Needed = Desired Net Amount / (1 - Underwriting Fee)
Total Amount Needed = $500,000 / (1 - 0.065) = $500,000 / 0.935 = $534,759.36
To calculate the number of shares, we divide the total amount needed by the stock price:
Number of Shares = Total Amount Needed / Stock Price
Number of Shares = $534,759.36 / $40 = 13,368.98
Therefore, Diction must issue approximately 13,369 shares.
b. If the investment banker charges 10% underwriting fee, we use the same to calculate the total amount needed:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.1) = $550,000 / 0.9 = $611,111.11
Number of Shares = $611,111.11 / $40 = 15,277.78 (approximately 15,278 shares)
c. If the investment banker charges 8.2% underwriting fee:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.082) = $550,000 / 0.918 = $599,563.32
Number of Shares = $599,563.32 / $40 = 14,989.08 (approximately 14,989 shares)
d. If other expenses increase to $5,835:
Total Amount Needed = $550,000 / (1 - 0.065) + $5,835 = $534,759.36 + $5,835 = $540,594.36
Number of Shares = $540,594.36 / $40 = 13,514.86 (approximately 13,515 shares)
e. If Diction only needs $450,000 and incurs 7% flotation costs and $3,840 in other expenses:
Total Amount Needed = $450,000 / (1 - 0.07) + $3,840 = $450,000 / 0.93 + $3,840 = $483,870.97 + $3,840 = $487,710.97
Number of Shares = $487,710.97 / $40 = 12,193.77 (approximately 12,194 shares)
f. If the price of Diction's stock is $32 per share in scenario (c):
Total Amount Needed = $450,000 / (1 - 0.082) = $450,000 / 0.918 = $490,841.59
Number of Shares = $490,841.59 / $32 = 15,338.17 (approximately 15,338 shares)
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You want to buy a car, and a local bank will lend you $20,000. The loan will be fully amortized over 5 years ( 60 months), and the nominal interest rate will be 8% with interest paid monthly. Wha will be the monthly loan payment? What will be the loan's EAR? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer for the monthly loan payment to the nearest cent and for EAR to two decimal places. Monthly loan payment: $ EAR: %
The fully amortized loan of $20,000, to be repaid over five years at a nominal interest rate of 8%, has a monthly payment of $406.72. The loan's effective annual rate (EAR) is 8.33%.
An amortized loan is where the loan payments are paid over a specific time, usually in equal amounts. The monthly payment is calculated using the annuity formula and the effective annual rate (EAR) for the loan. In this case, we have a fully amortized loan of $20,000 to be repaid over five years (60 months) at a nominal interest rate of 8%, with interest being paid monthly.The formula for calculating the monthly payment for a loan is as follows:Monthly Payment = (P * i * (1 + i)n) / ((1 + i)n - 1), Where, P = Principal amount of the loan, i = monthly interest rate, n = number of paymentsFor this loan, the principal amount is $20,000, the monthly interest rate is 8%/12 = 0.00667, and the number of payments is 60. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: Monthly Payment = (20,000 * 0.00667 * (1 + 0.00667)60) / ((1 + 0.00667)60 - 1) = $406.72 (rounded to the nearest cent). Therefore, the monthly loan payment is $406.72. To calculate the EAR, we need to use the following formula: EAR = (1 + (i / m))m - 1, Where, i = nominal annual interest rate, m = a number of compounding periods per year. For this loan, the nominal annual interest rate is 8%, and interest is compounded monthly. Therefore, the number of compounding periods per year is 12. Substituting these values into the formula, we get EAR = (1 + (0.08 / 12))12 - 1 = 0.0833 or 8.33% (rounded to two decimal places). Therefore, the loan's EAR is 8.33%.For more questions on effective annual rate (EAR)
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BLAW
Under freedom of contract:
courts will usually enforce a contract regardless of if it was entered into by fraud.
courts will usually enforce a contract regardless of if it has a legal purpose.
parties must negotiate a contract without compensation for the negotiations.
parties are free to craft whatever bargains suit the parties’ best interests and to structure the terms of the deal to best represent their intentions.
courts usually examine the wisdom of the deal to make sure a contract is valid.
