How many grams of KOH are needed to make 185.5 ml with a concentration of 5 M?
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a) We need 32.6 liters of [tex]O_2[/tex] at 41 °C and 0.307 atm to burn 8.57 L of [tex]C_2H_6[/tex]  at 41 °C and 0.307 atm

b) 18.5 liters of [tex]CO_2[/tex] will be produced at 41 °C and 0.307 atm.

To answer this question, we will use the ideal gas law, which relates pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. We will also use stoichiometry to relate the amount of ethane and oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide and water produced.

(a) To determine how many liters of [tex]O_2[/tex] are needed to burn 8.57 L of [tex]C_2H_6[/tex] , we first need to convert the volume of ethane to moles using the ideal gas law:
n([tex]C_2H_6[/tex] ) = PV/RT = (0.307 atm)(8.57 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(314 K) = 0.342 mol

From the balanced equation, we see that 2 moles of [tex]C_2H_6[/tex] react with 7 moles of [tex]O_2[/tex] . Therefore, the amount of [tex]O_2[/tex] needed is:
n([tex]O_2[/tex]) = (7/2) n([tex]C_2H_6[/tex]) = (7/2)(0.342 mol) = 1.20 mol

Now we can use the ideal gas law again to calculate the volume of [tex]O_2[/tex] needed:
V([tex]O_2[/tex] ) = n([tex]O_2[/tex])RT/P = (1.20 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(314 K)/(0.307 atm) = 32.6 L

Therefore, 32.6 liters of [tex]O_2[/tex] are needed to burn 8.57 L of [tex]C_2H_6[/tex]  at at 41 °C and 0.307 atm

(b) From the balanced equation, we see that 2 moles of [tex]C_2H_6[/tex] produce 4 moles of [tex]CO_2[/tex] . Therefore, the amount of [tex]CO_2[/tex] produced is:

n([tex]CO_2[/tex]) = 2 n([tex]C_2H_6[/tex]) = 2(0.342 mol) = 0.684 mol

V([tex]CO_2[/tex]) = n([tex]CO_2[/tex])RT/P = (0.684 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(314 K)/(0.307 atm) = 18.5 L

Therefore, 18.5 liters of [tex]CO_2[/tex] at 41 °C and 0.307 atm will be produced.

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25.0 g of CaCO3 will produce 11.0 g of CO2. Mass is an intrinsic property of an object, meaning it does not depend on the object's location or the presence of other objects.

What is Mass?

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is typically measured in units such as grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Mass is not the same as weight, which is a measure of the force exerted on an object due to gravity.

The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2. The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.09 g/mol, which means that 1 mole of CaCO3 has a mass of 100.09 g.

To calculate the mass of CO2 produced from 25.0 g of CaCO3, we first need to convert the mass of CaCO3 to moles:

25.0 g CaCO3 x (1 mol CaCO3/100.09 g CaCO3) = 0.2498 mol CaCO3

Since 1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CO2, we know that 0.2498 mol of CaCO3 will produce 0.2498 mol of CO2.

To convert the moles of CO2 to mass, we can use the molar mass of CO2, which is 44.01 g/mol:

0.2498 mol CO2 x 44.01 g/mol = 11.0 g CO2

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There are approximately 223.2 grams of oxygen in 615 grams of N2O.

To find the number of grams of O in 615g of N2O, we first need to understand the chemical formula of N2O. N2O is a compound made up of two nitrogen atoms (N) and one oxygen atom (O). Therefore, the molecular weight of N2O would be:
(2 x atomic weight of N) + (1 x atomic weight of O)
= (2 x 14.01 g/mol) + (1 x 16.00 g/mol)
= 44.01 g/mol
Now, to calculate the number of grams of O in 615g of N2O, we need to know the proportion of O in the compound. Since there is only one oxygen atom in each molecule of N2O, we can find the proportion of O by dividing the atomic weight of O by the molecular weight of N2O:
Atomic weight of O / Molecular weight of N2O
= 16.00 g/mol / 44.01 g/mol
= 0.363
This means that oxygen makes up 36.3% of the total weight of N2O. To find the number of grams of O in 615g of N2O, we can multiply the total weight by the proportion of O:
615g x 0.363
= 223.2g

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The surface area of the rectangular prism is 0.034 square meters.

