In 1861, Pasteur conducted The broth would become contaminated with microbes because they were trapped in the neck.
Louis Pasteur's pasteurization test illustrates the truth that the spoilage of liquid was caused by debris inside the air instead of the air itself. those experiments were critical portions of evidence supporting the concept of germ concept of disease. Microorganisms can be present in nonliving and be counted, together with air, drinks, and solids.
Pasteur's paintings helped refute the theory of spontaneous generation his experiments confirmed that air by myself was no longer the motive of bacterial growth inside the flask, and his research supported the speculation that live microorganisms suspended in the air should settle onto the broth in open-necked flasks thru gravity.
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Look at the graph to the right. During which 500 meter interval does the temperature decrease most rapidly?
Answer:16 degrees
Explanation:
If a force of 18N is exerted over a 2m² area, how much pressure is there?
The pressure is found to be 9 Pascal.
Given here the force = 18N and Area where the force applied is 2m².
So pressure can be calculated as,
Pressure = Force/Area
Pressure = 18/2 = 9pa.
This, the pressure is found to be 9pascals.
The force delivered perpendicularly to an object’s surface per unit area across which that force is dispersed is known as pressure. Pressure has various units, the most common units are Pascal and newton per square meter. Pressure is a scalar quantity.
Different instrument used to determine pressure are barometer, pressure gauge (used to measure the condition of a gas or fluid). Manometers are used to measure pressure, which is the force a gas or liquid exerts per unit surface area as a result of the gravitational influences on its weight. This kind of manometer is known as a sphygmomanometer.
Different formula are present to determine pressure, they are:-
Pressure =Force /Area
Pressure = Work / volume
Pressure = Energy / volume.
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the sodium-potassium pump helps to maintain the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. select the true statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump.
For every ATP molecule used by the pump, three sodium ions with positive charges are removed from the cell.
ATP- Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, generally known as ATP and typically written without the 5′-, is an essential "energy molecule" found in all living organisms. In specifically, it is a coenzyme that, when it interacts with enzymes like ATP triphosphatase, releases its phosphate groups, transferring energy to cells.
Coenzyme- Many enzymes need coenzymes, which are organic substances, for catalytic action. They frequently include vitamins or vitamin compounds. They can occasionally serve as catalysts in the absence of enzymes, however not as efficiently as when an enzyme is present.
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The nuclei of both 3h and 3he have radii of 1. 5×10^−15m. With what velocity must the electron be ejected if it is to escape from the nucleus and not fall back?.
The velocity with which the electron must be ejected to escape from the nucleus and not fall back is 8.21067 x 10^8 m/s.
How the electron of the nucleus and with what velocity it must move to not fall back?According to the question provided, we know that 3H and 3E ( radii = 1.5 x 10^-15m) .We use the concept of escape velocity.Kinetic energy, K.E. = 1/2 mv^2 = P.E.1/4piEo x q1xq2/r = K xq1 xq2/r Equating the both we get 1/2mv^2v= sqrt ( 1/pi x Eo)(e^2/mxr)v=sqrt(1/pix8.85x10^-12)(1.602x10^-19)(9.11x10^-31x1.5x10^-15m)v=8.21067x10^8 m/s.To know more about Nuclei and velocity visit:
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4.2.4 Quiz: Air Head
Question 10 of 10
What is the term for the percentage of light reflected by something?
Answer here
SUBMIT
Answer: An albedo
Explanation:
The explanation is defined by the amount of light reflected off of a body or surface. The answer and question sort of copy/piggyback off of each other. Good luck !
A cattle rancher has a trailer full of new Angus feeder cattle to add to
his operation. All the cattle have been taken off the same field and
they are all similar in weight and confirmation. Before he adds them
to his operation he wants to know what will make them gain the
most weight for the least cost. He has an irrigated field with grass, a
barn full of grass hay and barrels of grain. Help him decide what feed
to use.
1. In the above paragraph underline the question or problem.
2. Develop an overview for an experiment to test the problem. Include the steps you will take.
3. Write a Hypothesis of the outcome of the experiment.
4. What is the dependent variable
5. What is the independent variable
6. What is the control/constant.
7. Are the variables qualitative or quantitative? Why?
8. Identify possible sources of unavoidable experimental error.
The following are the required responses;
1) The problem is to determine what will make them gain the most weight for the least cost.