Helsel goes to a clothing store to buy a new shirt. The act of entering the store, taking the shirt made available on the shelf, and paying at the cash register comprises which of the following categories of contracts?
Individual
Express
Implied
Unilateral
Voidable
The act of Helsel going to a clothing store, taking the shirt made available on the shelf, and paying at the cash register comprises an Express contract.
An Express contract is one in which the terms and conditions are explicitly stated, whether in writing or orally. In this case, by entering the store, taking the shirt, and paying for it, Helsel is entering into an express contract with the clothing store. The terms of the contract, such as the price of the shirt and the act of payment, are communicated and understood by both parties.
The individual contract refers to a contract entered into by an individual rather than a business entity, and it does not describe the situation in the given context.
The implied contract arises from the conduct or actions of the parties involved but is not explicitly stated. However, in this case, the terms and conditions of the purchase are explicitly communicated and agreed upon.
A unilateral contract is a type of contract where one party makes an offer that can only be accepted through performance. In this scenario, the act of taking the shirt and paying for it is not considered the performance of an offer made by the store.
A voidable contract is a contract that can be legally avoided or canceled by one or both parties involved. However, there is no indication in the scenario that the contract between Helsel and the clothing store is voidable.
Therefore, the correct category of contract in this scenario is an Express contract.
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Capital budgeting Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? Select one or more alternatives: Net profit, changes in operating working capital and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow. When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project. If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative. If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales.
Net profit, changes in operating working capital, and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow. (True)
When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project. (True)
If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative. (True)
If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales. (False)
Capital budgeting is the process of allocating resources for long-term investment decisions. It involves analyzing a firm's potential capital expenditures and investments to determine which ones will generate the most revenue or benefits for the company.
Here are the corrected statements regarding capital budgeting:
False: Net profit, changes in operating working capital, and capital expenditures are the three main components making up free cash flow.
Correction: This statement is true. Free cash flow (FCF) is calculated by subtracting capital expenditures from operating cash flows. FCF equals net income plus non-cash expenses minus increases in working capital minus capital expenditures.
False: When calculating the NPV of a project, we should take into account all incremental cash flows associated with the project.
Correction: This statement is true. Net Present Value (NPV) is calculated by considering all relevant cash flows. The formula for calculating NPV includes the present value of future cash flows and the initial investment.
False: If the cost of capital estimate is higher than the IRR, the NPV will be negative.
Correction: This statement is true. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is compared to the cost of capital to determine project acceptability. If the IRR is less than the cost of capital, the NPV will be negative, indicating an unacceptable investment.
False: If a car manufacturing company brings a new car model to market and sales of the old model suffer as a result, this is an example of auxiliary sales.
Correction: This statement is false. It is not an example of auxiliary sales but rather a cannibalization effect. The cannibalization effect occurs when a new product or service reduces sales of an existing product or service provided by the same company. The loss of revenue caused by cannibalization should be considered when estimating project cash flows.
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Min s.t.
12A+7B
2A+1B≥13
1A+1B≥10
A,B≥0
(a) Write the problem in standard form. Min12A+7B+()S 1
+()S 2
+(1S 3
s.t. 2A+1B+ 1A+1B 0A+1B A,B,S 1
,S 2
,S 3
0 =13 =10 =3 (b) Solve the problem using the graphical solution procedure. What is the value of the objective function? at (A,B)=( (c) What are the values of the slack and surplus variables? S 1
=
S 2
=
S 3
=
(a) Write the problem in standard form.
Min12A+7B+S1+S2+S3 s.t.
2A+1B+S1 = 13 1A+1B+S2 = 10 A,B,S1, S2, S3 ≥ 0
Here's how to set up a standard form:
minimize: 12A+7B+S_1+S_2+S_3
subject to: 2A+B+S_1 = 13$1A+1B+S_2 = 10$A,B,S_1,S_2,S_3\ge0$
(b) Solve the problem using the graphical solution procedure.
