Zero covalent bonds exist between the g-c complementary base pairs between two strands of DNA
Covalent bond does not exist between nitrogenous base pairs rather 3 hydrogen bond exists between g-c base pair. Rather, covalent bonds tightly link the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups (both within and between components)
DNA consists of nitrogenous bases paired by hydrogen bonds. The nitrogenous base has unique complementarity, that is, Adenine only pairs with Thymine, and Guanosine only pairs with Cytosine. DNA base pairs are bonded by hydrogen bonds and not ionic or covalent bonds. Cytosine and guanosine are bonded by three hydrogen bonds unlike adenine and thymine bonded by two hydrogen bonds. The third hydrogen bond between cytosine and guanosine is to increase stability and decrease bond energy required for the DNA structure. It also further contributes to cytosine-guanosine favorability in the double helix DNA structure.
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Controlling osmosis is important in helping a cell maintain
___________ which is a stable internal environment.
Answer:
I think it might be water balance or Homeostasis
spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins. this information indicates that the infectious agent is a(n)
Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins, and this information indicates that the infectious agent is a prion because infectious proteins replicate by converting a normal cellular protein into multiple copies of the prion.
As we know, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), commonly called spongiform encephalopathies which, is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection by an unusual transmissible agent and it affects the brain and nervous system of animals.
Therefore, the presence of an infectious agent called prion on the surface of a normal protein cell makes it an abnormal prion cell, and this clump in the brain and causes brain damage. Gradually with time, it increases and makes the animal mad, and this is scientifically called a neurological disorder called Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).
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pretreatment of colitic mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (dss) with tff2 reduces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (vcam-1), an adhesion molecule that mediates leukocyte recruitment
Due to its anticoagulant qualities, dextran sulfate sodium (dss) decreases the formation of vascular cells.
Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a pharmacologic colitogen with anticoagulant characteristics, is used to elicit illness in the most used mouse model of colitis. DSS is a negatively charged, water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide with such a molecular weight range of 5 to 1400 kDa. The use of 40–50 kDa DSS in drinkable water causes the most severe mouse colitis, which most strongly matches human UC. Although the exact method by which DSS causes intestinal inflammation is unknown, it is most likely the outcome of damage to the large intestine's epithelial monolayer, which allows proinflammatory intestinal contents, such as bacteria and their products, to spread into underlying tissue.
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what is a difference between homo habilis and homo erectus? group of answer choices homo habilis has a large face and large brain case homo erectus has a smaller face relative to the brain case homo habilis has a more modern body plan than homo erectus homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than homo habilis.
Answer:
homo erectus had a bigger brain than homo habilis and made more advanced stone tools
Explanation:
homo erectus was taller and more robust than homo species measuring about little over four feet.
1.1.1 An important component of a chlorophyll molecule is: A. Calcium B. Iron C. Magnesium D. Phosphorus
Answer:
magnesium (c)is the important component of chlorophyll
Ivan pavlov conducted an experiment where he wanted to train his dogs to drool at the sound of a bell. Which one of the following is the unconditioned stimulus?.
In Ivan pavlov experiment food is the unconditioned stimulus and dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned stimulus.
What is unconditioned response stimulus?
In classical conditioning, an unconditioned response occurs naturally in reaction to unconditioned stimulus. For example smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus and feeling of hunger in response to smell is an unconditioned response.
Here Ivan pavlov conducted experiment with dogs which salivated in response to a bell ring. Pavlov fed the dog by ringing the bell each time, the dog learned to associate the sound with the presentation of food.
Pavlov noticed that the dogs physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first dogs would salivate only in the presence of food but after conducting experiment dogs gets addicted to the sound which was rang before it is fed with food.
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A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could.
In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could use a large number of snails.
The accuracy and validity of a research's findings are influenced by the size of the sample taken from the population of interest. The following method for calculating sample size to be selected during a research can be used to calculate the influence of sample size:
(Z - score)² × SD × (1 - SD) / ME² = Sample size
Where Z-score ⇒ confidence level
SD ⇒ Pre-determined standard deviation
ME ⇒ Margin of error.
The sample size has an inverse relationship with the margin of error. As a result, the error margin decreases as the sample size increases and vice versa.
By using more snail samples in each of the tanks, the student might have improved the validity of the research's findings.
Therefore, using a larger number of snails would improve the conclusion. This is because the quantity of snails tested raises the validity of a research report. The validity of the claim is higher and more credible if 10 snails rather than 5 are more active in warmer water.
