how might the polarity of h bond and electronegativity of the center atom make it more likely for the hydrogen ion to leave the molecule

Answer: 28.0 L

Explanation:

At standard temperature and pressure, 1 mole of any gas is always 22.4 L. So, all you have to do for this problem is multiply 22.4 L by the amount of moles, 1.25.

[tex]22.4*1.25=28.0 L[/tex]

The change in energy for an electron within a hydrogen atom that undergoes a transition from an initial energy level with principal quantum number n₁ to a final energy level with principal quantum number n₂ is [tex]2.179872 * 10^{-18} J[/tex].

The change in energy for an electron within a hydrogen atom that undergoes a transition from an initial energy level with principal quantum number n₁ to a final energy level with principal quantum number n₂ is given by the formula:

[tex]\Delta E = -Rhc[(\frac{1}{n_2^2}) - (\frac{1}{n_1^2})][/tex]

Where ΔE is the change in energy, R is the Rydberg constant [tex](1.0973731568508 * 10^7 m^{-1})[/tex], h is the Planck constant [tex](6.62607015 * 10^{-34} J*s)[/tex], and c is the speed of light [tex](2.99792458 * 10^8 m/s)[/tex].

Plugging in the values for n₁ and n₂, we can calculate the change in energy:

[tex]\Delta E = -Rhc[\frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{9} ][/tex]

[tex]\Delta E = -Rhc[(-\frac{5}{36} )][/tex]

[tex]\Delta E = (\frac{5}{36} )Rhc[/tex]

[tex]\Delta E = (\frac{5}{36})*(1.0973731568508 * 10^7 )*(6.62607015 * 10^{-34})*(2.99792458 * 10^8)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta E = 2.179872 * 10^{-18}[/tex] J

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The density of the cube with sides of 2cm and a mass of 100g is 12.5 g/cm³.

How to calculate the density of the cube?

The density of the object is defined as its mass-per-unit volume. In this case, we know the mass of the cube and we can calculate its volume as the cube of the length of its sides.

The volume of the cube is:

V = (2 cm)³ = 8 cm³

Next, The density can be calculated using the following formula:

Density = mass / volume

Density = 100 g / 8 cm³ = 12.5 g/cm³

Therefore, the density of the cube is 12.5 g/cm³.

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An atom's diagram consists of three rings, which are named A, B, and C from outside to inside. Every single electron in A and B. Inside ring C, there are 4 protons and 5 neutrons. The location of the strong nuclear force in the atomic model below is C.

The exchange of particles known as mesons between nucleons produces the strong nuclear force. This interaction can be compared to two persons repeatedly striking a tennis ball or ping-pong ball back and forth.

The model depicted the atom as having a nucleus, which is a small, dense, positively charged centre around which the lighter, negatively charged outer layers orbit.

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Question:

In the following atomic model, where does the strong nuclear force happen? A diagram of an atom has three rings, labeled from outside to inside A, B, and C. A and B each carry two electrons. Inside ring C are 4 protons and 5 neutrons. outside A between A and B between B and C inside C

The vector L can be written in unit vector notation as L = 14.5i - 63.8j. To write the vector L in unit vector notation, we first need to find its components in the x- and y-directions.

The magnitude of the vector L is 65.4 units, and its direction is -98.7°.

The x-component of L can be found by multiplying the magnitude of L by the cosine of its direction angle:

Lx = 65.4 cos(-98.7°) = 14.5

The y-component of L can be found by multiplying the magnitude of L by the sine of its direction angle:

Ly = 65.4 sin(-98.7°) = -63.8

Therefore, the vector L can be written in unit vector notation as:

L = 14.5i - 63.8j

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The combination [tex]H_2CO_3(aq)[/tex]  and [tex]KHCO_3(aq)[/tex]  is a buffer system.

A buffer system is a solution that can resist changes in pH when small amounts of an acid or a base are added to it. A buffer is usually composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A buffer system works by absorbing any added acid or base with its weak acid or weak base components.

