Answer:
The landlord, at commencement of the tenancy, must ensure that screens are installed in a reasonable condition. Thereafter, the landlord must repair damage to screens once annually, when necessary, until termination of the rental agreement.
Answer: Once anually
Explanation:
The landlord, at commencement of the tenancy, must ensure that screens are installed in a reasonable condition. Thereafter, the landlord must repair damage to screens once annually, when necessary, until termination of the rental agreement
QUESTION 7
The use of specialized drug courts is closely associated with the drug control policies of which perspective on justice?
O a. due process perspective.
O b. nonintervention perspective.
O c. crime control perspective.
O d. restorative justice perspective.
The use of specialized drug courts is closely associated with the drug control policies of c. crime control perspective on justice.
What are the perspectives on justice in the criminal process?The criminal process investigates and arrests for arraignment, adjudication, punishment, and rehabilitation. Increasingly, there is a need to expand the perspective on justice.
This need has led to the development of various perspectives on justice, including crime control, the protection of society, the punishment of offenders, and the rehabilitation of criminals.
To further encourage crime control, specialized drug courts have been set up to handle drug control policies.
Thus, the use of specialized drug courts is closely associated with the drug control policies of c. crime control perspective.
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If a vacancy to a public office falls while the senate is in recess and the president fills that vacancy, how long should that officer’s term last?.
Heya! It should last until the end of their next session. Have a good day!
"we are not afraid to entrust the american people with unpleasent facts, forgien ideas, alien philosophies, ad competitive values. for a nation that is afraid to let its people judge the truth and false hood is an open marker is a nation that is afraid of its people." president john f kennedy, 1963
John F Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States.
Who was President John F Kennedy?John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was the 35th President of the United States from 1961.Kennedy was the youngest person to be elected president. At the end of his presidency, he was also the youngest president. Kennedy was president during the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his time in office was spent dealing with the Soviet Union and Cuba. Prior to becoming president, he served as a Democrat in both houses of the United States Congress.Therefore, John F Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States.
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What is the key difference between the constitutional courts and the special courts?.
The key difference between the constitutional courts and the special courts is that the special courts only hear cases in a very narrow jurisdiction and the judges serve for a specific term while the constitutional court's main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional.
What is a constitutional courts?It refers to the highest court in the country when it comes to the interpretation, protection and enforcement of the Constitution. The constitutional courts deals exclusively with constitutional matters such as those cases that raise questions about the application or interpretation of the Constitution.
What is a special courts?It refers to the bodies of court within the judicial branch of government that generally address only one area of law or have specifically defined powers.
In conclusion, the difference between the constitutional courts and the special courts is that the special courts only hear cases in a very narrow jurisdiction and the judges serve for a specific term while the constitutional court's main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional.
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The key difference between constitutional courts and special courts is special courts only investigate complaints in a very limited jurisdiction, and the jury serve for a particular term, whereas the main authority of constitutional courts is to diagnose on whether challenged laws are in real sense unconstitutional, for example, whether they contradict with constitutionally formed rights and freedoms.
Special" courts are given direct, statutory jurisdiction in a single area, as opposed to constitutional courts, which have authority in multiple fields as long as they are not based on state statutes.
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The first state to establish probation was
Tennessee
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
true or false: most industrialized countries have a single court system, with courts that have the power to hear both local and national cases.
This statement is true. Most industrialized countries have single court system or also known as unified court system. The courts in these countries have the power to hear both local and national cases.
A unified court system or single court system also attempts to address some issues that are related to the overabundance of courts at the local level.
Legal scholars argued that a centralized administration and judiciary system would effectively streamline the ability to preside over legal matters in the early 20th century. They called for an end to the fragmentation of court systems. Consequently, a unified or single court system emerged.
These court systems were typically created by local residents to supervise and carry out verdicts in local rather than national cases.
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What range would your bac be if you are under 21 and are convicted of driving after illegally consuming alcohol?.
If the individual is under the age of 21, a BAC of 0.01% or higher is required.
After being detained or arrested for DUI, the DMV may take disciplinary actions against your driving privilege. A separate action may be taken by the court for the identical offense. The DMV action only affects your driving privilege. The court's action could include a fine, jail time, a DL suspension, and the finalization of a DUI program.