What is the value of the objective function?
at (A,B)=( Answer:The value of the objective function at (A,B) = (3, 7) is 69.
(c) What are the values of the slack and surplus variables?
S1 = 0,
S2 = 0,
S3 = 3
Explanation:
Here are the steps to plot the graphical solution of the given problem:
Step 1:
First, let's plot the lines 2A + B = 13 and A + B = 10.
We can plot these lines by finding their respective intercepts and using them as reference points.
Here are the steps to plot 2A + B = 13:
Intercept on Y-axis: Putting A = 0, B = 13/1 = 13.
Thus, point (0,13) lies on this line.
Intercept on X-axis:
Putting B = 0, A = 13/2 = 6.5.
Thus, point (6.5,0) lies on this line.
Here are the steps to plot A + B = 10:
Intercept on Y-axis:
Putting A = 0, B = 10/1 = 10.
Thus, point (0,10) lies on this line.Intercept on X-axis:
Putting B = 0, A = 10/1 = 10.
Thus, point (10,0) lies on this line.
Step 2:
Next, let's plot the feasible region that satisfies the constraints A ≥ 0 and B ≥ 0.
It's the region of the coordinate plane that lies in the first quadrant and is bounded by the X-axis and Y-axis.
This region is shaded in blue below:
Minimize 12A + 7B is equivalent to finding the point that minimizes the distance from the origin to the line 12A + 7B = k, where k is a constant.
The values of k that correspond to a line that passes through the feasible region are the minimum and maximum values of 12A + 7B on this region.
Therefore, we can find the minimum value of 12A + 7B on the feasible region by plugging in the coordinates of its vertices into the objective function.
Here are the vertices of the feasible region:
(0,0), (0,10), (6.5,3.5), (13/2,0) We can now plug these vertices into the objective function to find its minimum value.
Here are the results:
At (0,0), 12A + 7B = 0At (0,10), 12A + 7B = 70
At (6.5,3.5), 12A + 7B = 69At (13/2,0), 12A + 7B = 78
Since 69 is the minimum value, the solution is at (A,B) = (3,7).
Therefore, the value of the objective function at (A,B) = (3,7) is: 12A + 7B = 12(3) + 7(7) = 36 + 49 = 85.
Hence, the value of the objective function at (A,B) = (3,7) is 69.
The slack variables, S1 and S2, are both equal to 0 because the constraints 2A + B = 13 and A + B = 10 are satisfied by equality at (A,B) = (3,7).
The surplus variable S3 is equal to 3 because the constraint A ≥ 0 is satisfied by equality at (A,B) = (3,7).
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Explain the concepts of the leadership role, authorities, and accountabilities to the CEO. Provide examples to differentiate between leadership and non-leadership roles in the organization. How could these concepts help improve the organization, and why? Are you a leader in this class?
The leadership role refers to the responsibilities assigned to a leader to accomplish the company's mission. These duties include establishing policies, delegating authority, and making critical decisions.
The CEO holds the highest position of leadership in the organization. Authority, on the other hand, refers to the power granted to an individual to execute specific actions within the organization. In contrast, accountability is the obligation to justify or be answerable for a particular decision or action. The CEO's accountability varies from shareholders to the company's board of directors.
Differentiating between Leadership and non-leadership roles in the organization, leadership roles include the senior executives, departmental heads, and team leaders who hold direct responsibility for staff supervision, decision-making, and overall management of the organization. In contrast, non-leadership roles are concerned with performing tasks assigned to them, following instructions, and completing projects. Employees who are not in leadership roles, such as junior employees, often have a specific task to perform and are answerable to their direct line managers.
These concepts can help improve the organization because they define the roles, responsibilities, and expectations of all staff, which is essential for ensuring everyone is on the same page. It eliminates confusion and promotes a clear understanding of what is required of each employee. Leadership roles are responsible for driving change and innovation in an organization, whereas non-leadership roles help execute the changes and support the leadership in achieving its objectives. A clear understanding of the roles and expectations allows for a smooth and efficient workflow, leading to better decision-making, higher productivity, and increased profitability.
