Answer:
It has helped connect the world and set the stage for colonization. The world has became more developed and connected as a result.
How did Genghis Khan build the Mongol Empire
Answer: Genghis forged the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly effective army with fast, light, and highly coordinated cavalry. Eventually, the empire dominated Asia from the Black Sea to the Korean peninsula.
Explanation:↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
Answer:
He combined his power base with traditional Mongol skills, horsemanship, and archery and he built an empire that would then conquer China.
Explanation:
Genghis Khan built the Mongol Empire by combining his power base with Mongol skills, horsemanship, and archery and he then built an empire that would then conquer China.
Hope this helps:))
8th gr Social Studie..
Pretest: Unit 1
Yearbook
A Aeries: Portals
Online Photo Editor...
Question 2 of 21
During the Great Migration, large numbers of:
Photos For Clas
O A. Black Americans moved from southern states to northern a
western states.
B. Black Americans from large cities moved to more remote a
densely populated areas.
OC. Black Americans left the United States and moved to count
Europe and Africa.
OD. Black Americans moved from northern states to southern s
During the Great Migration, large numbers of A) Black Americans moved from southern states to northern and western states during the Great Migration.
During the Great Migration, large numbers of Black Americans moved from southern states to northern and western states (Option A). The Great Migration refers to the period between the early 20th century and the 1970s when millions of African Americans left the rural South in search of better economic opportunities and to escape racial discrimination.The migration was primarily driven by push and pull factors. Push factors included the harsh conditions of segregation, limited job opportunities, and racial violence in the South. Pull factors were the promise of industrial jobs, better wages, and relative freedom from overt racism in the North and West.The movement of African Americans during the Great Migration had a profound impact on urban areas, contributing to the growth of cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and New York. It also fueled the rise of African American communities, cultural expression, and civil rights activism in these new destinations.Option B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the main pattern of migration during the Great Migration.For more questions on Great Migration
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What was one major effect of the Ming dynasty’s policy to restrict trade between china and Europe
Answer: Pirates and smugglers began to supply European merchants with Chinese goods.
Explanation: YIPPPEE
The economy of Ghana at independence (1960-1966) could best be
described as A. mixed economy C. command economy B. socialist
economy D. capitalist economy
Answer:
The economy of Ghana at independence (1960-1966) could best be described as a mixed economy.
At the time of Ghana's independence in 1957, the country's economy was largely based on agriculture, with cocoa being the most important cash crop. However, after independence, the government under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah implemented a range of policies aimed at industrializing the country and diversifying the economy.
These policies included the establishment of state-owned enterprises and the nationalization of some industries, which gave the government a significant role in the economy. However, private enterprise was still allowed, and foreign investment was actively encouraged.
Overall, the Ghanaian economy at the time of independence was a mix of public and private enterprise, with the government playing an active role in promoting economic development and industrialization. This mixed economy approach continued throughout the 1960s, although it shifted more towards a command economy in the 1970s under the military government of General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong.
write about napoleons rule
Answer:c
Explanation:because i search it up
One major problem with the reservation system was that US government agents:_____.
a. took land from White settlers to give to Indigenous peoples. b. dealt directly with Indigenous families. c. did not understand Indigenous culture. d. gave land to settlers who battled Indigenous peoples.
Answer:a
Explanation:
Why is the Battle of Little Bighorn often referred to as "Custer’s Last Stand"? a. The Battle of Little Bighorn resulted in the death of General Custer and all two hundred of his troops
b. The Battle of Little Bighorn was General Custer’s last battle before he retired from the military
c. The Battle of Little Bighorn was the last conflict the US military engaged in with the Plains tribes
d. The Battle of Little Bighorn was the final conflict in the wars against Indigenous peoples of the late 1800s.
a. The Battle of Little Bighorn is often referred to as "Custer's Last Stand" because it resulted in the death of General Custer and all two hundred of his troops.