When the court notifies DMV of a DUI conviction, DMV will take additional activity to suspend or withdraw your driving privilege.
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A wrongful birth case was recently brought before a court in which a child with smith-lemli-opitz syndrome was born to apparently healthy parents. This syndrome is characterized by a cluster of birth defects including cleft palate, and an array of problems with the reproductive and urinary organs. Originally considered by their physician as having a nongenetic basis, the parents decided to have another child, who was also born with smith-lemli-opitz syndrome. In the role of a genetic counselor, instruct the court about what occurred, including the probability of the parents having two affected offspring, knowing that the disorder is inherited as a recessive trait.
The answer to the question is shown below.
What exactly is Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome?Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a developmental disorder affecting several body systems. This condition is distinguished by distinctive facial features, a small head size (microcephaly), intellectual disability or learning difficulties, and behavioral problems.Instructions to the court:
By telling the parents that the birth defects were not genetic, the attending physician most likely misdiagnosed the first child's syndrome. Given the second child's diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, both parents were most likely carriers of the syndrome's recessive gene. Each of the children has a 25% chance of being affected under these conditions.The chance of two children of heterozygous parents being affected is 0.25 × 0.25 = 0.0625, or slightly more than 6%.Therefore, the answer to the question is shown.
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Who has the right to visit and inspect any establishment that sells alcoholic beverages?
I would say police officers or health inspectors because they have the right to inspect any establishments with alcohol. Hope it helps :D
Which method best describes the foreclosure process in Florida?
Caveat emptor
Judicial
Lis pendens
Non-judicial
The judicial method best describes the foreclosure process in Florida.
The judicial department is in price of figuring out the which means of laws, the way to apply them to actual conditions, and whether or not a regulation breaks the rules of the charter. The charter is the best regulation of our nation. The U.S. Ultimate court docket, the best court docket inside the america, is part of the judicial department.
A judicial selection legally binds the parties inside the case, and also can also function a regulation inside the same potential feel as does a statute. In other words, a judicial decision determines the outcome of the unique case, and additionally may regulate destiny behavior of all persons within the jurisdiction of the courtroom.
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Zoning laws, which allow certain land uses only in specific locations, might be justified in dealing with negative externalities because they can.
Zoning laws, which restrict certain land uses to specific areas, may be justified in addressing adverse externalities since they can limit locations of businesses that generate negative externalities.
Zoning laws typically define the areas that may be used for industrial, recreational, residential, or commercial purposes. An R-1 residential zone, for example, may permit only single-family residential properties rather than duplexes or apartment buildings. A C-1 commercial zone, on the other hand, may be zoned to allow only certain industrial or commercial uses in one territory while allowing a mix of accommodation and businesses in another.
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Question 4
Which of the following statements is true with regard to the statute of frauds?
1 pts
A The contract terms may not be stated in more than one document.
B All contracts involvingconsideration of more than $500 must be in writing.
C The written contract must be signed by the plaintiff.
D the statute of frauds does not apply to contracts that can be fully performed within one year from the date
they are made.
The statement that is true with regard to the statute of frauds is " All contracts involving consideration of more than $500 must be in writing."
This is further explained below.
What is a statute of frauds?Generally, The statute of fraud (SOF) is a legal principle that stipulates that certain kinds of transactions have to be put into writing before they may be legally binding.
The Act applies to contracts involving the sale of land, agreements involving products with a value of more than $500, and contracts with a duration of at least one year.
In conclusion, In reference to the statute of frauds, the statement that "All transactions involving consideration of more than $500 must be in writing" is accurate.
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assume that defendant is found guilty and pursues his appeal up to the united states supreme court. if the court agrees to hear his case, it will issue a writ of .
If the Court agrees to hear his case, it will issue a writ of certiorari.
What is certiorari?Certiorari is a legal process that seeks judicial review of a decision made by a lower court or government agency. Certiorari is derived from the name of an English prerogative writ issued by a superior court to direct that the lower court's record be sent to the superior court for review. Certiorari is a "writ" by which a higher court (such as an appellate court) reviews the decision of a lower court (such as a district court). When a party loses in a court of law, that party is frequently permitted to appeal the decision to a higher court.Assume a defendant is found guilty and appeals to the United States Supreme Court; if the Court agrees to hear his case, a writ of certiorari will be issued.Therefore, if the Court agrees to hear his case, it will issue a writ of certiorari.
