how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

Cost-effectiveness analysis takes things one step and further directly addresses the possibility for over-utilization of medical services by  the costs associated with medical treatments per extra item of benefit.

When making decisions in the face of ambiguity and significant trade-offs, systematic methodologies like decision analysis or cost-effectiveness analysis are applied. Such mathematical tools can offer patients, doctors, and policymakers a practical method for making difficult medical decisions.

In order to evaluate the costs and health effects of one or more interventions, cost-effectiveness analysis is used. By calculating the cost to obtain a unit of the a health outcome, such as a life years gained or even a death avoided, it contrasts an intervention to some other treatment (or the status quo).

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The study of bacterial symbionts is of interest to people studying the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria because these two organelles are believed to have originated from bacteria through a process of endosymbiosis.

Endosymbiosis is a process that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. It is a process in which one organism (the endosymbiont) lives inside another organism (the host) and both benefit from the relationship.The endosymbiotic theory suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria originated from free-living bacterial cells that were engulfed by a host cell. Over time, the host cell and the bacterial cell formed a symbiotic relationship in which the host provided the bacterial cell with a protected environment and nutrients, while the bacterial cell provided the host with energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

This theory is supported by several lines of evidence, including the fact that both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA, which is similar in structure to bacterial DNA, and that they both replicate by a process similar to that of bacteria. Additionally, the enzymes and metabolic pathways found in chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar to those found in bacteria.

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Segmented genome in influenza viruses helps in genetic recombination. HIV compromises the immune system. Ebola outbreaks are due to fruit bats. TMV can infect both plants and animals.

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The scientist for whom the dideoxy sequencing method is named is Sanger.

The dideoxy sequencing method is a DNA sequencing technique. It is also known as the Sanger sequencing method, named after Frederick Sanger, the British biochemist who developed it in 1977. The dideoxy sequencing method uses the chain-termination method, which is based on the use of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs). It is a lab technique that allows the reading of DNA sequences.

The Dideoxy sequencing method is a laboratory technique that allows the sequencing of DNA. The method is based on the termination of DNA synthesis with the incorporation of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs).The dideoxynucleotides are added to the DNA sequence during synthesis at random intervals. They prevent further elongation of the chain. This technique is used to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence. It is a time-consuming and labor-intensive method that requires the use of radioisotopes or fluorescent dyes.

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Answer: Plasmids can act as a vector to introduce new genes into a cell.

What are plasmids?

Plasmids are tiny, double-stranded circular DNA fragments that can replicate themselves separately from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are often transferred between bacterial cells and may convey advantages such as antibiotic resistance or the capacity to use unusual nutrients.

To add new genetic material to the bacterial chromosome, plasmids are often used. Plasmids can be taken up by bacterial cells and then expressed.

They may be tailored to contain the genes that are needed for the target cells to accept them. Ligase, primers, and restriction enzymes are all essential components of molecular cloning, which is the method of producing numerous identical copies of a gene.

These components are necessary to link the DNA of the gene to be copied to the vector (e.g., plasmids) that will be used to deliver it to the host cells.



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The two biomolecules that are most often analyzed to establish homologies between different species are nucleic acids and proteins.

The reason for this is because they are the two types of macromolecules that contain genetic information and are responsible for most of the biochemical processes that take place in living organisms. Additionally, they have a linear sequence of building blocks (nucleotides for nucleic acids and amino acids for proteins) that can be compared between different species to look for similarities and differences.

The use of nucleic acids and proteins as a basis for establishing homologies is based on the idea that organisms that share a common ancestor will have similar sequences of these biomolecules. By comparing the sequences of nucleic acids or proteins between different species, scientists can infer how closely related they are and how recently they diverged from a common ancestor. This is because mutations occur over time that change the sequence of these biomolecules, and the accumulation of mutations is proportional to the amount of time that has elapsed since two species diverged from a common ancestor. By comparing the number and nature of mutations between different species, scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree that shows the evolutionary relationships between them.