The Battle of Little Bighorn is often referred to as "Custer's Last Stand" because option a is the correct answer. The battle, which took place on June 25-26, 1876, resulted in the death of General George Armstrong Custer and all two hundred of his troops. It was a significant event in the context of the American Indian Wars, specifically the conflict between the United States Army and the Plains tribes, including the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.Custer's decision to divide his forces and attack a large encampment of Native American tribes led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse proved disastrous. The overwhelming numbers and strategic prowess of the Native American warriors overwhelmed Custer's troops, leading to their defeat and subsequent annihilation. Custer's death and the scale of the loss made the Battle of Little Bighorn a prominent and memorable event in American history.The term "Custer's Last Stand" has come to symbolize a heroic last stand or a final act of bravery in the face of overwhelming odds, highlighting the significance of the battle and Custer's role in it.For more questions on Battle of Little Bighorn
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How did ancient Judaism differ from neighboring religions? (30c, DOK 2)
Question 6 options:
Judaism recruited new members; other religions did not
Judaism was monotheistic; their religions were polytheistic
Judaism embraced founding stories; other religions were based on action.
Judaism gave women equal rights; other religions treated women unfairly.
Judaism was monotheistic while neighboring religions were polytheistic.
Ancient Judaism differed from neighboring religions in several ways, with one notable distinction being its monotheistic belief system. While neighboring religions practiced polytheism, Judaism firmly upheld the belief in one God, emphasizing monotheistic worship and rejecting the worship of multiple deities. This monotheistic perspective set Judaism apart and influenced various aspects of Jewish religious and cultural practices. Additionally, Judaism had its own unique set of religious texts, laws, and rituals, and it placed significant importance on the covenant between God and the Jewish people. These distinct characteristics, including the emphasis on monotheism, contributed to the uniqueness and separateness of ancient Judaism in comparison to the surrounding polytheistic religions.In conclusion, ancient Judaism stood out from neighboring religions through its monotheistic belief system, which set it apart in a polytheistic context. This fundamental distinction shaped the religious practices, texts, and cultural identity of Judaism, highlighting its unique position and contributing to its enduring influence throughout history.
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What problems did regurning african american soilders face after ww1
Answer: Black soldiers returning from the war found the same socioeconomic ills and racist violence that they faced before. Despite their sacrifices overseas, they still struggled to get hired for well-paying jobs, encountered segregation and endured targeted brutality, especially while wearing their military uniforms.
Explanation:
Answer: Black soldiers returning from the war found the same socioeconomic ills and racist violence that they faced before. Despite their sacrifices overseas, they still struggled to get hired for well-paying jobs, encountered segregation, and endured targeted brutality, especially while wearing their military uniforms.
Explanation:↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑ YIPPPEE ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑
What factors do you need to consider when producing a good
Answer: Factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
Explanation: YIPPPEE
Supporters of the Dawes Act of 1887 said the law would:__.
a. help Indigenous peoples become landowners and farmers. b. help Indigenous peoples by freeing them from reservations. c. harm Indigenous peoples by offering them unproductive land. d. harm Indigenous peoples by giving their land to homesteaders.
Answer:The us government achieve its goal with the Indian appropriations act of 1885 By encouraging American Indians to sell their lands.Correct option is A:What was the Indian Appropriations Act 1885?In 1885, Congress passed a new Indian Appropriations Act which allowed Indian tribes to sell unoccupied lands in their possession.What was the government's overall goal in passing the Indian Appropriations Acts?The Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 changed how the US government treated American Indians. Under this policy, American Indians were treated as individuals. help American Indians become landowners and farmers.Why was the Indian Appropriation Act important?The act effectively made Native Americans wards of the US government and paved the way for other laws that granted the federal government increased power over the land and lives of Indigenous.
Explanation:
The map shows Europe in 1812, before the congress of Vienna. Map of Europe in 1812. The map shows the French Empire and countries allied with Napoleon's Empire in 1812. According to the map, the largest empire in 1812 was the Empire.
2. Consider how globalization, the growth of economic interdependence between nations, and the rise of new technologies are affecting social interactions and the environment in which we live. Use these details to analyze the chapter's Enduring Understanding statement: Political and economic relationships on a global scale can result in social and environmental changes.