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What are the three criteria you must meet to stay eligible to receive federal aid?.
We must have financial needs, be U.S. citizens or eligible noncitizens, and be enrolled in an eligible degree or certificate program at our college or career school to be eligible to receive federal aid.
What is federal aid?Student financial aid in the United States is money that is only available to students who are enrolled in post-secondary educational institutions in the United States. This funding is used to help with the many costs associated with pursuing post-secondary education. Federal and state governments, educational institutions, and private organizations all offer financial assistance. It can be given as grants, loans, work-study, or scholarships. To apply for federal financial aid, students must first fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) (FAFSA).To be eligible for federal aid, we must have financial needs, be US citizens or eligible noncitizens, and be enrolled in an eligible degree or certificate program at our college or career school.Therefore, we must have financial needs, be U.S. citizens or eligible noncitizens, and be enrolled in an eligible degree or certificate program at our college or career school to be eligible to receive federal aid.
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it is to get behind the wheel with out thinking
Answer:
Highway hypnosis is the condition of when you drive/get behind the wheel without thinking or having proper consciousness.
Explanation:
What is the term for an appellate court’s decision to overturn the decision of the lower court and rule in favor of the person filing the appeal?.
A collateral attack is the term for an appellate court’s decision to overturn the decision of the lower court and rule in favor of the person filing the appeal.
What is a collateral attack?It is also called an indirect attack. The collateral attack refers to the challenge on the validity of a prior judgment through a new case rather than by a direct appeal. An examples of a collateral attack include habeas corpus petitions and claims that a prior judgment was invalid after the opposing party cites it for strategic advantage in a new case.
It is also the attempt to avoid the binding effect of a judgment in order to obtain specific relief that the judgment currently impedes. In conclusion, the collateral attack is the term for an appellate court’s decision to overturn the decision of the lower court and rule in favor of the person filing the appeal.
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Reverse is the term for an appellate court’s decision to overturn the decision of the lower court and rule in favor of the person filing the appeal
The Appellate Court's decision on your appeal may take some time. Some courts make their decisions available on their websites. Other courts will mail you a copy of the ruling in the mail.
The Appellate Court can reverse, remand, affirm, or modify the lower court's decision or parts of the judgment.
Reverse: The Appellate Court determines that the lower court's decision was incorrect. When this occurs, the Appellate Court cancels the lower court's decision.
Remand: The Appellate Court instructs the lower court to hold a hearing, or a portion of the case, again.
Affirm: Whenever the Appellate Court agrees that the lower court reached the right conclusion. The decision remains unchanged.
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What are the concerns over money for bail? Do you have these concerns? Why or why not?
Do you support any alternate programs? How does protecting victims play into these programs?
Answer:
One concern over money for bail is that it can create a two-tiered system of justice, where those who can afford to pay for bail can get out of jail while awaiting trial, while those who cannot afford to pay for bail remain in jail. This can lead to unequal treatment and outcomes for defendants based on their financial status. Another concern is that bail can be used as a tool to keep defendants in jail even if they are not a flight risk or pose a danger to the community, simply because they cannot afford to pay for bail.
I do have these concerns. I support alternate programs such as pretrial release or supervision, where defendants are released from jail but monitored by pretrial services staff or a court officer. I believe these programs can protect victims by ensuring that defendants are not released if they are a danger to the community or are likely to flee.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
A wrongful birth case was recently brought before a court in which a child with smith-lemli-opitz syndrome was born to apparently healthy parents. This syndrome is characterized by a cluster of birth defects including cleft palate, and an array of problems with the reproductive and urinary organs. Originally considered by their physician as having a nongenetic basis, the parents decided to have another child, who was also born with smith-lemli-opitz syndrome. In the role of a genetic counselor, instruct the court about what occurred, including the probability of the parents having two affected offspring, knowing that the disorder is inherited as a recessive trait.
The attending physician most likely misdiagnosed the first child's smith-lemli-opitz syndrome by informing the parents that birth defects just weren't genetic.