[tex]H_2CO_3(aq)[/tex] and [tex]KHCO_3(aq)[/tex]  is a buffer system because [tex]H2CO_3[/tex] is a weak acid, and [tex]KHCO_3[/tex] is its conjugate base.

Therefore, this combination of [tex]H_2CO_3(aq)[/tex]  and [tex]KHCO_3(aq)[/tex] is capable of acting as a buffer system.

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b) The freezing point of the solution is less than the freezing point of the pure liquid solvent

c) The vapour pressure above the solution is greater than the vapour pressure above the pure liquid solvent

e) The boiling point of the solution is greater than the boiling point of the pure liquid solvent

What is Freezing Point?

Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid upon cooling, at a given pressure. It is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase and solid phase of a substance are equal, and hence the liquid and solid are in equilibrium. At this point, the liquid loses its fluidity and turns into a solid form.

When a non-volatile solute (one that does not evaporate easily) is dissolved in a liquid solvent, the solution's physical properties, such as boiling point, freezing point, and vapour pressure, are affected. The extent of these changes is determined by the concentration of the solute in the solution.

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False. An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell in which an external electric current is used to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction. In contrast, a galvanic or voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous redox reaction generates an electric current.

The process involves applying an external voltage to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous reaction, resulting in a flow of electrons through the external circuit. In an electrolytic cell, the anode is the electrode at which oxidation occurs, while the cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs. The electrolyte solution contains ions that are reduced or oxidized at the electrodes. Electrolytic cells are used in various industrial processes, such as the production of metals and the purification of substances.

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Atomic nuclei's unstable arrangement leads to radioactivity. Atoms with unstable nuclei can spontaneously go through a process known as radioactive decay where they release electromagnetic radiation and/or particles to attain a more stable configuration.

Radiation is the general term used to describe the particles and energy released during radioactive disintegration.

Alpha, beta, and gamma decay are the three kinds of radioactive decay. The center releases an alpha particle during alpha decay, which is made up of two protons and two neutrons.

The atomic number is decreased by two, and the mass number is decreased by four. The nucleus releases a beta particle, either an electron or a positron, during beta decay. The amount of protons and/or neutrons in the nucleus is altered as a result.

Radioactivity can be created intentionally, as in the case of nuclear reactions in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons, or it can occur naturally, as in the case of radioactive isotopes like uranium and thorium found in the earth's crust.

Depending on the radiation type, dose, and length of exposure, the effects of radiation exposure can vary from no harm to severe health effects like radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic damage.

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The decay of phosphorus can be modelled using exponential decay, which is given by the equation:

N(t) = N0 × [tex]e^{-kt}[/tex]

where N(t) represents the quantity of phosphorus still present at time t, N0 represents the initial quantity of phosphorus (20 g in this example), k represents the decay constant, and e represents the base of the natural logarithm (approximately equal to 2.718).

Given that the daily percentage decay is 5%, the decay constant k can be determined as follows:

k = ln(1 - 0.05)/(-1 day) ≈ 0.0513 day⁻¹

To find the time it takes for half the amount of phosphorus to decay, we can set N(t) equal to N0/2 and solve for t:

N(t) = N0/2 = N0 × [tex]e^{-kt}[/tex]

[tex]e^{-kt}[/tex] = 1/2

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, we get:

-ln(2) = -kt

Solving for t, we get:

t = ln(2)/k ≈ 13.5 days

Therefore, it will take about 13.5 days for half of the initial amount of phosphorus (10 g) to decay.

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The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of ascorbic acid (H2C6H6O6) with NaOH is:

H2C6H6O6 + 2 NaOH → Na2C6H6O6 + 2 H2O

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of ascorbic acid reacts with 2 moles of NaOH.

