8
Explanation:The octet rule explains reactivity in relation to valence electrons.
Valence Electrons
Firstly, let's define valence electrons. Across the periodic table, elements can have a wide range of total electrons. However, when discussing reactions, valence electrons are the most important. Electrons arrange themselves according to energy levels. Any electrons that are on the outermost energy level are considered valence electrons. Most valence energy levels, also called valence shells, hold 8 electrons.
Octet Rule
Now that we know what valence electrons are we can use them to determine reactivity. It is important to note that atoms are most stable when their valence shell is full (as supported by Hund's rule). The octet rule explains atoms will always attempt to fill their valence shell in order to become stable. If an atom has only a few valence electrons, then it will attempt to lose its electrons. On the other hand, atoms that almost have a full valence shell will attempt to gain new electrons.
The losing or gaining of electrons occurs during reactions. So, if an atom already has 8 valence electrons then it will not react. It is already stable, so it has no need to lose or gain more electrons.
Exceptions
While the octet rule explains a lot, like all rules in chemistry it has exceptions. The most common exceptions are hydrogen and helium. Due to the size of these atoms their valence shell can only hold 2 electrons. So, these atoms are actually unreactive at 2 valence electrons.
Another exception can be seen with sulfur and xenon. Both of these atoms are hypervalent. This means they can react even if they have 8 valence electrons. However, this exception is less common.
agcl would be least soluble in 1. 0.1 m hno3. 2. 0.1 m hcl. 3. 0.1 m nh3. 4. 0.1 m cacl2. 5. pure water.
The AgCl would be least soluble in 0.1M NaCl
Strength of NaCl Solution = 0.1M
K(sp) AgCl = 1.20 * 10⁻¹⁰
Let solubility of AgCl be 'x'
∴ AgCl ⇔ Ag⁺ + Cl⁻
x x x
∵ NaCl is strong electrolyte and is completely ionized. It shall provide Cl⁻ ion concentration = 0.1 M
[Ag⁺] = x [Cl⁻] = (x + 0.1) M
K(sp) = [Ag⁺] [Cl⁻] = x * (x + 0.1) = x² + 0.1x
∵ x << 1 ∴ x² is neglected
∴ 1.20 * 10⁻¹⁰ = 0.1x
⇒ [tex]x = \frac{1.20 * 10^{-10}}{0.1} = 1.20 * 10^{-9}[/tex]
Solubility of AgCl in 0.1M NaCl = 1.20 * 10⁻⁹M
By above method we find other four parts then we get,
Solubility of AgCl in 0.1M HCl = 1.8 * 10⁻¹⁰M
Solubility of AgCl in 0.1M NH₃ = 4.846 * 10⁻³M
Solubility of AgCl in 0.1M CaCl₂ = 1.8 * 10⁻¹⁰M
Solubility of AgCl in Pure Water = 1.5 * 10⁻¹⁰M
The order of solubility of AgCl in 1. 0.1M HNO₃. 2. 0.1M HCl. 3. 0.1M NH₃. 4. 0.1M CaCl₂. 5. Pure Water :-
0.1M NaCl < Pure Water < 0.1M HCl = 0.1M CaCl₂ < 0.1M NH₃
Thus, the AgCl would be least soluble in 0.1M NaCl
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a pure substance has the blank composition in all of the sample
A pure substance has definite composition and constant properties in all of the sample
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition and properties that are constant throughout the sample, ex: elements and compoundsElement: A substance that cant be broken down into chemically simpler components, ex: Aluminum , gold etcCompound : A substance that can be broken down into chemically simpler components, ex : water is compound composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen.All pure substances have definite set of properties but they can vary in their physical states, chemical compositions and color.Characteristics and Properties Of Pure Substances
Pure substances are homogeneous in nature containing only one type of atom or molecule.These substances have a constant or uniform composition throughout.These substances have fixed boiling and melting points.Pure substance usually participates in a chemical reaction to form products.Thus we can conclude that a pure substance has definite composition in all of the sample
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How does dissolving sugar in water show that matter is made up of particles?
Answer:
When we dissolve sugar into water, the particles of sugar occupy the spaces between the molecules of water and eventually all the sugar disappears.
Explanation:
Answer:
you can see tiny bits of sugar become wet
Explanation:
then, you can see particles of sugar expand everywhere.