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Suppose that the nominal interest rate is 7 percent and the real interest rate is 5 percent.
Instructions: Enter your answers as a whole number.
a. What is the inflation premium?
percent
b. Given the level of inflation, how many years will it take for the price level to double?
years
Inflation premium: 2% and Years to double price level: 14 years (assuming 5% inflation rate).
a. The inflation premium can be calculated by subtracting the real interest rate from the nominal interest rate:
Inflation Premium = Nominal Interest Rate - Real Interest Rate
In this case, the inflation premium would be 2 percent.
b. To determine the number of years it will take for the price level to double, we can use the rule of 70. The rule of 70 states that to approximate the number of years it takes for a variable to double, divide 70 by the growth rate. In this case, the growth rate is the inflation rate. So, to calculate the number of years:
Number of Years = 70 / Inflation Rate
Assuming the inflation rate is 5 percent, it would take approximately 14 years for the price level to double.
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Your client ouns a small food truck. The client and theur spouse are the only employees. They need more help. but are putting off hirang worker(s) because of hiring \& payroll related concerns. They come to you to ask for advice before they hare anyone, as they do not want to get sued. Their concems are: 1) They also don't have the money to pay overtime. 2) they interviewed one person a while back, but they turned out to be 95 years old, and threatened to sue if they didn't get hired and your client hired someone youmger. Do you have anyendvice for them? lixplain
I would advise your client to address their concerns by taking the following steps: Ensure compliance with labor laws, Seek professional guidance and Maintain thorough documentation.
By proactively seeking legal guidance, your client can navigate the complexities of hiring and payroll while minimizing the risk of potential lawsuits.
Adhering to labor laws, seeking professional advice, and maintaining thorough documentation can help them make informed decisions, ensure fairness in the hiring process, and mitigate legal risks. It is important for your client to prioritize compliance and follow best practices to protect both their business and employees.
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The client can legally hire someone who is younger.
As per the given question, the client owns a small food truck and is the only employee along with his/her spouse. They want to hire more people to work but they are scared because they don't want to be sued. They also have concerns regarding payroll and overtime pay.
Moreover, they previously interviewed a 95-year-old person who threatened to sue them if they didn't get hired. Following is the advice for the client:
The best way for the client to hire more people is to hire people as an independent contractor. This is because they won't have to worry about overtime pay, employment taxes, and benefits. Moreover, if they hire someone as an independent contractor, the individual will be responsible for paying their own taxes. They just have to make sure that they have a written contract that outlines the scope of the work, deliverables, and timeline for the project.
In addition, the client can consider hiring part-time workers who won't be eligible for overtime pay. They should carefully review the law regarding who qualifies for overtime pay and ensure that they pay the correct rate to those who qualify. As for the 95-year-old candidate who threatened to sue, the client doesn't need to worry about it because age discrimination law only applies to individuals over the age of 40.
Therefore, the client can legally hire someone who is younger.
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How would you describe source control and what are some popular
tools/platforms used for source control?
Why do you think it's important for organizations to use some
form of source control?
Source control, also known as version control, is a software development practice that allows developers to track changes made to source code over time. It's an essential tool for managing code, and it has become an integral part of the modern software development process.
The concept of source control is simple:
Every time a developer makes a change to the code, that change is recorded in a database. Developers can then view a complete history of all changes made to the code and can even revert to earlier versions if needed.Popular tools/platforms used for source control include Git, SVN, Mercurial, and TFS. Git is the most widely used source control tool today, and it's an open-source tool that's freely available.
It's a distributed version control system, which means that every developer has a complete copy of the codebase on their local machine. SVN is a centralized version control system that's been around for over a decade. It's widely used in organizations that have been around for a long time and have a lot of legacy code.Mercurial is another distributed version control system, similar to Git. It's not as widely used as Git, but it's still a popular choice for some organizations. TFS is a centralized version control system that's part of the Microsoft Visual Studio suite of development tools.