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The regeneration of RuBP usually limits the rate of photosynthesis under low light intensities. This is because it is a light-dependent process that occurs in the presence of sunlight. Therefore, the correct option is photosynthetic rates are dependent on the light reaction of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules such as glucose. In photosynthesis, energy from light is used to power the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen. The overall reaction can be written as follows:

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

The reaction occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle). In the light-dependent reactions, light energy is absorbed by pigments in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and this energy is used to generate ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the light-independent reactions. In the light-independent reactions, carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose by a process called the Calvin cycle.

RuBP is a short form of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate. It is an organic compound present in photosynthetic organisms. Rubisco, or ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, is a vital enzyme in photosynthesis that catalyzes the carbon fixation reaction. Photosynthetic rates are the rates at which plants perform photosynthesis. It is dependent on light intensity and several other environmental factors. It is the process by which plants produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The photosynthetic rate is also limited by the regeneration of RuBP. The reason being, RuBP is required to regenerate the organic compound used in the carbon fixation reaction.

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Consuming foods with high glycemic index immediately after a bout of exercise will c. rapidly restore glycogen stores.

Consuming foods with a high glycemic index such as boiled potatoes, white rice, white bread after exercise can quickly restore glycogen stores that are depleted during exercise. The glycemic index value depends on several factors, including dietary fiber content, amylose and amylopectin levels, fat and protein content, starch digestibility, and processing methods.

Glycogen is a storage form of glucose, where glucose is a simple sugar, a form of carbohydrates. Glycogen is an important fuel for athletes, because it is quickly broken down and used for energy.

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In acute hypothermia, peripheral vasoconstriction is the primary physiologic change that shuns blood away from the colder skin to the body core. This is done in an effort to decrease heat loss.

Peripheral vasoconstriction is an adaptive response of the body to a cold environment and can be seen as an increase in peripheral resistance as the body tries to limit the amount of heat being transferred to the colder environment. When this response occurs, blood flow to the skin and extremities is reduced, allowing the body core temperature to remain warm. This also causes the extremities to be colder, as less warm blood is reaching them.

This adaptive response is beneficial in the short-term, but can become dangerous if the core temperature drops below normal levels. As the body is trying to maintain the core temperature, blood flow is reduced to the extremities and vital organs, leading to tissue and organ damage. Thus, peripheral vasoconstriction should be closely monitored when someone is suffering from acute hypothermia.

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a. XXY: Male, Klinefelter syndrome-male sex organs, but abnormally small/ sterile testes; some breast enlargement and other female characteristics
b. XXX: Female, Trisomy X-no unusual physical features other than being slightly taller than average; at risk for learning disabilities; fertile
c. XO: Female, Turner syndrome-phenotypically female, but sterile due to lack of maturation of reproductive organs; secondary sex characteristics developed with estrogen replacement; normal intelligence
d. XYY: Male, Normal sexual development; taller than average stature.

Thus, the correct answers are

a. some breast enlargement and other female characteristics

b. at risk for learning disabilities; fertile

c. secondary sex characteristics developed with estrogen replacement; normal intelligence

d. taller than average stature

In humаns, the most common аneuploidies аre trisomies, which represent аbout 0.3% of аll live births. Trisomies аre chаrаcterized by the presence of one аdditionаl chromosome, bringing the totаl chromosome number to 47. With few exceptions, trisomies do not аppeаr to be compаtible with life. In fаct, trisomies represent аbout 35% of spontаneous аbortions.

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The nature versus. nurture debate focuses on the relative importance of genetics and environmental influences in shaping human development.

Several philosophers, like Plato and Descartes, proposed that some traits are innate or develop organically without consideration to external influences. In the nature vs nurture argument, it is argued that an individual's intrinsic characteristics have a greater impact on their physical and behavioral qualities than do their experiences in their upbringing.

As we all know, the genes we receive from our parents affect everything from IQ, behavioral patterns, and personality traits to height, eye color, hair color, and other physical features. Our genetic make-up as well as environmental factors determine who we are today.

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In addition to the important roles of natural variability and natural selection in the process of evolution, it is also important that genetic drift plays a role.

There are several factors involved in the process of evolution, and natural variability and natural selection are two of the most important. Natural variability refers to the fact that no two individuals within a species are exactly alike, and this variation can give some individuals a survival advantage over others. Natural selection then works to increase the frequency of advantageous traits within a population over time.

However, there is another factor that plays a role in the process of evolution, and that is genetic drift.

