Sea level rise and climate change are closely related to one another. Due to thermal expansion, which occurs as water warms up, as well as the melting of snow, glaciers, and ice caps, sea level rises as our climate warms.
How climate change is affecting sea levels around the world?
High tides and storm surges will cause flooding in coastal towns more frequently and more severely as sea levels rise. Such floods will eventually harm buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure, which will decrease property values. Rising sea levels are already having an impact on many coastal towns.
The expected rise in coastal floods throughout the European coast will be influenced by mean sea level rise. What is an extraordinary occurrence now may become the norm by the end of the century in some places due to significant changes in flood frequency. The addition of water from melting ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of warm saltwater are the two main contributors to sea level rise that are connected to global warming. The change is shown in the first graph.
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true/faslse with the expection of venus, plntery surface tempertures decrease ar greater disnatces from the sun
True, with the exception of Venus, planetary surface temperatures decrease at greater distances from the sun. This is due to the fact that the sun is the main source of heat for the planets in the solar system, and the amount of heat that reaches each planet is determined by its distance from the sun.
Venus is an exception to this trend. Although it is closer to the sun than Earth, its surface temperature is much higher due to a greenhouse effect caused by its thick atmosphere, which traps heat close to the planet's surface.
In summary, while the general trend is for planetary surface temperatures to decrease with distance from the sun, there can be exceptions such as Venus, where other factors such as atmospheric composition can have a significant impact on temperature.
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what biome is most likely to have moderate temperatures that range between 6 degrees celsius and 28 degrees celsius with large amounts of rainfall each month?
The biome that is most likely to have moderate temperatures that range between 6 degrees Celsius and 28 degrees Celsius with large amounts of rainfall each month is the tropical rainforest biome.
What is a tropical rainforest biome?
Tropical rainforests are biomes that are characterized by high rainfall, abundant plant growth, and high biodiversity. Tropical rainforests have a warm and humid climate all year round.
These biomes are found in the equatorial regions of the world. The tropical rainforest biome is home to the largest diversity of species of all biomes. These biomes contain more than half of the world's species of plants and animals.Tropical rainforests are also important carbon sinks, helping to regulate global temperatures by sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere .
How is the temperature of tropical rainforests?
Tropical rainforests have moderate temperatures throughout the year, with average temperatures ranging from 25-27 degrees Celsius (77-81 degrees Fahrenheit). Temperatures typically do not fluctuate greatly in tropical rainforests, remaining relatively constant throughout the year.What is the rainfall amount in tropical rainforests?Tropical rainforests receive high amounts of rainfall throughout the year, with an annual rainfall of between 250 and 400 centimeters (98 and 157 inches). Monthly rainfall can exceed 30 centimeters (12 inches) in some tropical rainforests.
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the event that triggered the change in pluto's status from planet to dwarf planet was the discovery that
Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by:production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw material productionstrong unions and localized involvement in all aspects of the production processspatial disaggregation of the production process to exploit the cheapest labor costs possiblereliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production processproduction facilities located close to railroads and other break-of-bulk points
Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by the use of advanced technology, automation, and globalized supply chains to take advantage of cheaper labor costs and access to raw materials worldwide. Spatial disaggregation of the production process to exploit the cheapest labor costs possible is a defining characteristic of contemporary manufacturing. The answer is option C.
Contemporary manufacturing has undergone significant changes over the years, and it is characterized by advanced technologies and automation that streamline production processes and reduce costs. The industry relies on globalized supply chains, which involve sourcing raw materials and components from different parts of the world to take advantage of cheaper labor costs and access to raw materials.
Overall, contemporary manufacturing is marked by advanced technology, automation, globalized supply chains, the use of highly skilled labor, and spatial disaggregation of the production process.
Hence, C is the correct option.
The complete question is:
What are the characteristics of contemporary manufacturing, and which of the following options describes it accurately?