The number of moles of NaOH used in the titration is:

n(NaOH) = C(NaOH) x V(NaOH)

n(NaOH) = 0.100 mol/L x 0.0220 L

n(NaOH) = 0.00220 mol

Since 2 moles of NaOH react with 1 mole of ascorbic acid, the number of moles of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

n(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00220 mol / 2 = 0.00110 mol

The mass of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

m(H2C6H6O6) = n(H2C6H6O6) x M(H2C6H6O6)

m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.00110 mol x 176.13 g/mol

m(H2C6H6O6) = 0.193 g

The percentage of ascorbic acid in the mixture is:

% H2C6H6O6 = (m(H2C6H6O6) / m(mixture)) x 100%

% H2C6H6O6 = (0.193 g / 0.500 g) x 100%

% H2C6H6O6 = 38.6%

Therefore, the mixture contains 38.6% ascorbic acid.

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The best reason a writer would use an unreliable narrator is B. Using an unreliable narrator can create excitement and tension.

An unreliable narrator is a literary technique where the narrator's credibility is compromised due to their lack of honesty, mental state, or understanding of events. Using an unreliable narrator can create suspense and tension in a story since the reader is unsure of what is true or false.

In contrast, using a reliable narrator may not create as much tension or intrigue since the reader is more likely to trust the narrator's account of events. However, it is important to note that using an unreliable narrator can also lead to frustration for the reader if the author does not handle the technique effectively.

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The correct reagent needed to convert [tex]CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 to CH3CH2CHO[/tex] is c. LiAlH4.

Reagent refers to the substance or compounds which help in detecting or measuring some other substances by taking part in chemical reactions.

A reagent is often used to detect or determine the presence of a substance, to cause a reaction, or to serve as a standard for comparison.

LiAlH4 is a strong reducing agent that is commonly used for chemical reductions. Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is a reducing agent used in organic chemistry.

It is mainly used for the reduction of esters, carboxylic acids, and amides to alcohols, aldehydes, and amines, respectively. Therefore, LiAlH4 is required to convert [tex]CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 to CH3CH2CHO[/tex].

The reaction is as follows:[tex]CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3 + 4[H] → CH3CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2OH + HCOOCH2CH2CH3[/tex]

Thus, the correct answer is option c.

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Answer:

the temperature needed to change 2.5 dm³ of nitrogen at 2 atm and 300 K to 3.0 dm³ and 2.5 atm is approximately 450 degrees Celsius.

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law:

(P1 * V1) / (T1) = (P2 * V2) / (T2)

Where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature.

We are given:

P1 = 2 atm

V1 = 2.5 dm³

T1 = 300 K

And we are asked to find T2 when:

V2 = 3.0 dm³

P2 = 2.5 atm

Substituting these values into the combined gas law, we get:

(2 atm * 2.5 dm³) / (300 K) = (2.5 atm * 3.0 dm³) / (T2)

Simplifying this equation, we get:

T2 = (2.5 atm * 3.0 dm³ * 300 K) / (2 atm * 2.5 dm³)

T2 = 450 K

Yes, energy is conserved in this experiment. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed from one form to another.

Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. It can be classified into two categories: potential energy and kinetic energy.

Potential energy is stored energy that can be released later, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

The sources of error in the experiment include:

Human error: This refers to mistakes made by the experimenter during the experiment. This can include incorrect measurements, misinterpretation of data, or forgetting to record data.

Systematic error: This refers to errors that arise from a problem with the apparatus or instrument used in the experiment. This type of error is consistent and can be corrected by recalibrating the equipment.

Random error: This is an error that occurs due to the unpredictability of the experiment, and it cannot be controlled. This error is not consistent, and it is usually caused by environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations or vibration.

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The conversion from pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is a one-way process where the reverse process cannot occur.

Pyruvate is a product of glycolysis, and it can be converted to acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

However, once pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, it cannot be converted back to pyruvate through a simple reversal of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

This is because the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is an irreversible step that is highly exergonic, meaning it releases a large amount of free energy and cannot occur spontaneously in the opposite direction.