Thus, option 4 is the right answer.
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A student performed an experiment to see if water temperature affects the level of activity in aquatic snails. The student set up four tanks with five snails in each tank. All four of the setups were identical in every way, except for the temperature of the water. In order to make the conclusions more valid, the student could:__________
(1) alter the pH of the water
(2) change the size of the tank
(3) carry out the experiment for a shorter period of time
(4) use a larger number of snails
Match the following vocabulary terms to their correct definitions.
Question 1 options:
Does NOT contain carbon.
Ex: minerals
Two or more different atoms of an element chemically joined together
Two or more atoms of an element chemically joined together
Smallest object that retains the properties of an element.
Contains carbon compounds or comes from a once living organism.
Ex: coal
1.
Atom
2.
Molecule
3.
Compound
4.
Organic
5.
Inorganic
[tex]{ \qquad\qquad\huge\underline{{\sf Answer}}} [/tex]
Here we go ~
1. Two or more different atoms of an element chemically joined together
- Compound2. Two or more atoms of an element chemically joined together
- Molecule3. Smallest object that retains the properties of an element
- Atom4. Contains carbon compounds or comes from a once living organism.
- Organic5. Does NOT contain carbon
- Inorganicthe nomenclature of cell death: recommendations of an ad hoc committee of the society of toxicologic pathologists*
the nomenclature of cell death: recommendations of an ad hoc committee of the society of toxicologic pathologists*
In current years, there has been quite a few misunderstanding surrounding the terms "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in pathology.
The Society of Toxicologic Pathologists created the Committee at the Nomenclature of mobile demise in response to this situation, with the purpose of offering advice on a way to use the phrases "apoptosis" and "necrosis" in toxicity studies.
No of the way the cells perished, the Committee advises the usage of the term "necrosis" to explain findings containing lifeless cells in histological sections. when vital, it's far suggested to include the modifiers "apoptotic" and "oncotic" or "combined apoptotic and oncotic" to describe the principle morphological cell dying mechanism or pathways.
those may also be used at the side of other commonplace modifiers that describe the unfold and severity of the lesion.
Apoptotic, oncotic, or blended types of "person mobile necrosis" (every now and then known as "single cellular necrosis") might also arise. Oncotic necrosis is regularly described the use of greater conventional terminology like "coagulation necrosis," which has a similar that means.
Pathologists need to use language that as it should be and succinctly conveys the diploma of facts vital for the research. Toxicologic pathologists need to also actively make contributions to spreading the phrase about these guidelines among different biologists and regulatory bodies.
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the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls the rate at which the heartbeats. sympathetic (fight or flight) signals speed up the heart’s rate while parasympathetic (rest and digest) signals slow it down. with which part or parts of the heart do you think sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form synapses? explain your reasoning.
the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls the rate at which the heartbeats. sympathetic (fight or flight) signals speed up the heart’s rate while parasympathetic (rest and digest) signals slow it down. The part or parts of the heart that forms sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons form synapses is called cardiac plexus.
Cardiac plexus is a plexus of the nerves that are present at the base of the heart and is divided into superficial and deep part. The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves form synapses with heart in the form of cardiac plexus.
The sympathetic nerves are responsible for activating flight or fight mode while parasympathetic nerves are responsible for restoring the normal body state.
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How are scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations? Provide examples from your lab work and what you've learned about cells.
Inference is what we draw from observations, whereas observation is what we perceive when something occurs. Hence they are interrelated.
What are Observation and Inference?An observation is a practice of observing someone or something closely while it's happening and learning from it. Inference is the process of drawing a reasonable conclusion from known facts or conditions.Based on firsthand experience, observation is made. Unlike inference, which is predicated on known facts.Example from lab work:
To ensure that all the starch is consumed, place a healthy potted plant in a dark room for 48 hours.Now, secure one of the plant's leaves with a paper clip to a black piece of paper.For around six hours, keep this plant in direct sunshine.Pick the uncovered and covered leaves off the plant, respectively.The leaves should be briefly submerged in boiling water.Now submerge the leaves in an alcohol-filled beaker.Put this beaker carefully in a water bath and heat it until the alcohol starts to boil.Take note of the solutions and leaves colors. With lots of fresh water, wash the leaves.Now soak the leaves for a few minutes in the iodine solution.Compare the observations of the color of the leaves.Observation:
Alcohol solution turns green when leaves are boiled in it, while the leaves lose their color.When iodine solution is applied to leaves, (a) a leaf coated in black paper did not exhibit any color changes. (b) Another leaf that wasn't coated in black paper turned blue-black when dipped in diluted iodine solution.Inference:
Starch is created by plants during photosynthesis.Since the leaf cannot receive sunlight when it is covered, no starch was created in the leaf.Iodine solution turns blue-black when starch is included. Iodine solution was applied to the covered leaf, but no color change was noticed. It means that this leaf did not produce any starch.The exposed leaf received sunshine for six hours, but when iodine solution was applied, the color turned blue-black.This demonstrates that photosynthesis depends on sunshine.To know more about observation and inference visit:
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how would you define sustainability of the environment ?