A. Production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of raw material production.
B. Strong unions and localized involvement in all aspects of the production process.
C. Spatial disaggregation of the production process to exploit the cheapest labor costs possible.
D. Reliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production process.
E. Production facilities located close to railroads and other break-of-bulk points.
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Which energy source would provide affordable, abundant, easy to produce electricity for a factory? a. solar panels b. wind turbines c. gas generators d. a hydroelectric plant
Answer: c. gas generators
Explanation: Generators are typically used as backup energy sources with power outages in both commercial and home settings. They are the best option for various reasons:
Affordability: Gas generators tend to be relatively affordable compared to solar panels (option a) and wind turbines (option b). The initial investment and maintenance costs of gas generators are typically lower, making them a cost-effective option for generating electricity in a factory setting.
Abundance: Natural gas, which is used as a fuel for gas generators, is a widely available energy source. It is often extracted as a byproduct of oil drilling or produced through other methods. The abundance of natural gas ensures a reliable supply for generating electricity in the long term.
Ease of production: Gas generators are relatively easy to produce and set up compared to solar panels and wind turbines, which require specific manufacturing processes and installation procedures. Gas generators can be readily purchased or manufactured and can be quickly set up to start generating electricity for a factory.
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a characteristically distinct collection of a sediment or feature and its corresponding artifacts is known as what?
An assemblage is a characteristically distinct collection of a sediment or feature and its corresponding artifacts.
An assemblage is a collection of materials from an archaeological site or a series of sites that were excavated. An assemblage, as a term, refers to a collection of artifacts discovered in a single location or region, such as a settlement or archaeological site. The term "assemblage" refers to the materials used by archaeologists to reconstruct human behaviour and culture from the past. An assemblage is frequently used to learn about the life and activities of a particular culture or civilization at a specific moment in time.
For example, an archaeological excavation may have yielded an assemblage of pottery, tools, and human remains. This assemblage could be utilized to learn about the everyday life, traditions, and culture of the people who lived in the area where the excavation was conducted.
An archaeological assemblage, for example, may be a collection of items discovered at a specific site that may be interpreted as having been produced or utilized by the same group of people. An assemblage is frequently used to determine the nature of a cultural site, its occupation duration, and the range of its cultural features. The dating of these features may help to establish a chronological sequence of cultural activity, which may then be used to investigate social and cultural development.
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magma with an initially mafic composition is believed to be generated at most convergent boundaries because of:
Magma with an initially mafic composition is believed to be generated at most convergent boundaries because of the melting of subducted lithosphere.
What is magma?
Magma is the molten rock beneath the earth's surface. Magma, a molten mixture of rock, is heated to temperatures ranging from 700 to 1300 degrees Celsius. It is a fluid mix of minerals, lava, and volcanic ash, among other things. It's difficult to distinguish between lava and magma in terms of their composition, but they're not the same thing.
Lava refers to molten rock that has been released from the earth's surface in a volcanic eruption. In contrast, magma remains beneath the surface, continuously mixing and changing composition.
The kind of magma that is generated at convergent boundaries is dependent on a number of factors, including temperature, pressure, and composition.
The following are the three types of magma: Felsic magma, intermediate magma, and mafic magma.
Mafic magma is high in iron, magnesium, and calcium but low in silica. It's usually a dark color, such as black or dark brown.
The melting of subducted lithosphere is the reason for the development of magma with an initially mafic composition at most convergent boundaries.
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what is weathering?????
Answer:
weathering is the process that breaks down rock on earth's surface
when someone on earth observes the moon in the first-quarter phase, someone on the moon facing earth observes earth in the question 15 options: new earth phase. third-quarter earth phase. crescent earth phase. full earth phase. first-quarter earth phase.
When someone on earth observes the moon in the first-quarter phase, someone on the moon facing earth observes earth in the first-quarter earth phase.
When the full illuminated face of the Moon visible on Earth, it is on the Full Moon phase.New moon is the illuminated side of the Moon is away from the Earth. only the shadowed side can be seen. Waning gibbous - the Moon is less than fully illuminated, but, is more than half.
Waxing crescent first sliver of the Moon that we can see. The moon is a natural satellite of Earth. Earth has only one satellite, called moon. Other planets have more satellites.The 1 is No moon phase, and the 2 is crescent moon, the 3 is half moon phase and the 4 is full moon phase.
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explain how igneous rocks are classified, summarizing the main differences between felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic rocks.
Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture, mineralogy, and composition.
Let us discuss each classification of igneous rocks.
Felsic rocks: Felsic rocks are light-colored, have a low density, and are rich in silica ([tex]SiO_2[/tex]). They are composed mostly of feldspar minerals and quartz. These rocks are found in areas with high tectonic activity. Examples include granite and rhyolite.Intermediate rocks: Intermediate rocks are a combination of mafic and felsic rocks. They contain a high percentage of plagioclase feldspar and are intermediate in density. Examples include andesite and dacite.Mafic rocks: Mafic rocks are dark-colored, have a high density, and are rich in magnesium and iron. They are composed mostly of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar. Examples include basalt and gabbro.Ultramafic rocks: Ultramafic rocks are composed of the least amount of silica and the highest amount of iron and magnesium. They are found deep within the earth and are mostly composed of olivine and pyroxene minerals. Examples include peridotite and dunite.To summarize, the primary distinctions between felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic rocks are their silica content, mineral composition, color, density, and origin. Felsic rocks have the highest silica content, intermediate rocks have moderate silica content, mafic rocks have low silica content, and ultramafic rocks have the lowest silica content. The various types of igneous rocks exhibit unique physical properties and are linked to specific geological environments and processes.
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which of the following activities is not used to monitor volcanoes? group of answer choices measuring seismic activity with seismic instruments measuring sulfur dioxide gas emissions measuring changes in heat flow from satellites measuring tilting on the flanks of a volcano all of these are used to monitor volcanoes
None of the listed activities are used to monitor volcanoes.
Seismic instruments measure vibrations in the earth that can indicate an impending eruption, and gas emissions of sulfur dioxide can be used to detect when a volcano is about to become active. Changes in heat flow from satellites and tilting on the flanks of a volcano can also be used to monitor for activity. All of these activities are important for volcanologists to be aware of in order to safely monitor and predict volcanic eruptions.
Seismic activity can be monitored by using sensitive instruments that detect tiny vibrations in the earth, which are caused by movements deep underground. This can indicate if a volcano is becoming active and can give early warnings of an impending eruption. Gas emissions, like sulfur dioxide, can also be used to detect when a volcano is about to become active. The gas can be measured and monitored, and an increase in emissions can indicate the potential for a future eruption.
Additionally, changes in heat flow from satellites can be used to monitor volcanoes. Heat flow is an indication of an active or potentially active volcano. This method can be used to remotely measure the heat coming from a volcano and help scientists to predict future activity. Finally, the flanks of a volcano can be monitored for any tilting, which could indicate an imminent eruption.
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2. how do our oceans help reduce the effects of climate change felt on the land and in the atmosphere?
The ocean's biodiversity also plays a significant role in mitigating the effects of climate change.
Our oceans help reduce the effects of climate change felt on the land and in the atmosphere by absorbing a significant amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid causes a decrease in the pH of the ocean and can cause ocean acidification.
This process is called carbon sequestration or carbon storage in the ocean. According to researchers, the ocean absorbs up to 25% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human activities, mainly by burning fossil fuels, and helps in reducing the effects of climate change.
The oceans absorb more than 90% of the heat trapped by the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, making the oceans warmer. In this way, the ocean helps regulate the Earth's climate. The ocean is the largest carbon sink on the planet, meaning it stores carbon. Oceans play a crucial role in the Earth's carbon cycle.
As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the ocean absorbs more CO2. Carbon dioxide is also dissolved in seawater, resulting in more acidic oceans.
The acidity harms marine organisms and ecosystems. The ocean also supports various species of marine animals and plants, which play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate. The marine plants generate oxygen, and the sea creatures consume carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis.
Hence, the ocean's biodiversity also plays a significant role in mitigating the effects of climate change.
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which type of cloud shows the greatest vertical growthwhich cloud type would be most likely to form in an unstable atmosphere?
The type of cloud that shows the greatest vertical growth and is most likely to form in an unstable atmosphere is a cumulonimbus cloud.
The cumulonimbus cloud is known for producing strong winds, thunder, lightning, and heavy rain or snow.