How do I solve this?
The mass percentage of each compound in the mixture is as follows:
mass percentage of Lithium chloride, LiCl = 14.11%
mass percentage of Lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃ = 42.82%
mass percentage of lithium nitrate, LiNO₃ = 43.09%
What is the mass percentage of each compound in the mixture?The mass percentage of each compound in the mixture is calculated as follows:
Assuming the mixture consists of 1 mole of each of lithium chloride, LiCl, lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium nitrate, LiNO₃
Total mole of lithium = 4 moles
Total moles of oxygen = 6 moles
Total moles of Chloride = 1 mole
Total moles of Nitrogen = 1 mole
Li = 14.19 %
CI = 10.56%
C = 6.198 %
O = 59.06%
N = 10.01%
The mass percentage of each compound in the mixture will be:
mass percentage of Lithium chloride, LiCl = 14.19%/4 + 10.56% = 14.11%
mass percentage of Lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃ = 2 * (14.19 %/4) + 6.198 % + 3 * (59.06%/6) = 42.82%
mass percentage of lithium nitrate, LiNO₃ = 14.19 %/4 + 10.01% + 3 * (59.06%/6) = 43.09%
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Susie has a box that has a mass of 6g and volume of 2 cm3
. What is the Density of the box?
4. The equation below is
(look at what the reactants and products are)
6CO₂ + 6H₂0
-
C6H1206 +602
The equation below is photosynthesis .
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → [tex]C_{6} H_{12} O_{6}[/tex] + 6O₂
Water and carbon dioxide are converted into food by the process of photosynthesis , which occurs in the presence of sunlight in plants and photosynthetic bacteria . They create oxygen as a byproduct and glucose as the food . The photosynthesis equation is given as ,
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → [tex]C_{6} H_{12} O_{6}[/tex] + 6O₂
This indicates that the reactants, six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, are transformed into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules, the products, by light energy being absorbed by chlorophyll (implied by the arrow).
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. Apply Concepts Are there more tissues or more organs in your body
Explain your reasoning.
Answer:
Explanation:
Organs are more complex units than tissues. An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function.
There are more tissues in our body. Tissues are collections of comparable cells that collaborate to carry out particular functions.
Thus, cells are of the same type or different types, they work together to complete a certain mission.
Epithelial tissue, which lines the skin and organs, muscle tissue, which enables movement, and nerve tissue, which transmits electrical signals are a few examples of tissues.
Organs are structures consisting of two or more distinct tissue types that cooperate to carry out a certain function or group of functions in the body. Organs have certain shapes and purposes. Heart is one instance of an organ.
Thus, There are more tissues in our body. Tissues are collections of comparable cells that collaborate to carry out particular functions.
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how many molecules are contained in a 5.15g sample of dimethylmercury?
The molecules in a 5.15 g sample of dimethylmercury is 1.32 x 10²².
Dimethylmercury is a highly volatile, toxic liquid, which is reactive and colourless. Its molecular formula is C₂H₆Hg. It is used in NMR instruments for calibration. It has risks involved, so it has few applications and used in a lesser quantity.
Dimethylmercury C₂H₆Hg has a molecular mass of -
Molecular mass = (12x2) x (1x6) x 200.59 = 230.6 g/mol
Now,
number of moles in 5.15 g of dimethylmercury = 5.15 = 0.022 mol
230.6
1 mole of dimethylmercury contains 6.022 x 10²³ molecules
So, 0.022 moles of dimethylmercury contains 0.022 x (6.022 x 10²³) = 1.32 x 10²² molecules
Molecules contained in 5.15 g sample of dimethylmercury is
1.32 x 10²²
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some molecules such as iodine have two atom to make up th ubstamce, while others have thousands. a molecule of sugar has 45 atoms. if ugar crystal has 1000 molecules how many atoms are present
Through unit conversion, it has been determined that a crystal of sugar contains 45,000 atoms.
The problem can be solved through unit conversion. The atoms of the table sugar, with a molecular formula of C12H22O11, are 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms. As stated in the problem, a molecule of sugar has 45 atoms and a crystal of sugar has 1000 molecules.
In solving for the number of atoms in a sugar crystal, we will be getting the product between the number of molecules per crystal of sugar to the number of atoms per molecule.