Answer:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.
Explanation:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and not jeopardize the ability for future generations to meet their needs.
Answer:
Environmental sustainability is responsibly interacting with the planet to maintain natural resources and avoid jeopardizing the ability for future generations to meet their needs
Explanation:
Climate action: Acting now to stop global warming. Life below water: Avoiding the use of plastic bags to keep the oceans clean. Life on land: Planting trees to help protect the environment. Responsible consumption and production: Recycling items such as paper, plastic, glass and aluminum
In short, environmental sustainability states that the rates of renewable resource harvest, non-renewable resource depletion, and pollution assimilation can be naturally maintained indefinitely.
Environmental sustainability involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life.
gpfeifer m, kugler kg, sandve sr, zhan b, rudi h, hvidsten tr, et al. genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat. science. 2014;345:1250091.
Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum is an allohexaploid that originated by hybridization between a cultivated tetraploid wheat(Triticum turgidum L.) and the wild goatgrass (Aegilops).
Approximately 20% of calories are consumed by humans which are provided by Allohexaploid bread wheat because highly similar bread wheat genomes (A, B, and D) and lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous have delayed the analysis of the grain transcriptome.
In the developing wheat grain to analyze the cell type of homeologous genes plus endosperm development, to identify distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progression, unknown genome information was used. which led to the observation of that stage-dependent genome dominance and cell type, asymmetric expression in gene families, and the wheat genome into transcriptionally active chromosomal regions, are related to the baking quality.
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a mutation in the dna that changes the sequence of a codon but does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein describes a .
A mutation that affects only the DNA sequence and not the amino acid sequence is known as a silent mutation. Introns, which are spliced off prior to translation, are susceptible to silent mutations.
Several mutagens, or compounds that alter the DNA sequence, can generate silent mutations, Mutations are caused by living things or processes that support life. For example, certain viruses insert copies of their genetic code into the DNA of their hosts. Silent mutations are typically not the outcome of such extensive change.
Chemical mutagens are chemicals that interact with DNA to chemically change the nucleotides.
Base analogues are substances that resemble nucleotide bases structurally. These may result in base-pair mismatches that are integrated into the DNA sequence of the mutation, leading to silent (and other) mutations.
High-energy radiation that physically alters or breaks the DNA strand is known as a physical mutagen.
Thymine dimers, which are created by UV exposure, disrupt DNA replication and cause further errors. Silent mutations are not usually produced by this.
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4. Tay-Sachs is a recessive inherited disorder. Cross one carrier for the Tay-Sachs allele with one who is not a carrier.
provide a Punnett Square and write out the genotype and phenotype probabilities of the offspring.
Tay-Sachs sickness is resulting from a trouble in a infant's genes which means their nerves prevent running properly. A infant can handiest have it if each mother and father have this defective gene.
Ay–Sachs sickness is resulting from a genetic mutation withinside the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes shape a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme called hexosaminidase . It is inherited from a person's mother and father in an autosomal recessive manner.As the sickness progresses, improvement slows and muscle tissue start to weaken.
Over time, this ends in seizures, imaginative and prescient and listening to loss, paralysis, and different fundamental issues. Children with this shape of Tay-Sachs sickness normally stay only some years.This circumstance is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , because of this that each copies of the gene in every mobileular have variants.
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5. Regular exercise helps remove buildup of plaque on artery walls by increasing blood flow
through arteries. Which of the following describes a long term effect of regular exercise on the
cardiovascular system?
A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance.
B.
High blood volume caused by the widening of the artery.
C. Increased blood pressure due to prolonged high blood flow.
D. Increased risk for diseases caused by reduced blood pressure.
According to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.
What are regular exercises?Activities such as walking, jogging and swimming are some of the most common physical exercises, which are carried out frequently to preserve or optimize physical condition.