For a rectangular prism with length l, width w, and height h, the surface area is:

Surface area = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

Substituting the given values, we get:

Surface area = 2(10 cm x 5 cm) + 2(10 cm x 8 cm) + 2(5 cm x 8 cm)

Surface area = 100 cm² + 160 cm² + 80 cm² = 340 cm²

We can use dimensional analysis. So the conversion factor is:

1 m² / 10,000 cm²

Multiplying the surface area by this conversion factor, we get:

Surface area = 340 cm² x (1 m² / 10,000 cm²)

Surface area = 0.034 m²

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--The complete Question is, What is the surface area of a rectangular prism that has a length of 10 cm, a width of 5 cm, and a height of 8 cm? Use dimensional analysis to convert the answer to square meters--

a. Br  will have the negative charge

b. The effective charges on the I and Br atoms are approximately +1.012e and -1.012e, respectively.

a. To identify which atom within an IBr molecule will have a partial negative charge, we must consider each atom's electronegativity.

On the periodic table, iodine (I) has an electronegativity value of 2.66 while bromine (Br) boasts 2.96; since Br has higher electronegativity it will attract electrons more strongly and hence have an even stronger partial negative charge.

B. To calculate the effective charges on the I and Br atoms in IBr, we can use the dipole moment equation:

μ = Q * d

where μ is the dipole moment, Q is the effective charge, and d is the bond length.

We are given the dipole moment (μ) as 1.21 D, and the bond length (d) as 249 pm. However, we need to convert the units to the SI system before proceeding with the calculation.

[tex]1 D (Debye) = 3.336 * 10^-^3^0 cm,\\\\1 pm = 10^-^1^2 m.[/tex]

Now we can solve for the effective charge (Q):[tex]u = 1.21 D * (3.336 × 10^-^3^0 Cm/D)\\ \\= 4.03656 * 10^-^3^0 cm\\d = 249 pm * (10^-12 m/pm) = 2.49 * 10^-^1^0 m[/tex]

Q = μ / d

[tex]Q = (4.03656 * 10^-^3^0 cm) / (2.49 *10^-^1^0 m) \\\\\\=1.62151 * 10^-^2^0 C[/tex]

This effective charge represents the charge difference between the I and Br atoms. To express the charges in units of the elementary charge (e), we need to divide the effective charge by the elementary charge value (e = 1.602 × 10^-19 C):

Q_e =[tex]\frac{(1.62151 * 10^-^2^0 C)}{(1.602 * 10^-^1^9 C)} = 1.012[/tex]

The effective charges on the I and Br atoms are approximately +1.012e and -1.012e, respectively.

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Answer:

B

self explanatory

Explanation:

The precipitation of an ionic substance from solution occurs when the ionic product exceeds the value of its solubility product at that temperature. Here the moles of Na₂S₂O₃ needed is

The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt is defined as the product of the molar concentrations of its ions in a saturated solution of it at a given temperature.

Here the concentration of Ag⁺ ions = √Ksp = √3.3 × 10⁻¹³ = 1.81 × 10⁻¹³.

Moles of Ag⁺ ions: (1.82 x 10⁻¹³ M) x 1.0 L = 1.82 x 10⁻¹³  mol Ag⁺

Use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the moles of Na₂S₂O₃ needed: 1 mol Na₂S₂O₃ / 2 mol Ag⁺ = 0.5 mol Na₂S₂O₃/mol Ag⁺

Moles of Na₂S₂O₃ required: 0.5 mol Na₂S₂O₃/mol Ag⁺ x 1.82 x 10⁻¹³ mol Ag⁺ = 9.1 x 10⁻¹⁴ mol Na₂S₂O₃

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A pair of molecules which exist in two forms that are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed one upon the other are called the enantiomers. They are present in pairs and have similar molecular shape.

The compounds with the same molecular formula but are non-superimposable non-mirror images are called diastereomers. They have distinct physical properties and molecular shape.

The constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but have different bonding atomic organization and bonding patterns.

So here:

1st structure is constitutional isomers (c), 2nd structures are enantiomers (b) and the 3rd are completely different not isomers (d).

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PbS, sometimes referred to as galena, is made up of lead (Pb) and sulfur (S) atoms and has a straightforward structure. Each lead atom forms a tetrahedral link with four sulfur atoms, while each sulfur atom forms a covalent bond with two lead atoms.