(1000 molecules of sugar/crystal of sugar) * (45 atoms of sugar/molecule of sugar) = 45,000 atoms of sugar/crystal of sugar.
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state the name given to the different structures that can be drawn to represent the covalent bonding in a molecule that has more than one position in the molecule for a multiple bond
Structures that can be drawn to represent the covalent bonding in a molecule that has more than one position in the molecule for a multiple bond are known as Position Isomers.
Position isomers are isomers with same chemical formula but the functional group is attached to different position of carbon in different structures.
Example-
Hex1-ene , Hex2-ene, Hex3-ene are position isomers with double bond on first, second and third carbon respectively as shown below-
[tex]CH_2= CH-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3\\CH_3-CH=CH-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3\\CH_3-CH_2-CH=CH-CH_2-CH_3[/tex]
Other examples are pent1-yne and pent2-yne where triple bond is on first and second carbon respectively.
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the diameter of the nucleus of an atom is approximately 1 × 10-15 meters. if 1 nm is equal to 10 ångstroms, what is the diameter of the nucleus in ångstroms?
The diameter of the nucleus in angstrom, given the data is 1×10⁻⁵ angstrom
Conversion scale1 nm = 10 angstrom
Data obtained from the questionThe following data were obtained from the question:
Diameter (in meters) = 1×10⁻¹⁵ mDiameter (in angstrom) =?How to convert 1×10⁻¹⁵ m to nm1 m = 1×10⁹ nm
Therefore,
1×10⁻¹⁵ m = (1×10⁻¹⁵ m × 1×10⁹ nm) / 1 m
1×10⁻¹⁵ m = 1×10⁻⁶ nm
How to convert 1×10⁻⁶ nm to angstrom1 nm = 10 angstrom
Therefore,
1×10⁻⁶ nm = (1×10⁻⁶ nm × 10 angstrom) / 1 nm
1×10⁻⁶ nm = 1×10⁻⁵ angstrom
Thus, the diameter of the nucleus in angstrom is 1×10⁻⁵ angstrom
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During science lab, some students added small pieces of magnesium (Mg) to hydrochloric acid (HCl). They noticed that bubbles formed, the test tube got hot, and the magnesium disappeared.
Which of the following is a sign that a chemical reaction has taken place in this experiment?
A) odor B) formation of gas C) decrease in temperature D) formation of a precipitate
Help with 3 and 4?? Please asap!!
Answer:
A for number 3 and C for number 4
Explanation:
I hope you pass this homework
A+95. 0+wt%+solution+of+ethanol+(ch3ch2oh,+fm+46. 07)+in+water+has+a+density+of+0. 804+g/ml. +what+is+the+molar+concentration+of+ethanol+in+this+solution?
The molar concentration of ethanol in this solution is 16.58 M.
percentage by weight of ethanol = 95%
M(CH₃CH₂OH) = 46.07 g/mol; molar mass od ethanol
d = 0.804 g/ml; density of the solution
Take 100 ml (0.1 l) of solution:
m(CH₃CH₂OH) = 100 ml × 0.804 g/ml × 0.95
m(CH₃CH₂OH) = 76.38 g; mass of pure ethanol
n(CH₃CH₂OH) = 76.38 ÷ 46.07 g/mol
n(CH₃CH₂OH) = 1.658 mol; amount of pure ethanol
c(CH₃CH₂OH) = 1.658 mol ÷ 0.1 l
c(CH₃CH₂OH) = 16.58 mol/l; the molar concentration of the solution
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of the solute per liter of the solution. It is denoted by M.
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The periodic table of elements should really be called the periodic table of atoms. Use oxygen as an example to explain why?
The atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, controls the electrons in the atoms, which in turn control the chemistry.
The periodic table is all about chemistry, for one simple reason. The atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus, controls the electrons in the atoms, which in turn control the chemistry.
The atomic number is what distinguishes an element.
Additionally, if we have two distinct isotopes of the same element, their atom types will differ.
As a result, there is significant power in using isotopic systems that only use one element, as demonstrated by the analysis of the three oxygen isotopes (16O, 17O, 18O), which have different properties, should be treated as different types of atoms in an atoms table.
As each isotope of an element is listed as a different species, the chart of the nuclides can be thought of as a "chart of atoms."
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If you have any two gases in different containers that are the same size at the same pressure and same temperature, what is true about the moles of each gas?.