Genetic drift refers to the random changes in gene frequency that can occur within a population due to chance events. This can have significant effects on the genetic makeup of a population over time, and can even lead to the creation of new species.In addition to these factors, other important factors that can contribute to the process of evolution include gene flow, mutation, and non-random mating. All of these factors can influence the genetic makeup of a population over time, leading to the creation of new species or the extinction of existing ones.

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Ovulation is triggered by a surge in progesterone which occurs during the menstrual cycle.

This surge is caused by the follicle stimulating hormone, which is produced by the pituitary gland. The FSH encourages the growth of follicles in the ovaries, which produce estrogen. As the follicle matures, estrogen levels peak. The peak in estrogen causes the brain to secrete luteinizing hormone, which triggers the follicle to rupture and release an egg (ovulation). Activin, inhibin B, and a gradual decrease in estrogen levels are all part of the process that precedes and follows ovulation. Activin is a hormone secreted by the ovaries, which helps to mature follicles.

Inhibin B is a hormone secreted by the ovaries, which is thought to help control the amount of FSH in the body and in turn the number of follicles that mature. A gradual decrease in estrogen levels occurs as ovulation approaches and during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This decrease in estrogen helps to prepare the body for the next menstrual cycle.

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The sorting of soluble proteins that need to be secreted out of the cell involves several steps, including synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum, sorting in the Golgi apparatus, and release through exocytosis.

The sorting of soluble proteins that need to be secreted out of the cell involves several steps. First, the proteins must be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. After synthesis, the proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus and transported to their destination.

In the Golgi apparatus, the proteins are sorted into vesicles and transported to their destination. Once at their destination, the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and the soluble proteins are released into the extracellular space.

The first step in the sorting of soluble proteins is their synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. During synthesis, the proteins undergo a process called post-translational modifications, which involve the addition of carbohydrate, phosphate, or fatty acid groups. This process helps the protein to fold correctly and become soluble.

Once modified, the proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus, where they are sorted into vesicles and transported to their destination. The vesicles are composed of phospholipids and contain the soluble proteins. During transport, the vesicles can undergo further modifications.

Once at their destination, the vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the soluble proteins into the extracellular space. This process is known as exocytosis and is necessary for the secretion of soluble proteins.

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Evolutionary fitness measures relative reproductive success.

Evolutionary fitness measures the relative reproductive success of a population or organism in a given environment. In general, it is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. It is defined as the ability of an organism to pass on its genetic traits to the next generation relative to other members of the same species. Evolutionary fitness can be divided into two categories: absolute and relative.

Absolute fitness measures the organism's reproductive success in a particular environment, while relative fitness measures the organism's reproductive success relative to other members of the population.

Relative reproductive success measures the reproductive success of one individual in comparison to the rest of the population. This means that the fitness of an individual is relative to that of other individuals in the same population. It is expressed as the ratio of the number of offspring produced by the individual to the average number of offspring produced by the population. Therefore, the higher the relative reproductive success of an individual, the higher its evolutionary fitness.

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The statement is true. The overgrowth of Candida albicans during antibiotic therapy is an example of the loss of microbial antagonism.

Microbial antagonism is the competition between different microorganisms for resources such as nutrients, space, and ecological niches. This competition helps to maintain microbial balance in the body by preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms like Candida albicans.

Antibiotic therapy involves the use of drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens. However, these drugs can also affect the balance of microorganisms in the body, leading to the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens like Candida albicans.

Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that normally resides in the human body, especially in the digestive tract, oral cavity, and genital areas. Under normal circumstances, it exists in low numbers and is kept in check by other microorganisms in the body.

However, during antibiotic therapy, the normal microflora of the body is disrupted, allowing Candida albicans to grow and multiply unchecked. This overgrowth can cause a condition known as candidiasis, which is characterized by symptoms such as itching, burning, and discharge.

In conclusion, the overgrowth of Candida albicans during antibiotic therapy is a clear example of the loss of microbial antagonism. This underscores the importance of maintaining microbial balance in the body and using antibiotics only when necessary.

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The process of producing gametes (sex cells) in ferns is called gametophyte formation. The diagram labeled ‘C’ represents the gametophyte. The life cycle of a fern involves the production of gametes, which are made through the process of meiosis.