These clouds are tall and dense and can grow to heights of over 10,000 meters (32,808 feet). They are composed of water droplets and sometimes contain ice crystals, which form due to the rapid condensation and uplifting of air.
An unstable atmosphere is characterized by warm, moist air near the surface and cooler air at higher altitudes, creating conditions that promote upward air currents and vertical development of clouds.
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Two agricultural practices related to each biome
Prairies are the most valuable biome for agriculture in light of the fact that the dirt is by and large profound and fruitful. Very nearly one billion individuals depend on prairies for their occupation or as a food source.
"Arable cultivating" and "Peaceful cultivating" are the two fundamental kinds of agribusiness in light of the accessibility of land. Arable cultivating: This is the development of harvests, for the most part on complement land where the dirt is of more excellent.
Most unmodified prairies are utilized for broad domesticated animal creation, with fire and brushing the essential administration apparatuses.
There are five significant sorts of biomes: amphibian, prairie, timberland, desert, and tundra, however, a portion of these biomes can be additionally partitioned into additional particular classifications, like freshwater, marine, savanna, tropical rainforest, mild rainforest, and taiga. Amphibian biomes incorporate both freshwater and marine biomes.
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Fill in the blank: ____ is when various geologic materials exposed to the same environmental conditions will weather differently depending on their composition.
Differential weathering is when various geologic materials exposed to the same environmental conditions will weather differently depending on their composition.
Differential weathering refers to the varying rate at which various rocks are broken down by physical and chemical weathering processes. It's due to the fact that different rocks are composed of different minerals, which have different resistance to weathering.
As a result, differential weathering occurs when rocks break down at various rates in the same environment based on their properties.
The term "differential" refers to the idea that rocks deteriorate differently based on their mineralogy and structural features. Differential weathering is due to the chemical weathering of rocks as well as the physical weathering caused by wind, water, and ice.
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which of the following is a result of seafloor spreading?
a. Trenches form at transform boundaries.
b. Mid ocean ridges form at convergent boundaries.
c. Mid ocean ridges form at divergent plate boundaries
d. Trenches form at divergent boundaries.
relative to the fundamental themes of geography, the grand canyon is best described within which of the five themes?
Relative to the fundamental themes of geography, the Grand Canyon is best described within the theme of "physical geography".
The five fundamental themes of geography are Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, and Regions. These themes are used to describe and understand the physical and human aspects of the world around us.
Let's understand how the Grand Canyon is best described within the fundamental themes of geography:
Location: The location of the Grand Canyon is important to its understanding, but it does not fall within this theme.
Place: The Grand Canyon is a unique place, but it does not fall within this theme as well.
Human-Environment Interaction: The Grand Canyon is formed by the Colorado River and various geological processes. Its formation and how humans have interacted with it over time is best described within this theme.
Movement: The Grand Canyon is not particularly relevant to the movement of people, goods, or ideas, so it does not fall within this theme.
Regions: The Grand Canyon is located within the Southwest region of the United States. It is an important part of this region, but does not fall within this theme.
Therefore, we can conclude that the Grand Canyon is best described within the theme of "physical geography". Physical geography is a branch of geography that studies the natural features of the Earth's surface.
The Grand Canyon is a prominent example of physical geography due to its unique geology and the physical processes that have shaped it over millions of years.
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explain a parallel, meridian, latitude, and longitude, indicating where the zero value is for each measurement and identifying important lines of latitude.
Answer: You've seen lines running across maps your whole life and may not have noticed them. The lines running North to South are called "Meridians" or "lines of longitude" (Figure 2), while the lines running East to West are called "Parallels" or "lines of latitude" (Figure 3).
Explanation:
which of the following is true about ice in precipitation? question 16 options: movement of water molecules between ice and raindrops can make raindrops larger ice is not precipitation, only rain drops are all these are true ice forms when temperatures in clouds are relatively warm, well above freezing
Water molecules moving between ice and raindrops can make raindrops grow in size. Ice is not precipitation, but the opposite is also true for ice in precipitation. Option A is true .