What is smith-lemli-opitz syndrome?Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome is a developmental disability that affects multiple body systems.
This condition is distinguished by distinct facial features, a small brain size (microcephaly), intellectually disabled or learning difficulties, and behavioral difficulties.
For the given situation;
Provided the birth of a second child with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, both parents were most likely carriers for the recessive gene that causes the syndrome. In that case, there is a 25% chance that every one of their children will be affected.Thus, the probability of two children of heterozygous parents being affected is 0.25 times 0.25 = 0.0625, or slightly more than 6%.
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Where do you see the principles of popular sovereignty, political
liberty, and political equality in the Constitution? Specifically, which
provisions? Where do you see these principles are VIOLATED in the Constitution?
Famous sovereignty, additionally known as squatter sovereignty, in U.S. history, an arguable political doctrine in keeping with which the human beings of federal territories need to determine for themselves whether or not their territories might input the Union as unfastened or slave states.
Sovereignty is the defining authority inside character consciousness, social assemble or territory. Sovereignty includes hierarchy withinside the nation, in addition to outside autonomy for states. There are 3 styles of sovereign governments withinside the United States: the federal authorities, national governments, and tribal governments. A federal authority derives its sovereign energy from human beings—its vote-casting citizens. A nation's authority derives its sovereign energy from the federal authorities.
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Which of the following is said to lead to an increase in the rate of crime?
a. substance use
Ob. state of the economy and poverty
Oc. individual decision-making
Od. issues relating to mental health
The state of the economy and poverty is said to lead to an increase in the rate of crime.
Crime is conduct, both through act or omission, described via statutory or not unusual law as deserving of punishment or penalty. although maximum crimes require the element of purpose, wonderful minor crimes may be dedicated based totally on strict liability even though the defendant had no specific mindset in regards to the criminal hobby.
Against the law takes location even as someone breaks the law by means of manner of an overt act, omission, or neglect that could bring about punishment. someone who has violated a law, or has breached a rule, is stated to have dedicated a crime.
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_________________is a theory of legal convergence based on the idea that, in the era before the rise of the nation State, the entire civilized world' was governed by one legal system: the Roman-Canonic jus commune.
Common law is a theory of legal convergence based on the idea that, in the era before the rise of the nation State, the entire civilized world' was governed by one legal system: the Roman-Canonic jus commune.
A body of law called the Common Law is derived through court judgments, commonly referred to as case laws. The foundation of common law is the broad acceptance and long-standing custom of the populace. It is a jurisprudential system that had its inception in England. It covers those sets of legal guidelines whose applicability is determined by the principles put forth in court rulings. The common law system contains guiding concepts and ways of thinking, as well as custom, tradition, and usage. It is the physical manifestation of extensive unwritten ideas that were developed from common sense and a feeling of justice.
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Which landmark supreme court case gave rise to judicial review, which is the authority of the court to strike down any law passed by congress when the court believes the law violates the constitution?.
Madison supreme court case gave rise to judicial review, which is the authority of the court to strike down any law passed by congress when the court believes the law violates the constitution.
What is the Madison supreme court?Madison v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, which means that American courts have the authority to overturn laws and statutes that they find to be in violation of the United States Constitution.On February 24, 1803, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled in the landmark case of William Marbury v. James Madison, Secretary of State of the United States, establishing the legal principle of judicial review—the Supreme Court's ability to limit Congressional power by declaring legislation unconstitutional—in the new nation.Therefore, Madison supreme court case gave rise to judicial review, which is the authority of the court to strike down any law passed by congress when the court believes the law violates the constitution.
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A company pollutes a river with waste from its factories.
Us, very serious:
Answer:First you I do not know im in highschool i tryed
Explanation:
What constitutional amendment is of special significance for the supreme court when considering how to best protect individual rights from action by state and local governments?.
The 97th constitutional amendment is of special significance for the supreme court when considering how to best protect individual rights from action by state and local governments.
What is a constitutional amendment?The constitution of a nation, organization, or another sort of body can be changed through a constitutional amendment. In an established constitution, amendments are frequently braided into the pertinent parts, directly changing the wording. They can also be added to the constitution as supplemental additions (codicils), affecting the structure of government without changing the wording of the original document.