Each sulfur atom forms an octahedral link with six iron atoms, while each iron atom forms a covalent bond with two sulfur atoms. FeS2's crystal structure is a cubic, tightly packed lattice.

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When 28.2 grams of Mg is burned, 46.7 grams of MgO will be formed.

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of magnesium is:

2 Mg + O2 --> 2 MgO

This equation shows that 2 moles of Mg react with 1 mole of O2 to produce 2 moles of MgO.

To determine the amount of MgO formed when 28.2 grams of Mg is burned, we first need to convert the given mass of Mg to moles:

molar mass of Mg = 24.31 g/mol

moles of Mg = mass of Mg / molar mass of Mg

moles of Mg = 28.2 g / 24.31 g/mol

moles of Mg = 1.16 mol

According to the balanced chemical equation, 2 moles of Mg produce 2 moles of MgO. Therefore, we can use the mole ratio to calculate the moles of MgO formed:

moles of MgO = moles of Mg x (2 moles of MgO / 2 moles of Mg)

moles of MgO = 1.16 mol x 1

moles of MgO = 1.16 mol

Finally, we can convert the moles of MgO to grams using its molar mass:

molar mass of MgO = 40.31 g/mol

mass of MgO = moles of MgO x molar mass of MgO

mass of MgO = 1.16 mol x 40.31 g/mol

mass of MgO = 46.7 g

Therefore, when 28.2 grams of Mg is burned, 46.7 grams of MgO will be formed.

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Quantifying chemical reactions is essential in understanding the stoichiometry of a reaction, predicting product formation, and optimizing product yield in industrial applications. Stoichiometric coefficients and limiting reactants are two important tools used in this process.

Quantifying chemical reactions involves measuring the amount of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. This is important in determining the stoichiometry of the reaction, which refers to the relative amounts of reactants and products involved. Stoichiometry is a crucial concept in chemistry because it allows scientists to predict the amount of product that will be formed from a given amount of reactant, or vice versa.
One way to quantify chemical reactions is through the use of stoichiometric coefficients. These coefficients represent the number of moles of each reactant and product involved in the reaction. For example, the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to form water is:
[tex]2H2 + O2 → 2H2O[/tex]
This equation tells us that two moles of hydrogen gas react with one mole of oxygen gas to form two moles of water. The stoichiometric coefficients can be used to determine the mass of each reactant and product involved in the reaction, using the molar masses of each substance.
Another way to quantify chemical reactions is through the use of limiting reactants. A limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product that can be formed. The amount of product formed will be determined by the amount of limiting reactant present. This concept is important in industrial chemistry, where maximizing product yield is often the goal.

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Sure, I can explain the four types of nuclear decay and provide a model for each using Si-32 as an example.

Si-32 is a radioactive isotope of Silicon with 14 protons and 18 neutrons.

1. Alpha Decay:

In alpha decay, an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle, which consists of two protons and two neutrons, reducing the atomic number by two and the mass number by four. This makes the resulting nucleus a different element.

Model: Si-32 → alpha particle + Mg-28

Explanation: Si-32 decays into an alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons) and becomes Mg-28.

2. Beta Decay:

In beta decay, a neutron is converted into a proton and an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus, and the electron is emitted as a beta particle. This increases the atomic number by one while keeping the mass number the same.

Model: Si-32 → beta particle + P-32

Explanation: Si-32 decays into a beta particle (an electron) and becomes P-32.

3. Gamma Decay:

Gamma decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits high-energy photons called gamma rays. Unlike alpha and beta decay, gamma decay does not change the atomic number or mass number of the nucleus.

Model: Si-32 → Si-32 + gamma ray

Explanation: Si-32 emits a gamma ray but remains Si-32.

4. Electron Capture:

In electron capture, an unstable nucleus absorbs an electron from an inner shell, converting a proton into a neutron. This reduces the atomic number by one while keeping the mass number the same.

Model: Si-32 + electron → Al-32

Explanation: Si-32 captures an electron and becomes Al-32.

These four types of nuclear decay can occur in radioactive isotopes, and they result in a change in the atomic number and/or mass number of the nucleus.