2) In this experiment, he needs to randomly divide the new cattle breed into three groups and have them feed on an irrigated field with grass, a
barn full of grass hay and barrels of grain.
3) The hypothesis is that the cattle fed on a barn full of grass hay has the greatest weight gain.
4) The dependent variable is the weight of the cattle
5) The independent variable is the type of feed given to the cattle
6) The constant is the specie of the cattle.
7) The variables are qualitative because they are not countable or numerable.
8) An unavoidable source of error is the estimation of the degree of weight gain which may be done subjectively.
What is an experiment?
An experiment is often used to show the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable. In this case, a cattle rancher has a trailer full of new Angus feeder cattle to add to his operation. All the cattle have been taken off the same field and they are all similar in weight and confirmation. Before he adds them to his operation he wants to know what will make them gain the most weight for the least cost.
1) The problem is to determine what will make them gain the most weight for the least cost.
2) In this experiment, he needs to randomly divide the new cattle breed into three groups and have them feed on an irrigated field with grass, a
barn full of grass hay and barrels of grain.
3) The hypothesis is that the cattle fed on a barn full of grass hay has the greatest weight gain.
4) The dependent variable is the weight of the cattle
5) The independent variable is the type of feed given to the cattle
6) The constant is the specie of the cattle.
7) The variables are qualitative because they are not countable or numerable.
8) An unavoidable source of error is the estimation of the degree of weight gain which may be done subjectively.
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Which of the following statements is correct about these amino acids?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
something needs to be polar to diffuse through the plasma membrane, which the first aa is on the outside
describe extrinsic factors that regulate growth of eukaryotic cells, including growth factors, cell density, and changes in cell shape.
Extrinsic cell components are characteristics linked to micro-environmental changes that affect its phenotype and disrupt the progression of neoplastic disease in eukaryotic cells.
What are extrinsic factors?
Extrinsic factors influences are hypothesized to impact several genes at once, but little information has been done on the molecular causes of this extrinsic variability.
They expand by utilizing the biological processes of their hosts to replicate their genetic material.
Demonstrates how regulatory networks can cause extrinsic noise at a target gene's output by converting noise in the expression of upstream regulators.
Our findings highlight the importance of the interaction between gene regulatory networks and population variation for understanding the cell density and cell shape.
Therefore, extrinsic factors that regulate growth of eukaryotic cells.
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Dark pocket mice are found in locations that have dark substrate. genetics revealed what surprising fact about mice in different locations? a. they had different mutations b. they had the same mutations c. they were not related
The surprising fact about mice revealed by genetics is that they have the same mutations.
How come dark pocket mice have same mutations?Dark pocket mice have mutations happening in same gene.It is already known that dark pocket mice better adapts in dark that is black substrate or black ground.Likewise brown mice will better adapt in the regions of sand or soil.What actually happens is if a mice have darker fur or darker color then it will have the opportunity to better survive in the darker regions.And the darker the environment , the darker the fur so the better survival , all these comes from mutation . If the mutation rate would be greater then it will more environment friendly.To know more about mutations visit:
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What do you think causes a lunar eclipse?
Answer:
Lunar eclipses happen when the moon is in Earth's shadow and the sun, Earth and moon are all aligned.
Hope that helps
Answer:
a lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow
How many turns of the calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?.
Answer:.......................==========================
Explanation:
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Answer:a;sodihf;aoisdhfo;a ihdfoiahjsdo;ifa;oisdhjf;oaihjsd
Explanation:
what property of water allows it to move from the roots, to the leaves of plants
Answer:
The cohesive properties of water
Explanation:
The cohesive properties of water (hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules) allow the column of water to be 'pulled' up through the plant as water molecules are evaporating at the surfaces of leaf cells. This process has been termed the Cohesion Theory of Sap Ascent in plants.
who coined the phrase ""nature versus nurture"" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans? a) alfred binet b) raymond cattell c) theodore simon d) sir francis galton
Option D: Sir Francis Galton coined the phrase "nature versus nurture".
The term 'nature' refers to the effect of genes on one's characteristic traits while the term 'nurture' refers to the effect of upbringing of a child on its characteristic health and other conditions. This is a well-known scientific fact that we acquire traits and inborn health conditions through genes from our parents. These are generally termed genetic traits.