The majority of constitutions stipulate that in order to become law, amendments must first undergo a more rigorous special procedure than is necessary for regular legislation. Examples of these extraordinary procedures include supermajorities in the legislature, direct voter approval in a referendum, or even a combination of two or more different special procedures.
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Which amendment prevents states from denying citizens equal protection of the laws?.
The Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from denying citizens equal protection of the laws.
What is the Fourteenth Amendment?The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was ratified as one of the Reconstruction Amendments on July 9, 1868. It was proposed in response to issues concerning former slaves following the American Civil War and is widely regarded as one of the most consequential amendments.It addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law. The amendment was fiercely contested, especially by the defeated Confederacy's states, which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress.The first section of the amendment, in particular, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, serving as the foundation for landmark Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation, Roe v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion (overturned in 2022), Bush v. Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment restricts the actions of all state and local officials, as well as those acting on their behalf.Therefore, the Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from denying citizens equal protection of the laws.
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a legal citation for a court decision is used by legal professionals to research the law, and includes:
A legal citation for a court decision is used by legal professionals to research the law, and includes: "names of the parties, location of a published case, court, & decision date."
What is legal citation?It is a standard language that enables one author to refer to legal authorities with enough precision as well as generality that others can follow along.
Some key features regarding the legal citation are-
Because legal and judicial writing is so reliant on such citations, it is a language of abbreviations as well as special terms. While this encoding makes it difficult for lay readers, it accomplishes a significant reduction in the area consumed by the references, which are frequently numerous. You will understand how to pursue a line of argument directly through the numerous citations embedded in it as you gain experience reading legal writing. Nonetheless, citations are inconvenient until the reader wishes to pursue one. The fundamental tradeoff that underpins any citation system is one between providing complete information about the specifically known and avoiding plagiarism.To know more about the judicial review, here
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it is against the law for a child under what age to ride in the open bed of a truck or trailer? 12 21 8 18 submit answer
It is against the law for a child under the age of (D) 18 to ride in the open bed of a truck or trailer.
What is law?The precise definition of law, which is a set of rules created and enforced by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, has long been debated.It has been described as both a science and an art form. State-enforced laws can be enacted by a group legislature or a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive via decrees and regulations; or by judges via precedent, typically in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may enter into legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that use alternative dispute resolution methods to traditional court litigation. A child under the age of 18 cannot, for example, ride in the open bed of a truck or trailer.Therefore, it is against the law for a child under the age of (D) 18 to ride in the open bed of a truck or trailer.
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The correct question is given below:
It is against the law for a child under what age to ride in the open bed of a truck or trailer?
a. 12
b. 21
c. 8
d. 18
Name the law that’s applied to a driver while driving in the rightmost lane in the picture
Answer:
The move over law
Explanation:
requires drivers to move-over one lane when possible if an emergency vehicle with flashing lights is parked on the shoulder of the highway. And if traffic is too heavy to move-over safely, the law requires drivers to slow down below the posted speed limit instead AND to be prepared to stop.
Great looks clothing corporation sends daily e-mail ads to its previous customers and those who have opted to receive the notices. Hot trends inc. Sends e-mail ads to any e-mail address that hot trends can find on the web or otherwise generate. Ilene sends e-mail notes to her friends, relatives, and co-workers, discussing personal issues and recommending products or services that she likes. One of the senders—great looks, hot trends, or ilene—is acting outside the bounds of federal law. Federal law prohibits the sending of.
commercial e-mail to randomly generated addresses.
What is commercial e-mail?Larger quantities of mail that are prepared for mailing at discounted postage rates are referred to as "commercial mail." The terms "commercial mail" and "advertising mail" are used interchangeably in Business Mail 101. (called "USPS Marketing Mail" by the Postal Service). Other classes of mail are also available at commercial rates.
Compared to "single-piece" prices, commercial prices are lower. When you apply a stamp to a letter, you are applying single-piece postage, which entails paying the full amount. Even though they are sending out massive mailings, many mailers still pay single-piece postage. Why? because they don't want to undertake any further preparation work, either because they lack the time to do so or because doing so would be too expensive for their company.