How does precipitation shape?When water vapor condenses into ever-larger water droplets, precipitation occurs in clouds. The drops fall to the ground when they reach a sufficient weight. The water droplets in a cloud may freeze and form ice if the temperature is lower, as it would be at higher altitudes. When the layer of freezing air is so thin, freezing rain occurs when raindrops do not freeze in time to reach the ground. Instead, when raindrops come into contact with a surface, the water freezes, forming an ice coating. Rain, hail, and snow are the most typical forms of precipitation. Raindrops form around tiny cloud condensation nuclei, like a molecule of pollution or a dust particle.
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(multiple choice) the geologic material(s) most commonly associated with earth failures are .
The geologic materials most commonly associated with earth failures are clay minerals. option 2 is correct.
Clay minerals: clay mineral is natural or synthetic, might include non-phyllosilicates, without size criterion, plastic, and hardens on drying or firing. The clay minerals consist of essential elements like silica, magnesia or alumina, or both, and water, but iron substitutes for aluminum and magnesium in varying degrees, and appreciable quantities of potassium, calcium, and sodium are frequently present as well.
Geological materials are the material extracted as-is from the earth in sediment or rock form, including rocks, sands, clays, limestone, and other industrial minerals. Earth failures are falling, exfoliating, sliding, and toppling.
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The complete question is -
The geological materials most commonly associated with earth failures are?
options
1. quartz
2. clay minerals
3. granite
4. basalt
________ are comprised of members from different geographic areas assembled as needed to collaborate on a certain project.a) work groupsb) virtual teamsc) non-core teamsd) task forcese) command groups
Task Forces are comprised of members from different geographic areas assembled as needed to collaborate on a certain project. The answer is (d) task forces.
Task forces are temporary teams that are created to work on a specific project or problem. They are composed of individuals who have different skill sets and come from different geographic areas within an organization. Task forces can be established for a variety of purposes such as developing a new product, improving a process, or resolving a crisis. Once the task is completed, the team is dissolved.
The members of the task force return to their previous roles within the organization. Task forces are often used in organizations to leverage expertise from various parts of the organization and to ensure that critical issues are addressed in a timely and effective manner. They are a useful way to bring together diverse perspectives and talents to achieve a specific objective.
Therefore, the correct answer is (d) task forces.
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caloris basin, a huge circular region on mercury surrounded by rings of mountains, appears to have been produced by
Answer:
Caloris basin, a huge circular region on Mercury surrounded by rings of mountains, appears to have been produced by an impact from a large asteroid or comet. This impact is estimated to have occurred about 3.8 billion years ago and was powerful enough to create a basin nearly 1,550 miles (2,500 km) in diameter. The impact also created a series of concentric rings of mountains around the basin, which rise to heights of over 1 mile (1.5 km) above the surrounding terrain. The Caloris basin is one of the largest and most prominent features on Mercury and provides important clues about the planet's geological history.
in hopes of identifying an ancient caldera, what are three specific features that you might look for?
The three features to look for when identifying an ancient caldera are a central uplift, a basin-shaped depression, and a breached or modified rim.
To identify an ancient caldera, three specific features to look for are central uplift, a basin-shaped depression, and a breached or modified rim. Central uplift is the initial formation of a caldera due to the collapse of the magma chamber. This feature is the most visible indicator of a caldera and can be characterized by a central peak or cone-shaped elevation.
The basin-shaped depression of a caldera is caused by subsidence of the ground due to the magma chamber being emptied. This is the defining characteristic of a caldera and can often be seen as a large and circular depression.
Finally, a breached or modified rim can be indicative of an ancient caldera. The breach of the rim is usually caused by the erosional forces of streams and rivers, which can erode the caldera rim and create a terrace along its walls. Additionally, a modified rim can indicate the presence of an ancient caldera, as this can be created by further erosion, faulting, and landslides.
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Which point is most important for the cartographer to consider before
creating a new map?
O A. Where the equator is located
OB. Goal of the map
O C. How the map will be displayed
OD. Relative size of the map elements
which of the following is not a factor cited to explain periodic long-term variations in the climate of the earth? group of answer choices speed of rotation of the earth on its axis tilt of the earth's axis shape of the earth's orbit all are factors. wobble of the earth's axis
The speed of the earth's rotation, the tilt of its axis, the configuration of the earth's orbit, and the wobble of its axis are all mentioned as contributing causes to the periodic long-term oscillations in the Earth's climate.