Finally, it allows developers to easily revert to earlier versions of the code if needed, which can be helpful in the event of a critical bug or other issue.
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ERD can be drawn by hand. However, it must be scanned and uploaded to a digital file (Words, PPT, PDF, or JPEG only). FedEx wants to develop a company-wide information system. Shipped items are the heart of the FedEx product tracking information system. Shipped items can be characterized by item number, weight, dimensions, insurance amount, destination city, and final delivery date. Shipped items are received into the FedEx system at a single retail center. There are multiple retail centers in big cities such as LA NY, etc. Each of the retail centers has one of the four types: FedEx office, FedEx Ship Center, Otfice Depot, and FedEx Authorized Ship Center. Shipped items make their way to their destination via one or more standard UPS transportation events (ex. Flights, ships, truck deliveries). These transportation events are characterized by schedule, a type (eg. flight, truck, ship), and a delivery route. 1. Please create an Entity-Relationship diagram that captures this information about the FedEx system. - Please identify primary keys, foreign keys, and cardinality constraints. - Please solve many-to-many relationship problems if you have any here. - If you have any assumptions, please identify those assumptions (User-defined constraints). सHINT To do this homework, you should have AT LEAST three entities: Retail Center, Shipped Items, and Transportation Event. Please think carefully As I described above, one shipped item belongs to only one retail center. However, the shipped item can have many transportation events Think about the real situation. In the case of international carga the cargo travels across the continent using ships or airplanes and then the cargo travels by ground transportation) 2. After you finish your ERD, please create ER Data Model with ten records in each of the all entities (Be careful, some of the information has been provided already in the text - eg, retail center type: FedEx office. FedEx Ship Center, Othce Depot, and Fed Ex Authorized Ship Center). 3. Create a Relational Schema for this ERD. 4. If FedEx wants to track the total insurance amount, destination, type of the retailer center, and location of the retailer center where the destination city is LA, how will you as an employee in FedEx write the SQL code?
Entity-Relationship diagram (ERD): An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphic illustration of entities and their relationships to one another. ERD is a visual representation of the data's flow and storage, including its structure, entities, and relationships.
Data Model (ER Model): An ER model is a logical data model that represents all data objects and connections between them. In other words, it's a blueprint for the actual database. ER models are represented in ER diagrams, which are created using specific symbols and connectors.
ERD Diagram:
Primary key: An identifier that uniquely identifies each row in a database table is known as a primary key. Item number, Retail center ID, Transportation event ID are primary keys.
Foreign key: A foreign key is a column or combination of columns in a table that matches the primary key of another table, establishing a link between the two tables. There are several foreign keys in the ERD, such as retail center ID, transportation event ID.
Cardinality constraints: 1:1, 1:N, M:N are the cardinality constraints. One shipped item belongs to only one retail center, but it can have many transportation events.
Assumptions (User-defined constraints): Retail centers cannot be two types at once. A single shipment must have at least one transportation event. FedEx offices and FedEx authorized ship centers may not have any transportation events. The transportation events are not limited to the four retail center types, they can be delivered to other retail centers.'
Relational Schema: After analyzing the ERD, we will create a relational schema for the given FedEx system SQL Code:
SELECT SUM(insurance_amount) AS Total_Insurance, Destination_City, Retail_Center_Type, Retail_Center_Location FROM Shipped_Items WHERE Destination_City = "LA" GROUP BY Destination_City, Retail_Center_Type, Retail_Center_Location
This SQL code will allow the employee to track the total insurance amount, destination, type of the retailer center, and location of the retailer center where the destination city is LA. The above SQL query will add all insurance amounts and present them as Total_Insurance. Also, it will group the records by destination city, retail center type, and retail center location.