According to Avogadro’s law, the number of moles of each gas is same in the two different containers of same size at same temperature and pressure conditions.
According to Avogadro’s law, equal volume of different gases at same temperature and pressure conditions have equal number of molecules. At standard temperature and pressure conditions, Avogadro's law states that 6.022 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules of gas is present in 22.4L.
1 mole of gas is equal to the number of atoms of the elements that make up the gas. According to Avogadro’s law, 1 mole of gas contains 6.022 x [tex]10^2^3[/tex] molecules. Therefore, the number of moles of the different gases at same temperature and pressure conditions is same.
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when 3.12 g of a nonelectrolyte solute is dissolved in water to make 215 ml of solution at 27 °c, the solution exerts an osmotic pressure of 913 torr. what is the molar concentration of the solution? concentration: m how many moles of solute are in the solution? moles of solute: mol what is the molar mass of the solute? molar mass:
0.0105 mol of non-electrolyte solute, with 297.14 g/mol molar mass, is dissolved in water to make a 0.0488 M solution.
Given:
mass of solute (m) = 3.12 gvolume of solution (V) = 215 mL Temperature (T) = 27 deg C or 300 KGas-constant (R) = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-KOsmotic pressure is expressed mathematically as π=M*R*T. The concentration of the solution "M" should be expressed in molarity, mol/L. Through the use of the formula, let us solve for the concentration of the solution. The osmotic pressure must be converted to atm.
Conversion factor: 1 atm has 760 torr.
913 torr * (1 atm/760 torr) = 1.20131 atm
π = 1.20131 atm = M*(0.08206 L-atm/mol-K)*(300 K)
M = 0.0488 M
From the molar concentration of the solution, we can solve for the number of moles of the solute.
M = mol solute / volume solution
mol solute = M * volume solution
mol solute = 0.0488 M * (215 mL) * (1 L/1000 mL)
mol solute = 0.0105 mol
Then, we can solve for the molar mass of the solute.
molar mass solute = mass solute / mol solute
molar mass solute = 3.12 g / 0.0105 mol
molar mass solute = 297.14 g/mol
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1. When adding the measurements 4.56 g and 0.01860 g, what is the reported value (to the correct number of significant figures)?
The reported value of adding 4.56 g to 0.01860 g to the correct significant figures will be 4.58 g.
Addition rule guiding significant figuresAccording to one of the rules guiding addition operation in significant figures., the number with the lowest significant figure to the right of the decimal place determines the number of significant figures in the final answer.
Thus, in operation: 4.56 + 0.01860, the number with the lowest significant figures to the right of the decimal place is 4.56 with 2 significant figures after the decimal place.
In other words, the final answer of the operation will also have two significant figures after the decimal.
Hence;
4.56 + 0.01860 = 4.58 g
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Which of the following groups/families has an oxidation number/charge of -1?
Answer: I don't know try your best
Explanation:
Draw the conjugate acid for the following base (lone pairs do not have to be drawn):
Answer:
\ \
=o + H+ ----> =o
/- /
conjugate acid is the product that is differ from the base by one proton
Mike has an object thrown in the air. It has the mass of 10kg and is 2 meters above the ground. Calculate the potential energy of the object
Answer:
200J or 196J
Explanation:
mass = 10kg
gravity = 9.8 or 10 ( the answer might vary if u take either 10 or 9.8 as the gravitational value )
height = 2 meter
p.e= mgh
option 1
10×10×2 = 200 Joules
option 2
10×9.8×2 = 196 Joules
better to take 9.8 as gravitational value
hope it helps
Using the dimensional Analysis
In the Above questions to convert 14,612 mL to DAL which of the following portrays to correct set up
The correct dimensional analysis for the conversion of 14,612 mL to daL is shown in option A.
What is unit conversion?Many times, it important to determine the value of measurement across different units. This is why we need to convert from on unit to another. Such a conversion is made possible by the use of a conversion factor.
Now we know that there is a conversion factor that could be used to convert mL to daL. This conversion factor has to be laid out in a way that is dimensionally correct so that the units could cancel out.
The correct dimensional analysis for the conversion of 14,612 mL to daL is shown in option A.
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when solid pellets of sodium hydroxide (naoh) dissolve in water, the temperature of the water can rise dramatically. taking naoh as the system, what can you deduce about the signs of the entropy change of the system (δssys) and surroundings (δssurr) from this?