But it is now known that environmental factors can affect your chances to acquire these significant health conditions from your parents. If you are at a risk to get diabetes through genes from your parents, you may adopt a healthier diet and exercise regularly to avoid the adverse health conditions. Also, if the environment is kept negative the child is likely to get depression or mental disorders.
Sir Francis Galton while discussing whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans coined the phrase "nature versus nurture". He particularly referred to genes through nature and one's upbringing environment through nurture.
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A team of scientists and engineers is working together to develop a new cleaning product. The team has identified a species of bacteria that gets energy by breaking apart lipids and oils. The team wants to isolate the key substance that the bacteria use for this process, and then adapt the substance for the new cleaning product.
A. A lipid or oil that is unique to the bacteria
B. A carbohydrate that is about the same size as a typical lipid or oil molecule
C. A nucleic acid that codes for the production of a lipid or oil
D. A protein enzyme that specifically binds lipids or oils
D. A protein enzyme that specifically binds lipids or oils
The macromolecule to be isolated for this process is a protein break apart lipids and oil.
In the provided question, bacteria obtain energy for their personal metabolic activities by dissolving lipids and oils. This is only feasible due to the bacteria's genetic features. Because all genetic characteristics are coded for by a protein, the scientists must scan the bacterium genome and identify the protein responsible for this function.
Some microorganisms have been utilized in biotechnology due to their value to human endeavours. The majority of probiotics used in the manufacturing of yoghurt are bacteria that are widely recognized as harmless (GRAS). However, the significance of these creatures is extensive.
Because carbohydrates and lipids are not the functional units of genetic expressions, answers a and b are erroneous. Nucleic acids are part of the genetic material, but they are eventually translated into protein. As a result, response choice D is the right one.
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Based on your understanding of Darwin's Theory of Evolution, which of the following organisms would potentially evolve the fastest ?
A) All of these species would have roughly the same rate of evolutionary change
B) A species of roundworm that reproduces via asexual reproduction but contains a DNA replication machinery that introduces 3-6 mutations every mitotic cycle with a generation time of 6 days
C) A species of mammal that reproduces sexually and passes on roughly 3 mutations every generation with a generation time of 18-20 years
D) A species of bacteria with a poor DNA replication error correction capability that normally reproduces asexually but can reproduce sexually and has a generation time of 45 minutes
Based on Darwin's Theory of Evolution, a species of bacteria with a poor DNA replication error correction capability that normally reproduces asexually but can reproduce sexually and has a generation time of 45 minutes might be the fastest to evolve (Option D).
How does evolution occur?The process of evolution means descendence with modification involving changes (adaptations) that are adaptive for the individual, which in this case is better represented by sa pecies with a higher mutation rate, fast generation time, and the possibility to perform sexual reproduction to combine adaptive features.
In conclusion, Based on Darwin's Theory of Evolution, a species of bacteria with a poor DNA replication error correction capability that normally reproduces asexually but can reproduce sexually and has a generation time of 45 minutes might be the fastest to evolve (Option D).
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a plant disease is any condition in a plant caused by living and nonliving agents that interferes with its normal growth and development.
The answer is true.
What is a plant disease?
"Anything that inhibits a plant from performing to its maximum potential" is the definition of a plant disease. The scope of this term covers both biotic and abiotic plant diseases.
Field crop-damaging plant diseases are of enormous economic significance, which justifies the widespread and regular use of pesticides. In addition to more typical methods of crop plant infection, agricultural use of BW also has the potential to introduce diseases and weed seeds. In general, the inactivation kinetics of plant pathogens in various hygiene treatments for BW are the same as those for diseases that affect people and animals. But fungal pathogens can produce dormant spores, wait for better circumstances, and live for many years in the soil. They also exhibit a fair amount of resistance to various forms of treatment. Some of them may also house a wide range of plant species. Additionally, some plant viruses, such as the tobacco mosaic virus, are difficult to inactivate with heat.
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Which of these factors may affect nutritional needs? Select three options.
Answer:
Age, activity level, pregnancy
Explanation:
Enzymes provide a site where reactants called substrates can be brought together in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The site is called the.
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, reactants known as substrates can be brought together at the site provided by enzymes. It functions as an active site.