The Enduring Understanding statement accurately reflects the impact of globalization, economic interdependence, and technological advancements on social interactions and the environment. The interconnectedness of nations through global trade, investments, and communication systems has led to profound political and economic relationships on a global scale.
Economically, globalization has facilitated the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, enabling multinational corporations to expand their operations worldwide. This has created new job opportunities, increased access to products and services, and boosted economic growth in many regions.
Politically, globalized economies have necessitated the establishment of international organizations and agreements to regulate trade, finance, and governance. These institutions, like the World Trade Organization and United Nations, play a crucial role in shaping policies that impact social and environmental factors.
Moreover, the rise of new technologies, particularly in communication and transportation, has accelerated the pace of globalization. The internet and social media platforms have connected people across borders, allowing for instant communication, information sharing, and mobilization of social movements.
In terms of the environment, global economic interdependence has led to increased resource extraction, energy consumption, and waste generation. Industries seek competitive advantages by exploiting natural resources and often disregard environmental consequences.
In conclusion, the Enduring Understanding statement accurately reflects the profound social and environmental changes resulting from political and economic relationships on a global scale.
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How many senators are there in the US senate
Answer:
100
Explanation:
because its lot's of them everywhere
Following the Mexican-American War, Mexico experienced what? A. a major increase in its territory B. rapid economic growth C. the start of an industrial revolution D. a period of political instability
Answer:
D. a period of political instability
Explanation:
D. a period of political instability is the answer because the Mexican-American War resulted in the loss of a significant amount of territory for Mexico. This territorial loss led to internal conflicts and power struggles within the country. The Mexican government faced challenges in dealing with the consequences of the war, which resulted in a period of political instability characterized by coups, uprisings, and regime changes.
Egypt episode
What metal did they covet & say was like the Sun?
Since Egypt had very little, where was it mostly from?
What kind of mineral deposits did the Egyptians use at first (was easiest to work)?
When these were exhausted/used up, they mined
The oldest geologic map was
B.C.E.
veins.
The U.S. had 5 strategic resources for WWII, they were:
Germany had one, it was:
Ferroalloys were crucial, they were which metals:
(not carbon, she compares C-steel to wood.)
Ukraine had crops (esp, wheat) & 2 crucial metals, that were:
Germany got what from coal? (thanks to chemists at IG Earthen):
Answer:
1. The metal that the Egyptians coveted and said was like the Sun was gold.
2. Since Egypt had very little gold, it was mostly obtained through trade with neighboring regions such as Nubia, where gold deposits were abundant.
3. The Egyptians used copper deposits at first since it was the easiest to work with.
4. When copper deposits were exhausted, the Egyptians began to mine other metals and minerals like gold, silver, and iron.
5. The oldest geologic map was created in Egypt around 1150 BCE.
6. The five strategic resources that the US had for WWII were aluminum, chromium, manganese, nickel, and tin. Germany's strategic resource was oil.
7. Ferroalloys were crucial, and they were made of iron and other metals like manganese, chromium, and nickel but not carbon, which is used to make steel.
8. Ukraine had crops, especially wheat, and two crucial metals that were iron and manganese.
9. Germany was able to extract synthetic fuels from coal thanks to the chemists at IG Farben.
Militarism influenced many governments, leading to a(n)
Militarism influenced many governments, leading to an increased emphasis on military power and potential aggression.
Militarism influenced many governments, leading to a variety of consequences and impacts. One significant outcome was an increased focus on military power and the expansion of military forces. This often resulted in higher defense spending, the development of advanced weapons, and the militarization of societies. Militarism also shaped foreign policies, with nations seeking to assert their dominance and protect their interests through military means. This aggressive posture heightened tensions between countries and contributed to a climate of rivalry and potential conflicts. Furthermore, militarism influenced political systems, with military leaders gaining significant influence and in some cases taking control of governments. Overall, militarism had far-reaching effects on societies, economies, international relations, and the overall stability of nations.For more such questions on Militarism:
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How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art?