In this sense, it is recommended to strengthen the cardiovascular system with aerobic exercises that improves vascular responses by stimulating vasodilation and blood vessels increase their length and diameter thus lowering blood pressure.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is A. Decreased blood pressure due to reduced resistance is a long term effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system.
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of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?
Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution.
Isotonic solutions are those that have the same amount of water and other solutes in them as the cytoplasm of a cell. Since there is no net gain or loss of water, placing cells in an isotonic solution will not cause them to either shrink or swell.
Cytoplasm- A viscous liquid termed cytoplasm, which is contained within the cell membrane, fills each cell. Water, salts, and proteins make up the majority of it. Eukaryotic cells are entirely enclosed within their cytoplasm, both inside and out.
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The _____ of the amino acid has the greatest influence on the overall structure of a protein.
The R group is the portion of an amino acid that has the biggest impact on the overall structure of a protein.
The arrangement of the amino acids that make up a protein determines its form. The folding of the amino acid chains, or tertiary structure, is determined by the sequence of amino acids, or primary structure.A basic amino group (NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is specific to each amino acid make up an amino acid, an organic molecule.The R group on an amino acid is only a phrase used to describe the variable group on each amino acid. All amino acids share a common amino acid framework.The R-structural group's characteristics affect the chemical's reactivity and the amino acid's solubility.In conclusion, the R group of an amino acid is the component that has the biggest impact on the overall structure of a protein.Learn more about amino acids here:
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you discover a new microbe while working on a citizen scientist project. the microbe is taken to a lab that specializes in placing organisms in their correct phylogenic niche. in order to determine its evolutionary relatedness to other microbes, the lab carries out
SSU rRNA analysis
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus are members of the order Glomales and are difficult to distinguish by hyphal morphology. The fungus present in the host or soil may be effectively identified using PCR. On a few sequences of a variable region in the SSU rRNA gene, several of the primers that have been utilized were developed. We analyzed 51 partial Glo males SSU rRNA gene sequences from 33 glomalean isolates to confirm the specificity of primers of this kind that have been utilized in previous studies and to offer data for future primer design.
Each DNA was confirmed by phylogenetic studies in order to differentiate pollutants from the AM fungus (AMF). 39 species were represented in the 88 sequences from 58 isolates that were analyzed together with sequences from the EMBL database.
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If you were given five new substances and were asked to describe them by their physical properties what would you look for what should you not do while observing the physical properties
If you were given five new substances and were asked to describe them by their physical properties, the following listed below will be looked out for:
ColorDensity,HardnessOdor etc.What is Physical property?This is the type of features of the matter which can be measured without changing the chemical identity of it or the constituents.
Examples of physical properties include color, odor, boiling and melting points etc which are usually often seen or felt by individuals depending on the type of substance. This is therefore the reason why the above parameters will be considered in the case of the physical properties.
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Snails and beetles have exoskeletons. Hypothesize the advantages and disadvantages of having an exoskeleton rather than a backbone. Explain your answer in one or two sentences.
NOTE: i will edit your answers a little to avoid plagiarism and getting the answer wrong.
The advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense
It however, also helps them to protect their inner organs such as kidney against injury.
The disadvantage of exoskeleton in both snail and beetles is that It doesn't allow them to stretch or expand
In order words, exoskeleton in both snail beetles and in most animals generally has a hard covering which serves as a great defense.
What is exoskeleton?Exoskeleton can simply be defined as that skeleton which is found externally in the body animals.
In living organisms, there are three types of skeleton which is found generally in animals. These skeleton types are as follows:
EndoskeletonExoskeletonHydrostatic skeleton or fluid skeletonSo therefore, please be well informed that the advantages of exoskeleton in snails and beetles is that exoskeleton in both snail and beetles has a hard covering which serves as a great defense
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If all life has dna, and dna is made up of the same four nucleotides, how is it possible that each individual organism is so different?.
It is simply the order in which these smaller molecules are arranged that differs among individuals
Four nucleotides can be combined in how many different ways?The four nucleotides included in mRNA, A, U, G, and C, can form a total of 64 distinct combinations due to the codons' three-letter structure. Of these 64 codons, 61 correspond to amino acids and the final three to stop signals that signal the completion of protein synthesis.
Most genes are the same in all people , but a smaller number of genes are slightly different between people. Alleles are forms of the same genes with small difference in their sequence of DNA bases.