Final temperature: 677.4K. Work done: -7026J.

Heat exchanged: 0J. Change in internal energy: -7026J.

(i) For an adiabatic process, T1(V1)^γ-1 = T2(V2)^γ-1.

When we substitute the values (γ=1.4, T1=300K, V1=6dm³, V2=2dm³), we get T2 = 677.4K.

(ii) w = -(P1V1 - P2V2)/(γ-1) = -(nRT1 - nRT2)/(γ-1) = -5 * 8.314 * (677.4 - 300) / 0.4 = -7026J.

For adiabatic, q = 0. ΔE = q + w = -7026J (since q=0).

Final temperature: 677.4K. Work done: -7026J.

Heat exchanged: 0J. Change in internal energy: -7026J.

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Answer:

Cvapor = 2.03 J/(g·°C)heu

The mole fractions of each species at equilibrium are 0.25 for A and D, 0.5 for B, and 0.225 for C.

we can use the principles of chemical equilibrium and the mole fraction formula.

First, we need to write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction involving A, B, C, and D. Let's assume that the reaction is:

A + 2B <=> C + D

where A, B, C, and D are the chemical species, and the coefficients indicate their stoichiometric ratios.

Next, we need to write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction:

Kc = [C][D] / [A][B]²

where [X] denotes the molar concentration of species X at equilibrium.

Since we know the initial moles of A, B, and D, we can calculate their total moles in the mixture:

Total moles = 1 mol A + 2 mol B + 1 mol D = 4 mol

We also know that the final mixture contains 0.9 mol of C. Therefore, the molar concentration of C at equilibrium is:

[C] = 0.9 mol / 4 L = 0.225 M

Since we have only one unknown, we can use the equilibrium constant expression to calculate the molar concentration of D:

Kc = [C][D] / [A][B]²

0.9 = (0.225)(D) / (1)(2²)

D = 1.8

Therefore, the molar concentration of D at equilibrium is 1.8 M.

Using the law of conservation of mass, we can also calculate the molar concentration of A and B at equilibrium:

[A] = 1 mol / 4 L = 0.25 M

[B] = 2 mol / 4 L = 0.5 M

Mole fraction of X = moles of X / total moles

Mole fraction of A = 1 mol / 4 mol = 0.25

Mole fraction of B = 2 mol / 4 mol = 0.5

Mole fraction of C = 0.9 mol / 4 mol = 0.225

Mole fraction of D = 1 mol / 4 mol = 0.25

Therefore, the mole fractions of each species at equilibrium are 0.25 for A and D, 0.5 for B, and 0.225 for C.

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Solutions of [tex]Pb(NO_3)^2[/tex] and [tex]NaCl[/tex]  are combined, resulting in concentration of 0.0050 M [tex]Pb(NO_3)^2[/tex] and 0.0025 M [tex]NaCl[/tex] immediately upon mixing. The correct description of the final solution, given that the Ksp of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] is 1.70×10^-5 is All solutes remain soluble. The correct answer is option A

Upon mixing [tex]Pb(NO_3)^2[/tex] and [tex]NaCl[/tex] , the following reaction occurs:

[tex]Pb(NO_3)^2[/tex] + [tex]2NaCl[/tex]  → [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] +[tex]2NaNO_3[/tex]

Using the given concentrations of the reactants, the reaction quotient Qc can be calculated as:

Qc =[tex][Pb^2^+][Cl^-]^2[/tex] = [tex](0.0050 M)(0.0025 M)^2[/tex]  

Qc [tex]= 3.13[/tex] × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex]

Comparing Qc to the solubility product constant (Ksp) of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] , we see that Qc < Ksp. This indicates that the system is not at equilibrium and more [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] can dissolve before the product reaches saturation.

Therefore, no precipitation of [tex]PbCl_2[/tex] will occur, and option A is the correct answer: all solutes remain soluble.

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[tex]FeCl_3[/tex] is added to ensure all reducing agent is oxidized, indicating endpoint in dichromate titration.

In a dichromate titration,   [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] is frequently added to the example arrangement as a sign of the endpoint. The expansion of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] to the example arrangement assists with guaranteeing that the lessening specialist has been all oxidized by the potassium dichromate ([tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex] ) arrangement.