The area of an enzyme's active site where substrate molecules attach and undergo a chemical reaction is known as the active site in biology and biochemistry.The active site is made up of amino acid residues that catalyze a reaction of that substrate as well as residues that establish temporary bonds with the substrate (binding site) (catalytic site).A binding site is a spot on a protein, piece of DNA, or piece of RNA where a ligand can attach. Proteins are enzymes.An enzyme's active site is a location where substrates can attach to initiate a chemical reaction.The active site of an enzyme is where substrate molecules bind and catalyze the reaction that results in the generation of certain products, whereas the allosteric site is where activator or inhibitor molecules can bind to the enzyme and either activate or inhibit enzyme activity.Learn more about active site here:
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What is indirect evidence?
Something that cannot be observed directly
Evidence observed from a side angle
Evidence that separates events
Proof of unfamiliar facts
Answer:
Proof of unfamiliar facts.
Explanation:
e.g Data analysis of a defendant shows their fingerprints on something from a completely different crime, but we do not know what actually happened that day, because the evidence is very unrelated and indirectly proving that the defendant would be guilt of another crime from likely a long time ago.
Hope this helps. Let me know if you have other concerns or if something is wrong, and I will do my best to fix it.
new green fluorescent protein genes for plant transformation: intron-containing, er-localized, and soluble-modified
The first fully in vivo reporting systems useful in whole plants is GFP, and we predict that when improved GFP genes become available, its utility will grow even more.
What is Gene?The term "gene" has a variety of meanings in biology. The molecular makes up a gene of DNA nucleotides that are transcribed to generate a functional RNA, while the Mendelian gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Genes that code for proteins and noncoding genes are the two different categories of molecular genes.
DNA is first replicated into RNA during gene expression. A protein that fulfills a function can be directly generated from the RNA or it can serve as the intermediary template. Phenotypic qualities are passed down through gene inheritance from an organism to its progeny. Different DNA sequences known as genotypes are made up of these genes. The phenotypes are determined by the genotypes as well as by environmental and developmental variables.
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biophysicochemical motifs in t-cell receptor sequences distinguish repertoires from tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte and adjacent healthy tissue.
Antigen receptor-encoding genes in a lymphocyte population may be thoroughly characterized by immune repertoire deep sequencing.
By locating antigen receptor sequence patterns connected to clinical characteristics, we anticipated that this technique may offer a fresh approach to illness diagnosis. In this research, we created statistical classifiers of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires to separate tumor tissue from patient-matched healthy tissue of the same organ. A biophysical and biochemical pattern found in the TCR chains' complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) served as the foundation for both classifiers. In order to create each classifier, we isolated 4-mers from each TCR CDR3 and represented each 4-mer using bio physicochemical characteristics of its amino acid sequence together with quantification of 4-mer (or receptor) abundance.
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which type of membrane protein attaches cells to other cells? channel linker transporter cell identity marker
The type of membrane protein that attaches cells to other cells is commonly known as a linker (Option B).
What is a cellular linker?A cellular linker is a type of protein used to bind cells in a given tissue, thereby having structural functions that are fundamental for the integrity of different tissues.
In conclusion, the type of membrane protein that attaches cells to other cells is commonly known as a linker (Option B).
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drugs classified as depressants typically a) speed up metabolism. b) slow down neural transmission and behavior. c) increase the likelihood of the sympathetic nervous system becoming active. d) act as antagonists that block the effect of gaba.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Depressants slow down neural activity/transmission. They are often used to relieve depression/anxiety/stress/pain for a period of time.
Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Thus, option B is correct.
What are depressants?
Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Analgesia has been known as the analgesic drug which has been used as a pain reliever or it has been also known as painkiller. The group of drugs that used to relief severe pain has been known as the analgesia. The side effects of the analgesia has that the long term use of analgesia can cause damage to liver and kidney.
There are several conditions in which analgesia are analgesic are given and these are after the surgery, if someone gets injured in case of pain and it is also given in case severe headache. The menstrual pain can also be reliefed by taking analgesia.
Therefore, Drugs classified as depressants typically will slow down neural transmission and behavior. Thus, option B is correct.
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Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called?.
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called antibiotics
Antibiotics are effective pills which can be usually safe. Although they are very helpful in fighting disease, antibiotics can actually be harmful. Important Facts About Antibiotic Safety: Antibiotics can cause side effects such as allergic reactions and severe and potentially life-threatening diarrhea caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile (C. diff).
Antibiotics can also interfere with other medications you may be taking. Antibiotic side effects account for nearly one-fifth of emergency room visits. These conditions are the most common reasons for emergency room visits for children under the age of 18. Taking antibiotics you don't need unnecessarily exposes you to the drug's side effects and denies you the benefits.