Select all correct answers.
Responses
Renaissance art appeared flat, while art of the Middle Ages used light, perspective, and depth.
Artists of the Renaissance used a very limited number of colors compared to art of the Middle Ages.
Artists of the Renaissance made figures look solid and lifelike by using light and shadow.
Figures in Renaissance art were shown in realistic proportions and positions.
Answer:The points which describe the main differences between renaissance and medieval art are being shared below :
A.Renaissance art appeared flat, while art of the Middle Ages used light, perspective, and depth.
C.Artists of the Renaissance made figures look solid and lifelike by using light and shadow.
I'm sure it will help!
Explanation: YIPPPEE
Would you argue that the McKinley administration's call for war with Spain was justified? Why or why not?
How did American foreign policy change in the late-nineteenth century?
What arguments did Americans make to support interventions abroad?
How was the question of immigration tied up with American imperialism?
How did nativism shape American immigration?
What role did American women play in imperialism?
Explain how American views of freedom might conflict with other nations' views of equality. Give examples.
The McKinley administration's call for war with Spain in the late-nineteenth century was a contentious issue, with differing opinions on its justification. American foreign policy during this time underwent significant changes, transitioning from isolationism to imperialism. Arguments in favor of interventions abroad included the promotion of American economic interests, the spread of democracy and civilization, and the belief in American exceptionalism.
The question of immigration was intertwined with American imperialism, as the influx of immigrants raised concerns about preserving American identity and values. Nativism played a significant role in shaping American immigration policies, with a focus on restricting immigration from certain regions and advocating for cultural assimilation. American women also played a role in imperialism, participating in missionary work and promoting American values abroad. Conflicts between American views of freedom and other nations' views of equality arose in instances such as the annexation of territories with diverse populations, where the imposition of American ideals clashed with the aspirations of self-governance.
The McKinley administration's decision to go to war with Spain in 1898 was met with both support and opposition. Proponents argued that the sinking of the USS Maine and Spanish mistreatment of the Cuban people justified intervention to protect American interests and promote democracy. However, critics viewed the war as an imperialistic endeavor driven by economic interests rather than noble intentions.
During the late-nineteenth century, American foreign policy shifted from a policy of isolationism to one of imperialism. The United States expanded its influence through the acquisition of territories such as the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, marking a departure from its previous focus on domestic affairs.
Arguments in favor of interventions abroad included economic motivations, as American businesses sought new markets and resources. Proponents also believed in the spread of American values and saw their nation as uniquely qualified to bring civilization and democracy to "lesser" peoples.
The question of immigration was closely tied to American imperialism. Concerns arose about the impact of increased immigration on American identity and cultural cohesion. Nativist sentiments led to the enactment of restrictive immigration laws, particularly targeting immigrants from non-European countries.
American women played various roles in imperialism. Some engaged in missionary work, spreading Christianity and American values abroad. Others participated in organizations promoting women's suffrage and social reforms, believing that American principles of democracy and equality should be extended to other nations.
Conflicts between American views of freedom and other nations' views of equality emerged during the era of imperialism. The annexation of territories with diverse populations, such as the Philippines, raised questions about the imposition of American ideals on people striving for self-governance and independence. These clashes reflected the tension between American notions of freedom and equality and the aspirations of other nations to determine their own destinies.
Overall, the late-nineteenth-century period witnessed a complex interplay of motivations, ideologies, and conflicts as American foreign policy underwent a significant transformation, impacting immigration, gender roles, and perceptions of freedom and equality on the international stage.
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In 30 words or fewer, explain how religion in Europe was affected by the reign of Elizabeth I.
Answer:
During the reign of Elizabeth I, religion in Europe was influenced as she established Protestantism as the dominant faith in England, impacting religious dynamics across the continent.
when did Texas become a territory of the United States
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MARK AS BRAINLIEST
Answer: 1845 With the support of President-elect Polk, Tyler managed to get the joint resolution passed on March 1, 1845, and Texas was admitted into the United States on December 29.