As a result, none of the answers provided are appropriate for the query.
All of the factors mentioned - speed of rotation of the earth on its axis, tilt of the earth's axis, shape of the earth's orbit, and wobble of the earth's axis - are considered important contributing factors to the periodic long-term variations in the Earth's climate. Therefore, none of the options listed is the correct answer to the question.- speed of rotation of the earth on its axis, tilt of the earth's axis, shape of the earth's orbit, and wobble of the earth's axis - are considered important contributing factors to the periodic long-term variations in the Earth's climate.
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which two types of ocean circulation changes have had exceptional influence on climate and biodiversity in the past?
The two types of ocean circulation changes that have had exceptional influence on climate and biodiversity in the past are El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).
El Niño-Southern Oscillation is a complex climate pattern that involves changes to ocean temperatures and atmospheric pressure in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It can lead to drastic changes in precipitation and temperature patterns in different parts of the world.
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is a large-scale system of ocean currents that transport heat from the tropics to high latitudes, and back again. This circulation is an important component of Earth’s climate system, influencing weather and climate patterns in the North Atlantic region and beyond.
Changes to the AMOC can have serious impacts on regional climate and biodiversity, particularly in Europe and North America. Both ENSO and AMOC have the potential to cause significant changes to the global climate system, with implications for biodiversity and human societies.
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which rock type most suggests possible deposition by energetic mountain streams? group of answer choices shale conglomerate greywacke well-sorted, quartz-rich sandstone
The rock type that most suggests possible deposition by energetic mountain streams is greywacke.
What's GreywackeGreywacke is a sedimentary rock composed of coarse-grained quartz and feldspar fragments, commonly mixed with clay and silt. It forms when eroded materials are transported by high-energy streams, such as mountain streams, and deposited in a deep-water environment.
It is characterized by sharp angular grains and is usually poorly sorted. Common minerals in greywacke include quartz, feldspar, mica, and accessory minerals like magnetite and tourmaline.
In addition, greywacke is often found with shale, conglomerate, and well-sorted quartz-rich sandstone, which are all sedimentary rocks formed in a similar manner.
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Which is the best example of the geographical term "site"?
which of the following best describes why non foliated metamorphic rocks do not show foliation? a. these rocks commonly contain feldspar and hornblende minerals. b. these rocks are made of only one composition. c. these rocks have both mafic and felsic minerals d. these rocks are only made of calcite
B is the ideal response. There are no alternate layers of minerals in non-foliated metamorphic rocks since they are comprised of a single composition. Non-foliated rocks lack the differential stress necessary for foliation, which aligns minerals.
The ideal response is b. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks do not contain alternate layers of minerals because they have a single composition. Differential tension and pressure during metamorphism result in foliation, which causes minerals to align and form discrete layers. Since non-foliated rocks are uniformly composed, foliation is not created since there is no differential tension to cause mineral alignment. For instance, slate and gneiss are foliated rocks, which are formed of numerous different minerals that align to form their distinctive layered structure, but marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock made up of just one mineral, calcite.
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weather refers to our day to day temperature here on earth. climate is long term weather for a period of time. we all have different climate. describes the weather.
Weather refers to our day-to-day temperature here on Earth. It is the state of the atmosphere in a specific place at a certain moment.
It is expressed in various ways such as the presence or absence of precipitation, wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity. The elements of weather are dynamic and constantly changing. The weather pattern of a location varies on a regular basis, ranging from day to day to hour to hour. It is the current state of the atmosphere and can change in a short time.
The weather can be severe, like a storm or tornado, or mild, like a bright sunny day.In contrast, climate is long-term weather for a period of time. It refers to the average weather pattern of a particular region over a long period of time, usually at least thirty years. Climate is defined as the average weather condition of a specific location over a long period of time. Climate can be classified based on average temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns, among other factors.
Therefore, weather is the state of the atmosphere at a given moment in time while climate refers to the average weather pattern of a specific region over a long period of time.
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