Hey, I need help with these questions please:

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noun Optics, Photography. a composite diaphragm with a central aperture readily adjustable for size, used to regulate the amount of light admitted to a lens or optical system. Also called iris.

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the primary immune response

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Animal Physiology

Animal physiology is the study of how animals work, and investigates the biological processes that occur for animal life to exist. These processes can be studied at various levels of organization from membranes through to organelles, cells, organs, organ systems, and to the whole animal. Animal physiology examines how biological processes function, how they operate under various environmental conditions, and how these processes are regulated and integrated. The study of animal physiology is closely linked with anatomy (i.e., the relationship of function with structure) and with the basic physical and chemical laws that constrain living as well as nonliving systems. Although all animals must function within basic physical and chemical constraints, there is a diversity of mechanisms and processes by which different animals work. A comparative approach to animal physiology highlights underlying principles, and reveals diverse solutions to various environmental challenges. It can reveal similar solutions to a common problem, or modifications of a particular physiological system to function under diverse conditions. The discipline of animal physiology is diverse and here the major areas of research and investigation are outlined.

TROPICAL SOILS | Humid Tropical☆

S.W. Buol, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2013

Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Soils

Of the chemical elements essential for plant and animal physiology, only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, are derived directly from air and water. Nitrogen and to some extent sulfur are derived from the air but must be present as inorganic ions in the soil before they can be utilize by plants. The other essential elements are obtained from the dissolution of minerals in the soil. Essential element bearing minerals are derived from the geologic material within which the soil is formed. An inadequate supply of any essential element limits plant growth. The most frequent limitations result from insufficient plant-available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, or magnesium.

Practically no nitrogen is present in soil minerals. Nitrogen enters the soil as ammonium and nitrate dissolved in rainwater or via fixation from the air by nitrogen-fixing microbes in the soil. Some nitrogen-fixing microbes in the soil are symbiotic and the nitrogen they extract from the air is incorporated into their legume plant host. Other nitrogen-fixing microbes are not symbiotic, and the nitrogen they extract from the air is incorporated into their cells. Nitrogen is also present in the organic residues of dead organisms in and on the surface layers of soil. Plants do not ingest the organic forms of nitrogen but as microbes in the soil decompose organic residues and exhaust carbon dioxide to the air inorganic forms of nitrogen are released into the soil solution and become available to growing plants, leach into the groundwater during periods of excessive rainfall, or return to the air as nitrogen gas during periods when the soil is saturated with water. Plant-available nitrogen contents in soil are transient and closely related to the nitrogen content in the organic residue and the rate at which the residue is decomposing.

Phosphorus is present in only a few minerals in the soil. Apatite, a soluble calcium phosphate mineral capable of supplying plant-available phosphorus, is the most common source of phosphorus and most abundant in soil formed in limestone. Iron and aluminum phosphate minerals are extremely insoluble and do not release phosphorus rapidly enough for rapid plant growth. Soils with high iron and aluminum contents tend to absorb phosphate applied as fertilizer and decrease its availability to plants. This is a serious problem in attempts to fertilize food crops in many soils in the tropics.

Potassium is present in mica and feldspar minerals. These minerals are rather easily decomposed in the soil environment and consequently are sparse in soils formed in siliceous materials and sediments that have been repeatedly transported and deposited on the land surface.

Calcium and magnesium are most abundant in carbonate minerals associated with limestone and some carbonate rich sandstone. Carbonate minerals are also relatively unstable when subjected to weathering and therefore most abundant in soils formed directly from limestone, some sandstone, and recently deposited sediments derived from carbonate rich rock.

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A lysosome is basically a specialized vesicle that holds a variety of enzymes. ... Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi then does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a small, very specific vesicle. That vesicle is a lysosome.

Answer: Interphase is the phase in the cell cycle during which cells that will undergo mitosis prepare for division. In interphase, DNA of the cell copies. After that cell undergoes mitosis, which is the phase of the cell cycle during which cell divides on two identical. Mitosis consists of four phases:

1. Prophase: Chromatin in the nucleus condenses and chromosomes pair up

2. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell.

3. Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate from each other to the opposite sides of the cells.