Explanation: YIPPPEE
Describe the major events between June 28 and August 12 that began World War I:
The major events between June 28 and August 12 that began World War I can be summarized as follows:
June 28, 1914: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife, Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. The assassination was carried out by a Serbian nationalist and sparked tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, marking the beginning of hostilities. This triggered a series of alliances and mobilizations among European powers.July 30, 1914: Russia, a supporter of Serbia, began mobilizing its forces against Austria-Hungary.August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Luxembourg as part of the Schlieffen Plan, a strategy to swiftly defeat France.August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France and began the invasion of Belgium, violating its neutrality.August 4, 1914: Britain, bound by a treaty to protect Belgian neutrality, declared war on Germany. This marked the full engagement of major European powers in the conflict.These events set in motion the series of military actions and declarations of war that engulfed Europe and ultimately led to the outbreak of World War I. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand acted as the trigger, while the subsequent actions of the major powers turned the localized conflict into a global war.For more such questions on World War I
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Based on the graph, which of the following statements is true?
O Unemployment was worse than the Great Depression in the 1970s.
Presidents in the 1970s made effective policies to control inflation.
Americans in the 1970s experienced a steep rise in product prices.
O Stagflation was the result of the Arab oil embargo in the 1970s.
The statement which is true is that C. Americans in the 1970s experienced a steep rise in product prices.
Why did Americans experience inflation in the 1970s?During the 1970s, the United States experienced a period of high inflation, which led to a significant increase in product prices. This phenomenon, known as stagflation, was characterized by a combination of high inflation, high unemployment, and slow economic growth.
It was not directly caused by the Arab oil embargo, although the embargo did contribute to the economic challenges of the time by causing an increase in oil prices and supply disruptions.
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Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who died during his voyage, led a remarkable expedition finished by his surviving crew.
Which letter on the map shows Magellan's route, and why it was remarkable?
Select two correct answers.
Responses
A
A
B
B
C
C
His crew was able to round the tip of Africa.
His crew was able to round the tip of Africa.
He showed his crew the way even after becoming ill on the coast of South America.
He showed his crew the way even after becoming ill on the coast of South America.
His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
Options B and C show Magellan's route, and it was remarkable.
B. Magellan showed his crew the way even after becoming ill on the coast of South America. This is remarkable because, despite Magellan's illness, he continued to lead and guide his crew through uncharted waters and unfamiliar territories. He displayed immense determination and leadership, ensuring that the expedition would carry on despite his personal health challenges.
C. Magellan's crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe. This is an extraordinary feat in the history of exploration. Magellan's expedition set out in 1519 with the goal of finding a western route to the Spice Islands (present-day Indonesia). Although Magellan died during the voyage in 1521 in the Philippines, his surviving crew, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, completed the journey.
They continued westward, crossing the Indian Ocean, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, and eventually arriving back in Spain in 1522. This achievement marked the first recorded circumnavigation of the Earth, demonstrating the extent of human exploration and expanding our understanding of the world's geography. Therefore, the correct answer options are B and C.
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Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator who died during his voyage, led a remarkable expedition finished by his surviving crew.
Which letter on the map shows Magellan's route, and why it was remarkable?
Select two correct answers.
Responses
A. His crew was able to round the tip of Africa.
B. He showed his crew the way even after becoming ill on the coast of South America.
C. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the globe.
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Absolutism refers to
OA series of military advances that resulted from the development of gunpowder weaponry.
O A free market economic system based on private enterprise and the investment of profits from
business.
O The rapid expansion of trade and commerce that transformed Europe, beginning in the 16th
century.
O a form of rule in which monarchs centralized power and authority under their rule. What does absolutism refer to?
Absolutism refers to : O a form of rule in which monarchs centralized power and authority under their rule.