[tex]FeCl_3[/tex] responds with any overabundance[tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex]  in the answer for structure a red-earthy colored encourage of[tex]Fe(OH)_3[/tex] , demonstrating that the lessening specialist has been all oxidized. This response is known as a "back-titration" since overabundance[tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex]   is added to the arrangement, trailed by the option of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] to decide how much unreacted [tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex] .

The response somewhere in the range of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] and [tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex] can be addressed as:

[tex]6FeCl_3 + K_2Cr_2O_7 + 7H_2SO_4 → 3Fe_2(SO_4)_3 + Cr_2(SO_4)_3 + K_2SO_4 + 7H_2O + 3Cl_2[/tex]

The [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] goes about as a pointer in this response since it responds with the overabundance [tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex] until the decreasing specialist has been all oxidized. As of now, the red-earthy colored encourage of [tex]Fe(OH)_3[/tex]  structures, showing that the endpoint has been reached.

Without the expansion of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex], it would be challenging to precisely decide the endpoint of the titration. The expansion of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] is important to guarantee that the lessening specialist has been all oxidized and that the endpoint has been reached, considering a more exact assurance of the grouping of the diminishing specialist in the example arrangement.

In outline, the expansion of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] to the example arrangement in a dichromate titration is significant in light of the fact that it assists with guaranteeing that the decreasing specialist has been all oxidized, considering a more precise assurance of its focus.

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The complete question is -

What is the reason for a dichromate titration, and how does [tex]FeCl_3[/tex]support deciding the endpoint of the titration? Might you at any point give the compound condition to the response somewhere in the range of [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] and [tex]K_2Cr_2O_7[/tex] and make sense of why [tex]FeCl_3[/tex] goes about as a marker in this response?

1) Bromination of propylene to form 2-bromopropane using NBS and a Lewis acid catalyst.

Bromination is a chemical process in which bromine is added to a molecule. This can be done by either direct substitution or as a substitution reaction, allowing for the addition of one or more bromine atoms to the molecule. Bromination is a commonly used organic reaction, particularly in the laboratory, and can be used to alter the properties of a compound. It can also be used to produce a wide range of products, including aromatics and halogenated compounds. Bromination is particularly useful in pharmaceutical synthesis, as the products of this reaction often have desirable bioactivity.

2) Reduction of 2-bromopropane to 2-propanol using NaBH₄
3) Reaction of 2-propanol with phosphorus tribromide to form 2-bromopropanol
4) Alkylation of 2-bromopropanol with methyl iodide to form 2-bromopropyl methyl ether
5) Reduction of 2-bromopropyl methyl ether to 2-methoxypropane using NaBH₄
6) Reaction of 2-methoxypropane with phosphorus tribromide to form 2-bromo-2-methoxypropane
7) Reduction of 2-bromo-2-methoxypropane to Compound X using NaBH₄

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The correct answer is D. to have eight electrons in their valence shells.

A covalent bond is a chemical relationship that requires the sharing of electrons between atoms to generate electron pairs. These electron couples are known as bonding pairs or sharing pairs.

Covalent bonding is the steady balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons.

Covalent Bond Types

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Answer:O has 6, Na has 1, and Sr has 2.

Explanation:

We can use the combined gas law to solve this problem:

(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

We are given that the initial pressure is P1 = 837 mm Hg and the initial volume is V1 = 1.5 × 10^7 L. The initial temperature is T1 = 18.4°C, which we need to convert to Kelvin by adding 273.15:

T1 = 18.4°C + 273.15 = 291.55 K

We are also given that the final pressure is P2 = 707 mm Hg and the final temperature is T2 = -31°C, which we need to convert to Kelvin:

T2 = -31°C + 273.15 = 242.15 K

Now we can solve for the final volume, V2:

(P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)

V2 = (P1V1T2) / (P2T1)

V2 = (837 mm Hg * 1.5 × 10^7 L * 242.15 K) / (707 mm Hg * 291.55 K)

V2 = 5.26 × 10^6 L

Therefore, the volume occupied by the helium gas at the higher altitude is 5.26 × 10^6 L.

(NH4)3PO4 is insoluble in water. The correct option is D

According to their chemical formula and ionic charges, ionic compounds generally follow a set of solubility laws that define their solubility patterns in water. These guidelines aid in determining whether an ionic compound will dissolve in water or not as well as if it will precipitate when combined with other ionic compounds.