This process is illustrated in the diagram where letter c is shown. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The gametes produced in the fern life cycle are haploid, meaning they contain one set of chromosomes. This is different from the diploid cells that make up the majority of the fern's life cycle, which contain two sets of chromosomes. Once the gametes are produced, they will fuse to form a diploid zygote, which will eventually grow into a new fern plant.

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In humans, the term "race" has been historically modified. This term has been used to categorize people into different groups based on their physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features.

However, this categorization has been found to be biologically meaningless as there is more genetic variation within these groups than between them. Additionally, this categorization has been used to justify discriminatory practices such as slavery, segregation, and genocide.

Therefore, it is important to recognize the flawed nature of this term and move towards a more inclusive and equitable understanding of human diversity. This can be achieved through promoting cultural awareness, celebrating differences, and recognizing the humanity of all individuals regardless of their physical characteristics.

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Answer: Number 1 is A. Locus, Number 2 is C. Linkage, Number 3 is B. Interference, and Number 4 is D. Recombination

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

a. firing of neurons in a number of different columns.

When an object such as a tree trunk is perceived by the visual system, it activates a complex network of neurons that are specialized to process different features of the visual stimulus. The neurons in the primary visual cortex are organized into columns, each of which responds to a specific feature of the stimulus, such as orientation, direction of motion, or color. Therefore, when a large object is perceived, it will activate neurons in multiple columns that are tuned to different features of the stimulus, rather than being limited to only one column or type of neuron.

When lysozyme is applied to gram positive and gram negative cells, it creates a wall-less cell called a protoplast is True. Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls, allowing the cell wall to break down completely to form a protoplast.

Lysozyme is an enzyme that can break down the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. It is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan, which is a primary component of bacterial cell walls. Lysozyme is abundant in a variety of secretions, including saliva, tears, and egg white, as well as in human milk.

Lysozyme application and its effect on bacterial cells. When lysozyme is applied to gram-positive bacterial cells, it digests the peptidoglycan layer, allowing the cell wall to break down completely, resulting in the release of the protoplast. In gram-negative bacterial cells, lysozyme has little effect on the peptidoglycan layer since it is protected by an outer membrane. This leads to a spheroplast being produced. The protoplast or spheroplast is vulnerable to osmotic lysis in the absence of a cell wall.

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Answer:

See file below

Explanation:

See file below

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The answer to the given question is "d. breath" since DNA does not provide the instructions for the organisms to breathe. The breathing process is regulated by the respiratory system, which consists of organs such as lungs, trachea, and bronchi. The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, which is necessary for maintaining the body's metabolic functions.

The instructions that are contained in DNA are responsible for a wide range of functions in organisms. These functions include the ability to survive, develop, reproduce, and perform other necessary functions to support life on Earth. The only function that is not included in the instructions contained in DNA is the ability to breathe.

The DNA is a nucleic acid and contains the genetic information or instructions for the development, growth, reproduction, and survival of an organism. These instructions are coded in the form of genes, which are responsible for producing proteins that perform different functions in the body. These functions include everything from controlling the chemical reactions that occur in cells to regulating the expression of specific genes.

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The clotting proteins are where plasma and serum differ most quite the liquid portion of the blood that is produced after the blood is let to clot is called the serum. As a result, it lacks the gelling protein fibrinogen.

Although the liquid portion of the blood that remains after the cells have been removed is the source of both serum and plasma, their similarities end there. After the blood has clumped, the liquid that remains is known as serum. Plasma is the liquid that remains after an anticoagulant is added to prevent clotting.

Except for those proteins that are utilized in clot formation, such as fibrinogen and the clotting factors, the total serum protein (TP) concentration includes all plasma proteins. The ratio of plasma protein to serum protein is about 3–5 g/L higher.

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Archaic Homo sapiens had a more rounded braincase, higher forehead, and less angled occipital region than Homo erectus.

Contrasted with Homo erectus, the crania of Old Homo sapiens show a more adjusted braincase, particularly when seen from the back. This is on the grounds that Old fashioned Homo sapiens had a bigger and more globular braincase than Homo erectus.