Absolutism is a political ideology and system of government that emerged in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is characterized by the concentration of power in the hands of a single ruler, typically a monarch, who possesses absolute authority and control over the state. In an absolutist system, the monarch holds ultimate power and is not bound by constitutional limitations or the consent of the governed.Absolutist rulers claimed divine right, asserting that their authority came directly from God, and they were accountable only to God. They controlled all aspects of governance, including legislation, administration, and the judiciary. Absolutism often involved the establishment of a centralized bureaucracy and the suppression of dissent and opposition to maintain stability and control.Absolutism had both positive and negative implications. On one hand, it provided stability and efficient governance by consolidating power and decision-making. It allowed for swift policy implementation and enabled monarchs to pursue ambitious projects such as infrastructure development and cultural patronage.Absolutism also limited individual freedoms, stifled political participation, and in some cases, led to tyranny and abuse of power. The positive or negative nature of absolutism depended on the particular ruler and the extent of their benevolence or despotism.Correct option is : O a form of rule in which monarchs centralized power and authority under their rule.
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Place the events related to Caesar’s rise to power in chronological order.
GIFTING 20 TO ANYONE WHO CAN ANWSER
Caesar defeats Pompey’s army for control of Rome.
Caesar takes title of dictator for life.
Senators assassinate Caesar in the Senate chamber.
The Senate orders Caesar to leave command of Roman army.
A triumvirate is formed with Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.
Sequence
In chronological order, the events related to Caesar's rise to power are as follows:
A triumvirate is formed with Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.
The Senate orders Caesar to leave command of the Roman army.
Caesar defeats Pompey's army for control of Rome.
Caesar takes the title of dictator for life.
Senators assassinate Caesar in the Senate chamber.
The formation of a triumvirate: The sequence begins with the formation of the First Triumvirate, a political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. This alliance aimed to consolidate their power and influence in Rome and maintain their individual political ambitions.Senate orders Caesar to leave command: Tensions escalated within the triumvirate, particularly between Caesar and Pompey. As a result, the Senate ordered Caesar to leave his command of the Roman army and return to Rome to face possible charges of insubordination.Caesar's military victory: Instead of complying with the Senate's orders, Caesar chose to defy them and marched his army across the Rubicon River, a move that marked the beginning of a civil war. Caesar emerged victorious after defeating Pompey's forces in several decisive battles, ultimately securing control of Rome.Assumption of the title of dictator for life: With his victory over Pompey, Caesar consolidated his power and declared himself dictator for life. This move effectively dissolved the Roman Republic and centralized authority in his hands, allowing him to enact various reforms and establish his rule.Assassination by senators: Caesar's growing power and ambition led to resentment among a group of senators who saw him as a threat to the traditional republican system. On the Ides of March in 44 BCE, a group of conspirators led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar in the Senate chamber, hoping to restore the power of the Senate and preserve the republican order.These events trace the trajectory of Caesar's rise to power, from his initial alliance with Pompey and Crassus, to his military victories, assumption of unprecedented authority as dictator for life, and ultimately, his assassination at the hands of discontented senators.For more questions on Caesar
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Edmentum answers American history
American history is a vast and complex subject that spans over four centuries. It begins with the arrival of European explorers and settlers in the 16th century and continues to the present day.
The history of the United States is characterized by a range of significant events and themes. The colonial period saw the establishment of English colonies along the Atlantic coast, including Jamestown and Plymouth. The colonies grew, developing distinct regional economies and cultures. Tensions with Great Britain led to the American Revolution in 1775, resulting in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the formation of a new nation.
The early years of the United States were marked by westward expansion, conflicts with Native American tribes, and the development of a democratic system of government. The 19th century witnessed the growth of industries, the expansion of slavery, and the Civil War fought from 1861 to 1865. The war led to the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries were characterized by industrialization, immigration, and the Progressive Era, which sought to address social and political problems. The United States emerged as a global power after World War I, and the 1920s saw economic prosperity followed by the Great Depression in the 1930s.