Therefore, (NH4)3PO4 is the compound that is expected to be insoluble in water based on the solubility rules.

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

The special property of water is that it is able to be cohesive and adhesive due to their hydrogen bonds

Answer: Ba + Co(CN)₃ → Ba(CN)₂ + Co₂O₃

Explanation:

Barium reacts with cobalt (III) cyanide to produce barium cyanide and cobalt (III) oxide according to the following chemical equation:

Ba + Co(CN)₃ → Ba(CN)₂ + Co₂O₃

It is a type of displacement reaction.

Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Q = 1105.65\ cal}[/tex]

Explanation:

Mass = m = 450 g

T₁ = 19.5 °C

T₂ = 31.2 °C

Change in Temperature = ΔT = 31.2 - 19.5 = 11.7 °C

c = 0.21 cal/g °C

Heat = Q = ?

Q = mcΔT

Put the given data in the above formula.

Q = (450)(0.21)(11.7)

Q = 1105.65 cal

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

There are 3 bonding pairs and 7 lone pairs of electrons in N2.

An atom's nucleus is orbited by an electron, a subatomic particle with a negative charge. Along with protons and neutrons, it is one of the elementary particles that make up matter. The mass of an electron is exceedingly small, it is roughly 1/1836 that of a proton.

To determine the number of lone pairs of electrons in N2, we need to subtract the number of bonding pairs from the total number of valence electrons:

Number of lone pairs = Total number of valence electrons - Number of bonding pairs

Number of lone pairs = 10 - 3

Number of lone pairs = 7

Therefore, there are 3 bonding pairs and 7 lone pairs of electrons in N2.

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Answer: 285.63g of MgCl2.

Explanation:

Very easy stiochemistry question. Use the dimensional analysis. For example 1 m x 100 cm / 1m and meters get canceled out and 1 m is 100 cm.

For the question, start with the given things. You know that it was started with 72.8 grams of magnesium. Convert it to molar mass (to use moles for comparison), and then find the mass of mg.

To find the solution concentration, you need to know the amount of solute and the volume of the solution.

The solution concentration is typically expressed in terms of molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). To calculate the molarity of a solution, divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.

Another way to express solution concentration is in terms of percent by mass or volume, which is calculated by dividing the mass or volume of the solute by the mass or volume of the solution and multiplying by 100.

To find the solution concentration, you'll need to calculate the ratio of solute (substance being dissolved) to solvent (substance doing the dissolving) in the mixture.

Concentration is commonly expressed in units like molarity (M), mass/volume percent, or parts per million (ppm).

To calculate molarity (M), divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solvent (in liters). The formula is:

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solvent (L)

For mass/volume percent, divide the mass of the solute by the total volume of the solution and multiply by 100. The formula is:

Mass/volume percent = (mass of solute / total volume of solution) x 100

For parts per million (ppm), divide the mass of the solute by the total mass of the solution and multiply by 1,000,000.

The formula is:
ppm = (mass of solute / total mass of solution) x 1,000,000
Choose the appropriate formula based on the units required for your specific problem.

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i) The equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc is:

[tex]Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2[/tex]

ii) n(HCl) = C × V = 1.0M × 0.05 L = 0.05 moles

iii) The volume of gas evolved at STP is 0.544 L or 544 mL.

The concentration of hydrochloric acid is 1.0M, which means that there is 1 mole of hydrochloric acid in 1 liter (1000 cm³) of solution. The volume of the hydrochloric acid used is 50 cm³, which is 0.05 liters.

According to the stoichiometry of the reaction, each mole of hydrochloric acid produces one mole of hydrogen ions, so the number of moles of hydrogen ions in the solution is also 0.05 moles.

The volume of gas evolved can be calculated from the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/K·mol), and T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K. The molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol.

From the equation for the reaction, we know that one mole of hydrogen gas is produced for every two moles of hydrochloric acid used. Therefore, the number of moles of hydrogen gas produced is:

n(H2) = 0.5 × n(HCl) = 0.5 × 0.05 moles = 0.025 moles

Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP:

V(H2) = n(H2) × RT/P = 0.025 mol × 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol × 273 K/1 atm = 0.544 L

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