ΔSsys and ΔSsurr both have values larger than 0.
Entropy Change: What Is It?Entropy change is a phenomena that measures the evolution of randomness or disorder in a thermodynamic system.It has to do with how heat or enthalpy is converted during work. More unpredictability in a thermodynamic system indicates high entropy.Heat transport (delta Q) divided by temperature equals the change in entropy (delta S).What causes variations in entropy?When a substance is divided into several pieces, entropy rises. Because the solute particles are split apart when a solution is generated, the dissolving process increases entropy. As the temperature rises, entropy increases.learn more about entropy change here
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which ionic bond is stronger: the ionic bond between calcium ions and chloride ions in crystalline calcium chloride , or the ionic bond between potassium ions and chloride ions in crystalline ? explain.
CaCl2 has a stronger ionic bond than KCl because Ca+2 is smaller than K+ in size.
What is the working of ionic bonds ?A stable link formed by the complete transfer of the valence electron is known as an ionic bond. This kind of interaction results in the formation of positive ions, also known as cations, and negative ions, also known as anions.
This kind of interaction is exemplified by the ionic bond in sodium chloride, a salt. The sodium valence electron is transferred to the outer electron shell of chloride. Ionic molecules form the basis of ionic compounds.The three types of bonds that frequently develop are covalent bonds between nonmetals, ionic bonds between metals and nonmetals, and metallic connections between metals.Learn more about Ionic bond here:
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The solubility of cacl2 in water is 25g per 50 ml of h2o. How many grams of cacl2 will dissolved to form a saturated solution in 10 ml of water?.
Answer:
5 g
Explanation:
50/10 = 5,
25/5 = 5grams
hope this works: )
add or subtract the following measurements. be sure each answer you enter contains the correct number of significant digits. −4.520g1.3g
The significant digits are
4 significant digits (addition) = -3.220g
subtract: -5.820g, which has four significant digits.
The process for determining significant digitsTo calculate how many significant figures are in a number, use the three guidelines below:Non-zero digits are always significant. Notable zeros fall inside the range of two significant digits.The final zero or subsequent zeros only matter in the decimal part.What are some significant digits examples?Any pair of non-zero digits separated by a zero is significant. The number 108.0097, for instance, includes seven significant digits.Every zero that is both to the right and left of a digit that is not zero and the decimal point has no significance.The number 0.00798, for instance, contained three significant digits.learn more about significant digits here
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How many valence electrons does Sodium (atomic #11) have? (1 pt)
*
1 point
1
7
8
11
Look at the clock and listen to the statement. Indicate whether the statement is cierto or falso. Questions 0:13 / 0:48 1. Cierto falso 2. Cierto falso 3
Answer:
Amigo esta es mi respuesta
Explanation:
No entiendo
write a net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueos solutions of sodium hydroxide and hypochlorus aicd are combined
[tex]HClO_4 + NaOH[/tex] → [tex]NaClO_4 + H_2O[/tex] Is the net ionic reaction when sodium hydroxide and hypochlorous acid is combined.
When the combine acid and base, neutralization reaction occurs which results in formation of salt and water because
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
This reaction is known as neutralization reaction.
Here, Sodium hydroxide is base and hypochlorous acid is an acid .
So salt [tex]NaClO_4[/tex] and water is formed.
This reaction is also an example of double displacement reaction.
[tex]HClO_4 and NaOH[/tex] breaks into [tex]H^{+} , ClO_4^{-} and Na^{+} , OH^{-}[/tex] ions respectively and displaces other ion from other compound.
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8. What are the bold faced words in the text?
This style of boldface writing has a few authorized applications. In general, style manuals advise against using it to emphasize. Italics and sentence structure are used for this. It is preferable to utilize boldface text sparingly because it might be aesthetically obtrusive.
Often boldfaced and larger than the surrounding text, titles, headers, and subheadings are used. For instance, the heading "Titles and headings" in this section is bold. This is typical for web publishing.
Boldface is frequently used in textbooks, manuals, and various types of web writing to draw attention to the first occurrence of a crucial keyword that is crucial to the topic of a chapter or article. For instance, in our article on the distinction between program and programme, we boldfaced the text to draw attention to the first occurrence of each keyword (i.e., program and programme). Later, the words do not appear in boldface.
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