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You are an audit manager in Vunda Vunda Accounting Services, a local accounting firm. Your specific responsibilities include undertaking annual reviews of existing clients. The following situation arises in connection with your client
The Managing Director of Kafue Machining Services Ltd, an exporter of solar power equipment, has asked for advice on the accounting treatment and disclosure of payments made for security services. The payments aim to ensure that tax authorities in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the destination country of its major customer, do not impound consignments of exports. These payments are material but not treated as tax deductible by Kafue Machining Services Ltd. (4 marks)
Required: Identify and comment on the ethical and other professional issues raised by his matter and state what action, if any, Vunda Vunda Accounting Services should now take
The ethical and professional issues raised by this situation are a matter of concern for the audit manager in Vunda Vunda Accounting Services. The following are the ethical and professional concerns that are raised:Confidentiality issues may arise if the Managing Director's request is discussed with unauthorized parties, especially competitors.
Vunda Vunda Accounting Services should keep the client's financial and tax information confidential.Audit independence issues arise if the Managing Director is given advice that may be seen as compromising the audit manager's independence. Vunda Vunda Accounting Services should always maintain audit independence, which means that auditors should not be influenced by anything that might compromise their ability to make independent and unbiased decisions on behalf of their clients.
Professional responsibility issues arise when Vunda Vunda Accounting Services must ensure that Kafue Machining Services Ltd's financial statements comply with accounting standards and disclosure requirements. As a result, Vunda Vunda Accounting Services must adhere to the highest ethical standards to avoid any potential conflict of interest.
To protect the integrity of the financial statements, Vunda Vunda Accounting Services should take action. Vunda Vunda Accounting Services should advise Kafue Machining Services Ltd to disclose these payments and treat them as tax deductible, but they should also advise them to seek legal counsel to ensure that the payments are not construed as bribes or other unlawful activities.
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A company is currently selling 785 units per month at $31. Variable costs per unit are $6. Fixed expenses are $1085 per month. The marketing manager believes that an $200 increase in the monthly advertising budget would result in a 149 unit increase in monthly sales What should be the overall effect in dollars on the company's monthly net operating income of this change? Round ONLY your final answer to 2 decimal places. Do not round intermediate computations. State decreases as negative. If L Corp. had operating leverage of 0.37, what would be the increase in Net Income from a 0.25% increase in Sales? Do not round intermediate computations. Round ONLY your final answer to 2 decimal places. Submit as a %. So .02 would be 2%
Selling units = 785 units/month Selling price = $31/ unit; Variable cost per unit = $6Fixed expenses = $1085/monthIncrease in monthly advertising budget = $200; Increase in monthly sales = 149 units/month
Calculations: Contribution margin per unit= Selling price - Variable cost per unit= $31 - $6= $25Contribution margin ratio= Contribution margin per unit / Selling price= $25 / $31= 0.8064 or 80.64%Net operating income (NOI)= Total revenue - Total variable cost - Fixed expenses= (Selling units × Selling price) - (Selling units × Variable cost per unit) - Fixed expenses= (785 × $31) - (785 × $6) - $1085= $2437.Now, with the given data, we can calculate the new sales revenue with an increase in the monthly advertising budget of $200.New selling units= 785 + 149= 934 units/month. New sales revenue= New selling units × Selling price= 934 × $31= $28,934New NOI= Total revenue - Total variable cost - Fixed expenses= (New selling units × Selling price) - (New selling units × Variable cost per unit) - Fixed expenses= ($28,934) - ($5604) - $1085= $21,245; Increase in NOI= New NOI - Original NOI= $21,245 - $2437= $18,808.The increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales would be = (Increase in NOI / Original NOI) × Degree of operating leverage (DOL)NOI at a 0.25% increase in sales= 0.25% of $28,934= $72.34; Increase in NOI= $72.34 - $21,245= -$21,172.66; DOL= Contribution margin per unit / Net operating income= $25 / $2437= 0.01025; Increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales= (Increase in NOI / Original NOI) × DOL= ($21,172.66 / $2437) × 0.01025= 0.0883 or 8.83% (approx)Therefore, the increase in NOI from a 0.25% increase in sales would be 8.83%.
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