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Brief overview of American history
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14
Case Study: The Kennewick Man
The most contentious case in the history of NAGPRA, and one of the stimuli in moving this legislation forward was the case of the Kennewick Man. In 1996, human skeletal remains were found by canoers along the bank of the Columbia River in Kennewick, WA. Upon further inspection this skeleton, dubbed Kennewick Man, turned out to be 8,400 years old and at the time was one of the most complete skeletons ever found in North America. The primary basis of these results were radiometric tests to determine the age and the inspection of the skeleton by several trained osteologists. Once Kennewick’s age and origins were discovered, scientists immediately recognized the significance of these remains to understanding the peopling of the Americas by over the last 13,000 years.
Almost as soon as Kennewick Man was discovered to be an early American, the Columbia River Basin Indian tribes also recognized that this individual was likely a distant relative and, therefore, could be repatriated (returned) under NAGPRA. The primary basis of their case was oral history of the peopling of this area and long-term residence of contemporary tribes which indicated he was a direct tribal ancestor. The problem? Under NAGPRA "cultural affiliation" is usually determined using burial goods, burial style, and other "archaeological" (read "scientific") markers of culture. Oral history is not considered evidence of cultural affiliation.
Thus was born the ethical and legal dilemma:
Under NAGPRA the remains did not have to be legally returned.
Scientists working on the remains argued the following:
To repatriate unaffiliated remains would be unethical as Native Americans are not monolithic and contemporary groups’ burial practices aren’t identical to their early ancestors; in other words, Columbia River Basin tribal burial practices are different today than they were 8,000 or more years ago.
From the standpoint of beneficence, these remains belonged to all of humanity not just these descendants. To rebury these remains without studying them could set research on early diseases, ways of life, etc. back centuries.
Tribal leaders working on getting the remains repatriated argued the following:
It would be unethical to keep remains unburied and in a museum given long-term cultural norms about the dead.
From the standpoint of nonmaleficence and autonomy, the tribal leaders noted that this ancestor had not consented to being studied (much like Henrietta Lacks in the 1950s) and this individual and the community would be harmed by not being able to decide the fate of Kennewick Man’s remains.
Over the decades Kennewick Man went from storage to research lab to storage and finally was placed in permanent storage in 2002. On February 17, 2017, more than twenty years after his remains were found, Kennewick Man’s skeleton was returned to the earth in a private, unmarked location. While the issue has technically been resolved, the ethical dilemmas from this scenario continue to inform the way researchers think about further research.
Answer:
The case of the Kennewick Man highlights an ethical and legal dilemma that arose under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). The Columbia River Basin Indian tribes recognized Kennewick Man as a distant relative and wanted to repatriate the remains under NAGPRA, based on oral history and the belief that he was a direct tribal ancestor. However, under NAGPRA, "cultural affiliation" is usually determined using archaeological markers of culture, such as burial goods and burial style, rather than oral history.
Scientists working on the remains argued that to repatriate unaffiliated remains would be unethical, as it could set research on early diseases and ways of life back centuries. They also argued that the remains belonged to all of humanity and not just the descendants of the Columbia River Basin Indian tribes. On the other hand, tribal leaders argued that it would be unethical to keep the remains unburied and in a museum, given cultural norms about the dead. They also noted that this ancestor had not consented to being studied and that the community would be harmed by not being able to decide the fate of Kennewick Man's remains.
Ultimately, after more than 20 years of legal and ethical debates, Kennewick Man's skeleton was returned to the earth in a private, unmarked location in 2017. This case continues to inform the way researchers think about further research and the ethical implications of studying human remains.
As a result of the Battle of Iwo Jima, the U.S. forces:
A. destroyed the Japanese navy.
B. captured the strategically important Philippines.
C. halted the Japanese advance across the Pacific.
D. had a base from which to bomb Japan.
Which of the following new pieces of technology most directly caused the trench warfare of the Western front of World War I?
A) Machine Guns
B) Poison Gas
C) Airplanes
D) Tanks
Answer: A) Machine Guns
Explanation: All of these had an effect on trench warfare, but machine guns had the largest effect because of their method of strafing wide swaths of flat land, prompting armies to dig trenches for cover.