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CRITICALLY ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF CYBER CRIME IN SOUTH AFRICAN BUSINESSES AND THE ROLE OF THE ECT ACT IN THE PROSECUTION OF THOSE WHO ARE INVOLVED IN SUCH CRIMES. FURTHER TO THE ABOVE DISCUSS THE VALIDATION OF THE ONLINE CONTRACTS BY THE ECT ACT & THE CASE LAW. YOU ARE FURTHER REQUIRED TO PRESENT ON THE CONCLUSION OF VALID E- CONTRACTS AND ADHERENCE TO THE FORMALITY REQUIREMENTS.
The impact of cybercrime in the South African Business and ECT act is given below
This article deconstructs the aims of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 ("the ECTA") and the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity and Related Matters Bill ("the Bill"), identifying their various strengths and weaknesses.
It has been decided that the prosecution of cybercrime in South Africa will be difficult, as the ECTA and the Bill grapple with the sophisticated phenomena known as cyberspace and an entirely new sort of criminal behavior known as cybercrime.
Article:
The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 ("the ECTA") and the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity and Related Matters Bill ("the Bill") govern cybercrime prosecution in South Africa. In addition to these pieces of legislation, there is common law and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 ("the Constitution").
The ECTA and the Bill must be studied in conjunction with common law (where applicable) and the Constitution in order to have a comprehensive knowledge of cybersecurity and cybercrime prosecution in South Africa. It should be emphasized that if the ECTA does not establish criminal punishment for cybercrime, common law sanctions will be applied. I'm talking about the ECTA.
Because the common law was unsuccessful in dealing with and combating cybercrime, the ECTA was enacted in 2002. The ECTA's goal is to facilitate and regulate electronic communications and transactions.
The ECTA
The ECTA addresses cybercrime in Chapter XIII, which includes the creation of various new cybercrime-related offenses. These new offenses include acquiring unauthorized access to, interception of, or tampering with data; computer-related extortion, fraud, and forgery; and attempting to commit, as well as aiding and abetting, the aforementioned offenses.
The ECTA also established the position of "cyber inspector," who has the authority to "visit any premises or access any material that has an impact on an inquiry" into a cybercrime. The ECTA was welcomed as an attempt by the South African legislature to address and strengthen cybersecurity, as well as to develop and punish new cybercrimes.
However, the ECTA has been criticized, and it is widely acknowledged that there is still need for development. It is maintained that the consequences of cybercrime, as outlined in Section 89 of the ECTA, are insufficiently severe. This is because, according to the argument, a person guilty of certain ECTA offenses can only face a fine or a year in jail. Other offenses under the ECTA can result in a fine or imprisonment for a maximum of five years.
It is suggested that these sentences are insufficient to discourage cybercrime and that the ECTA should be changed to incorporate tougher penalties. It is also maintained that the police, commercial industry, and academics should all play a role in combating cybercrime. As previously stated, the ECTA established cyber inspectors, but none have been appointed yet, so no actors are presently employing their authority to undertake cybercrime investigations.
The Bill II
The Bill was enacted to rectify the deficiencies of the ECTA, and it is clear that it has done so. First, the Bill levies a fine of at least 5 million Rand and a maximum of 10 million Rand.
The Bill also specifies a minimum sentence of five years and a maximum sentence of ten years in jail. Furthermore, the Bill provides for a combined punishment of a fine and imprisonment.
Second, the Bill addresses the ECTA's lack of engagement of law enforcement, the commercial sector, and academics in the battle against cybercrime by establishing a number of mechanisms to aid in the elimination of cybercrime.
A Cyber Response Committee and a Cybersecurity Centre are two of these entities. These sanctions are far harsher than those under the ECTA, and it is hoped that the Bill would have a more deterrent effect on cybercrime. Examining the ECTA and the Bill, as well as the amount of criticism that each piece of law has received, it is clear that the prosecution of cybercrime in South Africa is not, and will not be, without obstacles.
This is because these pieces of law are dealing with an entirely new sort of criminal behavior as well as the sophisticated phenomena known as the internet. Developing a law that successfully prosecutes cybercrime will thus take time for legislators and cybercrime specialists to develop.
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