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describe how podocytes are structurally suited for their function
what is the what
Explanation:
which choice forms the organic portion of soil? sand sand microorganisms microorganisms dead plants dead plants clay
The organic part of the soil is made up of the dead plants. This is so that dead plants can be turned into mulch and earth, both of which are beneficial to new growth. This is the reason why compost is such a significant concern. It's because it's organic and excellent for plants.
What are microorganism?A live organism that needs a microscope to be seen. Microorganisms include things like bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Viruses are not considered to be living organisms, yet they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.
Which five different kinds of bacteria are most common?Viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungus, and protists are the five main groups of microorganisms despite their truly remarkable diversity.
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Is this statement true or false?
There is nothing we can do to help prevent soil erosion. Only scientists and farmers can work on solutions.
Answer:
FALSE!
Explanation:
The more you anticipate and pre meditate ways to help this field of economical science, there is at least 1 or more ways to help this situation. We could help by doing research and doing community service dealign with this specific issue and help fix the problem community by community! hope this helps!
Question 9 (1 point)
Decide which vocabulary word best descibes the scenario below:
A community that is in its mature form with an abundance of biodiversity. There are large and complicated food webs within this community.
There is a deep layer of topsoil and hardwood trees.
O a
Ob
Oc
Od
Established community
Protoecosystem
Mature community
Climax community
A community that is fully developed and rich in biodiversity. Within this society, there are extensive and intricate food webs. A thick layer of dirt and hardwood trees are present is Climax community
A climax community is the final ecological successional stage that a plant community may attain. Animal and plant succession occur at the same rate. When pioneer species have demonstrated that life is feasible in the region, more advanced plants and animals will move in and establish themselves as well. Climax communities arise because the local environment has allowed for ecological equilibrium to be attained, according to their presence. Climate conditions determine the kind of plant communities that may persist, leading to the complicated ecological relationships and vast variety of niches that are the distinguishing characteristics of a climax community. a natural environment where plant and animal populations are steady and get along well with one another and their surroundings. A climax community is the final stage of succession, and it exists until it is destroyed by a natural disaster or human activity. additional info at succession.
Examples include tropical, deciduous, and coniferous rain forests as well as deserts, tundra, grasslands, and grasslands. To ensure stability, a process known as succession is undertaken, in which relatively basic communities are replaced by more complex ones.
Therefore, grass may encroach into a sand deposit along a beach. In the humus that the grass has produced, oaks, pines, and other smaller plants establish themselves, displacing the grass and generating fresh, modified humus. Such soil subsequently produces maple and beech trees, which eventually displace the pine and oak trees to form a climax community. A range of new living forms can also be found in each subsequent community, with the climax community having the most variety.
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How many moles of liquid iron will be produced from 1.08 moles of iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3?
A substance freezes, changing from a liquid to a solid.
Freezing occurs when a liquid is cooled and turns to a solid. That's your answer.
What factors contributed to the world's overall population growth in the last 150 years?
Increases in a population's or a dispersed group's membership are referred to as population growth. Around 83 million people, or 1.1% of the world's population, are added every year.
Reason for increase in population:
Maternity rates:
The World Population Prospects research from the UN predicts a reduction in worldwide fertility from 2.5 children per woman in 2019 to 2.2 in 2050.
Extension of longevity:
Recent decades have seen a significant increase in life expectancy, and this trend is expected to continue: in 2050, it is predicted to reach 77.1 years (currently around 73).
Migration from abroad:
Although it has less of an impact than the first two, this component is nonetheless important. In fact, newcomers may have a longer life expectancy in those nations that took in large numbers of refugees or economic migrants (between 2010 and 2020, fourteen countries or regions had a net influx of more than one million).
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a spirochete moves in a screw-like manner that is mediated by axial fibrils located in the cell's periplasmic space.
Axial fibrils in the periplasmic region of a cell control the spirochete's screw-like movement through the septum cross.
Gram-negative, mobile, spiral bacteria with a length of 3 to 500 m (1 m = 0.001 mm) are known as spirochetes. Depending on the species, spirochetes can have 2 to more than 100 endocellular flagella (axial fibrils, or axial filaments) per organism. Spirochetes, such as the Borrelia, Treponema, and Leptospira species, have specialized flagella that are found in the periplasm. Spirochetes are a collection of six species of spiral-shaped, thin bacteria of varied length that swim ahead in a corkscrew-like motion thanks to the spinning of the periplasmic flagella. They either live freely or are attached to a host.
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