Other anabolic and catabolic conversions involving compounds such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are generally reversible, allowing the cell to adjust its metabolic pathway depending on its energy and nutrient needs.

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Catalyst helps in changing the rate of a chemical reaction by  making the reaction more exothermic, which allows it to take place more quickly.

In chemistry, a catalyst is any substance that speeds up a reaction without consuming itself. Many crucial biochemical reactions are catalysed by enzymes, which are substances that occur naturally.

The majority of solid catalysts are made of metals, or the oxides, sulphides, and halides of metals, as well as of the semimetallic elements silicon, aluminium, and boron. Solid catalysts are frequently dispersed in materials known as catalyst supports, while gaseous and liquid catalysts are typically used in their pure form or in combination with appropriate carriers or solvents.

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Carbon dioxide concentrations have grown significantly since the beginning of the industrial period, going from an annual average of 280 ppm in the late 1700s to 414 ppm in 2021 – a 48 percent increase.

The greenhouse gas equivalent concentration has been developed in order to total their impacts on the atmosphere. This is the CO2 concentration that would produce the same amount of radiative forcing as a combination of CO2 and other greenhouse gases over a 100-year time horizon.

CO2 accounts for over 76% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Methane, largely from agriculture, accounts for 16% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, while nitrous oxide, primarily from industry and agriculture, accounts for 6%.

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The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is  294 mm and 455 mm respectively.

[tex]P_{total}[/tex] = 749 mm[tex]H_{g}[/tex]

The Partial pressure of a gas is equals to the mole fraction of that gas x total pressure according to the Raoult's law.

moles Xenon = 16.8 g x 1 mole Xenon / 131 g = 0.128 moles Xenon

moles Nitrogen = 5.54 g N2 x 1 mole N2 / 28 g = 0.198 moles N2

Total moles of gas = 0.128 moles x 0.198 moles = 0.326 moles

Mole fraction of the Xenon = 0.128/0.326 = 0.393

Mole fraction Nitrogen = 0.198/0.326 = 0.607

Partial pressure of Xenon = 0.393 x 749 mm Hg = 294 mm [tex]H_{g}[/tex]

Partial pressure of Nitrogen = 0.607 x 749 mm Hg = 455 mm [tex]H_{g}[/tex]

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The correct question is,

A mixture of xenon and nitrogen gases, at a total pressure of 749 mm Hg, contains 16.8 grams of xenon and 5.54 grams of nitrogen. What is the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture?

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The correct option is A, the pH value of 1.2 would correspond to the highest concentration of hydronium ions.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Solutions with a pH below 7 are considered acidic, while solutions with a pH above 7 are considered basic or alkaline.

The pH value of a solution affects the chemical and biological processes that occur within it. For example, enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms, have an optimal pH range in which they function best. Changes in pH can also affect the solubility and stability of drugs and other chemicals. Measuring pH is important in many fields, including chemistry, biology, medicine, and environmental science. Common methods for measuring pH include pH meters and litmus paper

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If the initial concentrations of Pb2+ and Cu2+ are 3.0 M and 0.5 M, respectively, the voltage will decrease.

However,let's consider the most common type of reaction, which is a redox reaction.A redox reaction occurs when electrons are transferred between reactants. Electrons are gained by the oxidizing agent, whereas electrons are lost by the reducing agent. A galvanic cell uses a redox reaction to create electrical energy through the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent.As a result, the direction of the electron flow establishes the voltage of the galvanic cell. So, the voltage is directly proportional to the strength of the reducing agent and inversely proportional to the strength of the oxidizing agent. As a result, the greater the difference between the two half-reactions' standard electrode potentials, the greater the voltage.

The Nernst equation is used to calculate the voltage of a galvanic cell. The equation is as follows: E = E° - (RT/nF) ln(Q)Where E is the voltage of the cell,E° is the standard voltage of the cell,R is the universal gas constant,T is the temperature in Kelvin,n is the number of moles of electrons transferred,F is Faraday's constant,Q is the reaction quotient.