Furthermore, Old Homo sapiens had a less calculated occipital locale and a higher brow, which recommends that they had a further developed mind structure and mental capacities. In any case, Old fashioned Homo sapiens had a more modest normal cranial limit than Homo erectus, which might appear disconnected from the recently referenced qualities. It is vital to take note that cranial limit isn't the sole determinant of mental capacity and that different variables, like mind association and construction, likewise, assume a part.

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The correct question is given below-

Compared to Homo erectus, the cranium of the earliest premodern Homo sapiens exhibits-

a. a lower forehead

b. a more angled occipital region

c. a smaller average cranial capacity

d. a more rounded braincase

e. a less vertical nose        

Most water-breathing animals excrete nitrogen mainly as ammonia. For this reason, they are called Ammonotelic.

Ammonotelism is the term used to describe organisms that excrete ammonia or ammonium ions as the major waste product. It is a metabolic process that takes place in aquatic animals and some terrestrial animals.

Ammonia is formed in cells during the metabolic process of protein degradation. Because ammonia is a toxic compound, aquatic animals must expel it rapidly. And because it is extremely soluble in water, it can be readily excreted by aquatic animals without expending a lot of energy.

Hence, most water-breathing animals excrete nitrogen mainly as ammonia and are called ammonotelic.

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The oxygen depletion in so-called "dead zones" in coastal oceans is caused by option C: Nutrient runoff causes algae and cyanobacteria populations to grow. When they die, they are consumed by heterotrophic bacteria that consume oxygen via aerobic respiration.

Nutrient enrichment is the name for the process that occurs when nutrient-rich runoff from urban or agricultural regions enters coastal waterways and causes a fast growth of algae and cyanobacteria. These creatures degrade as they drop to the bottom and perish, thanks to aerobic heterotrophic bacteria that breathe oxygen from the water around them. The bottom waters become oxygen-depleted or anoxic, which makes them uninhabitable for the majority of marine life. This happens when oxygen use outpaces oxygen supply. Dead zones are created as a result, forcing fish and other mobile creatures to flee the region since bottom-dwelling species cannot thrive there.

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The cellular location of the stages of translation in bacteria and eukaryotes. The correct answer is: cytosol for bacteria and cytosol, mitochondrion, and plastid for eukaryotes.

Here, correct option is D.

Translation is the process of assembling proteins from amino acids using the genetic information contained in mRNA. This process occurs in the cytosol of bacterial cells and in the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids of eukaryotic cells.In bacteria, transcription and translation are coupled and occur simultaneously.

The mRNA molecule produced during transcription is immediately translated by the ribosomes present in the cytosol of the cell. In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and the mRNA molecule must be transported to the cytosol where it is translated by the ribosomes.

Therefore, correct option is D.

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Answer:

Explanation:

The process by which a new DNA strand is formed from an "old" strand of DNA is called DNA replication. During DNA replication, the two strands of DNA that make up the double helix unwind and separate. Each separated strand serves as a template for the creation of a new complementary strand.

The enzymes responsible for DNA replication, called DNA polymerases, attach to the separated strands and begin building new strands of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides. The nucleotides that are added are determined by the base-pairing rules: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, which means that nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing strand. The DNA polymerase moves along the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction, adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand.

As the new strand is being synthesized, it is continuously paired with the old template strand, which serves as a guide for the DNA polymerase. The end result is two identical DNA molecules, each with one "old" and one "new" strand.

To conclude, the process of DNA replication allows for the faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells to the next, ensuring that each new cell has a complete and accurate copy of the genetic material.

Your research team over in africa has observed - for the first time ever - a new primate! this primate eats only insects and seeds, has a wet nose, mobile ears, and a tapetum lucidum. you would likely classify this animal is a prosimian.

A primate is an order of mammals that includes lemurs, monkeys, and apes. They are characterized by their highly developed brains, which have evolved to be capable of complex social behaviors and problem-solving abilities.

Prosimians are a group of primates that include lemurs, lorises, and galagos. They are generally smaller in size and have more primitive features than other primates. Their diets consist mostly of insects, fruit, and leaves. Prosimians are also nocturnal, meaning they are most active during the night. As the primate that eats insects and seeds, has a wet nose, mobile ears, and a tapetum lucidum belongs to the prosimian group, the correct classification for it would be a prosimian.

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