4. Telophase and Cytokinesis: Membrane forms around each set of chromosomes on two opposite sides of the cells and cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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Braided rivers have a multithreaded plan form comprising many confluences and diffluences (Miall, 1977). Braid bars and channels can be classified as a hierarchy depending upon their relative size, and three orders of braiding can be seen in proglacial rivers with constant discharge. First-order braid bars are those largest bars which are separated by major channels. First-order bars are made up of a series of smaller, second-order braid bars, which are separated by smaller channels. Third-order braid bars are contained within second-order bars. Complexity of braid pattern is, however, strongly stage dependent, with rivers losing their braided character during peak flood conditions. Braid bars, mid-channel bars, unit bars, and islands have been described in braided river systems on a range of scales ranging from meters to kilometers. All bars are subject to dissection , remobilization, and migration by the appropriate discharge magnitude and frequency (Miall, 1977, 1983).

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b. decrease

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that's only my answer but by thinking the capturing gas emitted from landfills results in decrease of CO2 production.

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mRNA carries information for protein synthesis.

tRNA carry amino acids to the ribosome.

RNA is responsible for the ribosome's catalytic function associated with protein synthesis.

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Dear questioner;

Paddington's Answer is B)Cristae he see in his book

Hope it helps I'm a Paddington lover

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When a plant fertilizes a plant of a different species, it results in (B) cross-pollination.

I hope this helped at all.

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The answer is A

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a lipid that stores energy

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C

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its true but internet should tell you that in a short amount of time

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B

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High blood viscosity leads to slower blood flow. Therefore, option B is correct.

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction between different layers of fluid as they move relative to one another. In general, fluids with high viscosity flow more slowly than fluids with low viscosity.

Viscosity can affect blood flow by altering the resistance to blood flow in blood vessels. Blood viscosity is influenced by the thickness and stickiness of blood, which is determined by the concentration of various proteins and cells in the blood.

When blood viscosity is high, the blood is thicker and flows more slowly, which can increase the resistance to blood flow in blood vessels. Therefore, option B is correct.

Learn more about viscosity, here:

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Answer:

Much like the insulation around the wires in electrical systems, glial cells form a membraneous sheath surrounding axons called myelin, thereby insulating the axon. This myelination, as it is called, can greatly increase the speed of signals transmitted between neurons (known as action potentials).

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for more pls visit

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/myelin-a-specialized-membrane-for-cell-communication-14367205/

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Evidence of Sea Floor Spreading Harry Hess’s hypothesis about seafloor spreading had collected several pieces of evidence to support the theory. This evidence was from the investigations of the molten material, seafloor drilling, radiometric age dating and fossil ages, and the magnetic stripes.

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(winks and runs off)

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All cells come from pre-existing cells

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The small intestine and large intestine

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The small and large intestines were designed to allow nutrients to pass through their walls.

Answer: Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life. Interphase is the 'daily living' or metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis, and conducts other "normal" cell functions, prophase is the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division, metaphase is a stage in the cell cycle where all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes. During this stage, the nucleus disappears and the chromosomes appear in the cytoplasm of the cell. During this stage in human cells, the chromosomes then become visible under the microscope, anaphase is the stage of mitosis after the process of metaphase, when replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell, Telophase is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell. During telophase, the effects of prophase and prometaphase are reversed, Cytokinesis is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis.

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During cytokinesis in animal cells, a ring of actin filaments forms at the metaphase plate. The ring contracts, forming a cleavage furrow, which divides the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles coalesce at the former metaphase plate, forming a phragmoplast.

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The ecological factors that affect the growth of plants and determine the nature of plant communities are divided into three types.

The three types of ecological factors are: (1) Climatic factors which include rainfall, atmospheric humidity, wind, atmospheric gases, temperature and light (2) Physiographic factors which include altitude, effect of steepness and sunlight on vegetation and direction of slopes (3) Biotic factors which include interrelationship between different plants of a particular area, interrelationship between plants and animals occupying the same area and interrelationship between soil microorganisms and plants.

I. Climatic Factors:

The important climatic factors of a region are rainfall, atmospheric humidity, wind, temperature, and light. Of these climatic factors each one individually contributes to the general and overall effect of climate by influencing the life processes of plants which constitute the vegetation.

anyways 1. dominant allele, 2. gene, 3.genetics 4. genotype, 5. recessive allele,10. cross pollination 12. probability.

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A

Explanation:

Its true

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Solids

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Sound travels fastest through solids. This is because molecules in a solid medium are much closer together than those in a liquid or gas, allowing sound waves to travel more quickly through it. In fact, sound waves travel over 17 times faster through steel than through air.