For a redox reaction, the cell voltage may be calculated using the following formula: E°cell = E°red,cathode - E°red,anode = E°red,oxidized - E°red,reducedIn the absence of reaction specifics, it is impossible to determine whether the voltage will increase or decrease. The initial concentrations of Pb2+ and Cu2+ are irrelevant because the reaction's enthalpy, entropy, and activation energy are critical in determining the voltage of a galvanic cell.

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As a lead-acid battery is discharged, the pH of the solution in the battery decreases.Additionally, the voltage of the cell decreases as the battery discharges.

As a lead-acid battery is discharged, the pH of the solution in the battery decreases. This is because the overall reaction of the battery results in the production of hydrogen ions (H+) at the negative electrode and the consumption of hydrogen ions at the positive electrode. The accumulation of H+ ions at the negative electrode causes the pH to decrease.

Additionally, the voltage of the cell decreases as the battery discharges. This is because the availability of reactants decreases as the reaction progresses, resulting in a decrease in the driving force for the reaction. The voltage of a lead-acid battery is directly proportional to the concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the electrolyte. As the battery discharges, the concentration of sulfuric acid decreases, leading to a decrease in voltage.
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The electrolysis of a Bi(NO3)3 solution produces Bi at the cathode according to the following equation:

Bi3+(aq) + 3e- → Bi(s)

The amount of Bi produced at the cathode is proportional to the amount of charge passed through the cell, which is given by the equation:

Q = I × t

where Q is the charge in coulombs (C), I is the current in amperes (A), and t is the time in seconds (s).

To determine the time required to produce 30.0 g of Bi using a current of 25.0 A, we need to calculate the amount of charge required to produce this amount of Bi. The molar mass of Bi is 208.98 g/mol, so the number of moles of Bi required is:

n = m/M = 30.0 g/208.98 g/mol = 0.1436 mol

According to the balanced chemical equation, 3 moles of electrons are required to produce 1 mole of Bi. Therefore, the total number of moles of electrons required is:

n(e-) = 3 × n = 0.4308 mol

The total charge required is equal to the number of moles of electrons multiplied by the charge on an electron:

Q = n(e-) × F = 0.4308 mol × 96,485 C/mol = 41,602 C

Finally, we can use the equation Q = I × t to calculate the time required to produce the necessary charge:

t = Q/I = 41,602 C/25.0 A = 1,664.1 s

Therefore, it would take 1,664.1 seconds, or about 28 minutes, to produce 30.0 g of Bi using a current of 25.0 A.

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Answer:

6.00x10^-6 moles of salt in the test tube.

Explanation:

See the attached worksheet.  The first step is to determine the concentration of the original, in M (moles/liter).  Be sure to accomodate the different units.  1 liter = 1000 ml.  

Molar is the accepted measure of concentration in the sceinces.  It is defined as 1 mole/1 liter.

Answer:

I belive the answers is C but I'm not certain

Explanation:

None

Answer:

A liquid's boiling point (BP) is the temperature at which it transitions from a liquid to a gas phase. The BP of the liquid being distilled changes as the process continues during distillation.

A liquid mixture's initial BP should be lower than its final BP because the initial BP reflects the temperature at which the mixture's most volatile components evaporate and the final BP indicates the temperature at which the mixture's least volatile components vaporize.

The concentration of the more volatile components in the liquid mixture reduces as the distillation advances, which causes the BP to rise. This implies that the vapor generated has fewer volatile components and more of the less volatile components. Because the boiling points of the less volatile components are higher, the temperature of the vapor in the distillation apparatus must be raised to guarantee that these components also evaporate and are collected.

Explanation:

Examining the vapor-liquid equilibrium curve for the combination being distilled can help explain why the BP grows as the distillation advances. The connection between temperature and the composition of the vapor and liquid phases in equilibrium at a particular pressure is depicted by this curve.

The vapor generated at the start of the distillation has a high concentration of the more volatile components. As the distillation process advances, the concentration of these components in the liquid diminishes, causing the vapor's composition to shift towards the less volatile components.

The temperature at which the vapor is in equilibrium with the liquid changes as its composition changes. To evaporate the less volatile components with higher boiling points, the temperature must be raised. This implies that as the distillation advances, the BP of the mixture will rise, with the final BP denoting the temperature at which all of the components in the mixture have been vaporized and collected.

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As the distillation progresses, the boiling point (BP) should rise. The BP of a substance is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

When the distillation begins, the temperature at which the liquid begins to boil is known as the initial boiling point (IBP).The IBP for a mixture containing several liquids is typically lower than 100°C because the vapor pressure is generated from the liquid with the lowest boiling point. As the temperature rises, the vapor pressure of the other liquids in the mixture starts to rise as well, causing them to boil off. The temperature at which the last component boils off is known as the final boiling point (FBP). The FBP should be about 100°C since the atmospheric pressure is typically 1 atm or 760 mmHg. Therefore, the BP of a substance rises as distillation progresses.

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When given a choice of atoms, the atom that should be put in the center of a Lewis structure is the atom that is nearer to the right and highest up on the periodic table.

A Lewis structure is a model that shows how electrons are arranged in an atom, molecule, or ion. Lewis structures depict bonding in molecules, including covalent bonds, and the arrangement of electrons. The Lewis structure of a molecule or polyatomic ion is a two-dimensional representation that uses lines to depict covalent bonds and dots to depict lone electron pairs.

Based on electronegativity, the atom that should be placed in the center of a Lewis structure is the atom with the highest electronegativity. Electronegativity is the measure of the tendency of an atom to draw electrons towards itself when in a chemical bond. The atom that is closer to the top right corner of the periodic table, typically non-metals, has higher electronegativity than the ones in the lower left corner, typically metals.

The other options - the atom that is nearer to the right and lowest down on the periodic table, the atom that is nearer to the left and highest up on the periodic table, the atom that is nearer to the left and lowest down on the periodic table - are incorrect as they do not follow the rules of electronegativity.

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The pH of a 0.57 M solution of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid  is measured to be 2.60. The acid dissociation constant of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid is  1.11 x 10^(-5) rounded to 2 significant digits.

The acid dissociation reaction for 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid can be represented as follows:

[tex]HCHNO_2(aq)[/tex] + [tex]H_2O(l)[/tex]  ⇌ [tex]H_3O^+(aq)[/tex] +[tex]CHNO_2^-(aq)[/tex]

The acid dissociation constant, Ka, is the equilibrium constant for this process, and it is given by:

Ka =[tex][H_3O^+][CHNO_2^-][/tex] / [tex][HCHNO_2][/tex]

To determine Ka, we need to find the concentrations of the species involved in the equilibrium. We know the concentration of [tex]HCHNO_2[/tex]  is 0.57 M, and the pH of the solution is 2.60.

Using the pH, we can find the concentration of [tex]H_3O^+[/tex] using the following equation:

pH = -log[[tex]H_3O^+[/tex]]

2.60 = -log[[tex]H_3O^+[/tex]]

[[tex]H_3O^+[/tex]] = 10^(-2.60) = 2.51 x 10^(-3) M

Since [tex]HCHNO_2[/tex]  is a monoprotic acid, the concentration of [tex]CHNO_2^-[/tex]  is equal to the concentration of [tex]H_3O^+[/tex], i.e., [[tex]CHNO_2^-[/tex]] = [[tex]H_3O^+[/tex]] = 2.51 x 10^(-3) M.

On Substituting  we get:

Ka = (2.51 x 10^(-3))^2 / 0.57 = 1.11 x 10^(-5)

Therefore, the acid dissociation constant is 1.11 x 10^(-5), [rounded to 2 significant digits.]

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The probable question may be:

The pH of a 0.57 M solution of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid is measured to be 2.60. Calculate the acid dissociation constant K, of 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Round your answer to 2 significant digits