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If an phosphorus atom has 16 electrons, what is the net charge?
A) +1
B) +2
C) 0
D) -1
Answer: −412
−234
−114
0
Explanation: The number line represents −412+314.
What is the sum?
based on your hypothesis, you predict that the chemical isolated from the fungus will successfully kill cancer cells. to test this prediction, you design the following experiment.
A hypothesis is an educated guess that could explain an observation.
What is a hypothesis?A hypothesis is an educated guess that could explain an observation. It is usual that we make a hypothesis when we are trying to solve a problem. Looking at the graph, we can now tell the statements that follow.
Statements supported by the data;
Cancer cells treated with the chemical have a lower survival rate than cancer cells not treated with the chemical.After five days of chemical treatment, less than 50% of the cancer cells are alive.Statements not supported by the data
Cancer cells treated with the chemicals have a higher survival rate than cancer cells not treated with the chemicalsThis chemical will be useful for treating colon cancer but not other types of cancerThis chemical would be useful for treating all types of cancersAfter 10 days without chemical treatment, more than 90 percent of the cancer cells are alive.Learn more about hypothesis:https://brainly.com/question/11256472
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Why might energy be needed to assist in molecules moving across a cell membrane?.
Energy be needed to assist in molecules moving across a cell membrane because transport occurs against the concentration gradient .
The transport in the cell occurs through the cell membrane by different mechanisms like active transport and passive transport in order to enter nutrients and eliminate waste .
There are lots of molecules which can pass through the cell membrane without any difficulty but there are some other molecules also requires energy to enter into the cell membrane due to their structure , chemical composition , hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties .
Active transport :in this type of transport force is developed . it requires energy to carried out the transportation because it is a type of movement which involves the transport of molecules against concentration gradient i.e. from lower concentration to the higher concentration . it carried out through pumps.
Cell membrane :It is also known as plasma membrane . it is defined as a living , ultrathin , dynamic , elastic semipermeable membrane that encloses the protoplasm of a cell .
It is the outer most boundary of all living cells . but prokaryotes and plant cells generally have an additional cell wall outside the plasma membrane.
Plasma membrane of neuron is called neurolemma while that of haemolysed RBC is called red cell ghost . the plasma membrane of muscle cell along with based lamina is called sarcolemma .
Along with plasma membrane , the eukaryotes also contains intracellular membrane surrounding the vacuole and organelles . the plasma membrane and the intracellular membranes together called as biological membranes of bio-membranes.
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effect of different feeding schedules on the survival and neural differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells
The survival or neuronal development of human embryonic or human induced pluripotent stem cells is not improved by feeding them more than five days per week.
Why does feeding not increase neuronal differentiation or cell survival?An induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into any form of specialized human cell, ESC/iPSC-derived cell types have a lot of potential for use in regenerative medicine.
Neuroscience research can benefit from neural culture of human pluripotent stem cells. However, it is unknown what the ideal feeding schedule for these in vitro systems should be. Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells were cultivated with medium exchange schedules of five, six, or seven days per week during two months of differentiation. We assessed the survival and neural differentiation characteristics of these cells. Through this period of culture, neither human pluripotent cell type showed any appreciable alterations in cell counts or indicators of brain development. We come to the conclusion that feeding this culture system more than five days a week is unlikely to be advantageous.
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the structure of lipids is group of answer choices dominated by hydrophobic regions. dominated by hydrophilic regions. equally dominated by hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
The structure of lipids is "dominated by hydrophobic regions".
Any organic molecule that seems to be soluble in oil or fat but not in water would be a lipid. They serve as energy-storing molecules as well as chemical messengers and include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, as well as some membrane components.
Lipids are often hydrophobic despite being amphiphilic molecules, having all these components of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic areas within the molecule. This is partly because of the high amount of hydrocarbons in polar regions.
The most abundant membrane lipids are the phospholipids. These have a polar head group and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails.
The question is incomplete , the complete question is:
The structure of lipids is group of answer choices :
(a)dominated by hydrophobic regions.
(b)dominated by hydrophilic regions.
(c) equally dominated by hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
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Which of the following is the best definition for data?
a. Observations that may be quantitative or qualitative
b. A tentative, testable scientific explanation
c. Useful for determining the effect of the independent variable
d. A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge