The different types of law systems are civil law, common law, religious law, customary law, mixed law and socialist law.
Civil law system: This system is common in civil law jurisdictions, which are countries with legal systems based on Roman law, such as France, Germany, and Japan. Civil law is a body of law that focuses on non-criminal law. It is a system of law that has been created from within a legal code, with judges interpreting and applying the code.
Common law system: The common law system is a legal system that emphasizes judicial precedent rather than legislative statutes. It is commonly used in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. In the common law system, judges make legal decisions based on previous legal decisions, or precedents.
Socialist law system: A socialist legal system is a legal system based on the Marxist-Leninist ideology. In socialist legal systems, the government is in charge of creating and enforcing laws, and the judiciary is responsible for implementing those laws. This system is often used in communist countries, such as China and Cuba.
Commonwealth law system: A Commonwealth law system is a legal system used in countries that were formerly part of the British Empire. It is similar to the common law system, but it has evolved over time to suit the specific needs of each country. It is used in countries such as India, Canada, and Australia.
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QUESTION 13 The decline in the socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin is known as: O financial risk downward drift O poverty of speech anhedonia QU
The decline in the socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin is known as the downward drift.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects a person's way of thinking, emotions, and behavior. It is a chronic illness that can have a significant impact on a person's overall functioning, including their socioeconomic status. The downward drift refers to the idea that people with schizophrenia have a lower socioeconomic status than their families of origin. This decline occurs because individuals with schizophrenia often struggle to maintain employment, complete their education, and engage in other activities that would typically lead to higher socioeconomic status.
The socioeconomic status is a measure of a person's income, education, and occupation. It is used to describe a person's social and economic standing relative to others in their community. People with schizophrenia may experience a decline in their socioeconomic status due to the negative symptoms of the disorder. These symptoms include a lack of motivation, difficulty concentrating, and apathy. These factors can make it challenging for people with schizophrenia to maintain employment and participate in other activities that would lead to an increase in their socioeconomic status.
In conclusion, the decline in the socioeconomic status of individuals with schizophrenia relative to their families of origin is known as the downward drift.
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Behaviorism focuses on:
Group of answer choices
Students behavior and is based on the work of L. Vygotsky.
Students behavior and is based on the work of B.F. Skinner.
Teacher's behavior and is based on the work of J.K. Rowlins.
Behaviorism focuses on students behavior and is based on the work of B.F. Skinner.
What is Behaviorism?Behaviorism is a theory that suggests that behaviors are acquired from the surrounding environment and the results they create. Behaviorism is a theory that is centered around observable and quantifiable behaviors. Behaviorists think that the environment around the learner determines the learning experience's success. The central concept of behaviorism is the idea that behavior is shaped by its outcomes, whether positive or negative.
L. Vygotsky's contributions to education: L. Vygotsky's work emphasizes the importance of social interactions in learning. He suggested that children learn best when they are engaged in social experiences. According to Vygotsky, a child's mental development is influenced by the culture and language in which they are raised.
His concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is still used in education today as a framework for promoting student learning through collaboration and guidance. B.F. Skinner's contributions to education: Skinner's work on operant conditioning led to the development of programmed learning.
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What are the differences between systematic and narrative
literature reviews? When might each be employed?
Systematic reviews are structured and rigorous, providing comprehensive analysis, while narrative reviews offer a subjective overview and explore diverse perspectives.
Systematic literature reviews involve a systematic and rigorous process of identifying and selecting relevant studies, extracting data, and synthesizing the findings. They follow a predefined protocol and adhere to specific criteria for study inclusion and quality assessment. The aim is to minimize bias and provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence on a specific research question or topic. Systematic reviews are particularly useful when making evidence-based decisions, evaluating interventions or treatments, or identifying research gaps.
On the other hand, narrative literature reviews are more subjective and interpretive. They involve a qualitative synthesis of the literature, focusing on narrative descriptions and subjective interpretations of the findings. Narrative reviews may be employed to provide a broad overview of a field, explore diverse perspectives, or generate new research ideas. They are useful when the topic is complex, emerging, or lacks a sufficient body of empirical evidence.
The choice between systematic and narrative literature reviews depends on the research objective, the nature of the topic, and the available resources. Systematic reviews are preferred when a rigorous and unbiased synthesis of evidence is required, while narrative reviews offer a more flexible and interpretive approach, allowing for a deeper exploration of the literature. In some cases, a combination of both approaches may be used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
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1. Serving on a jury is an integral part of the criminal justice system and an essential duty of United States Citizens. Besides voting, it is one of the primary ways to become directly involved in our democratic system. Why, then, do so many shun this opportunity and privilege?
2. What policies would you implement to encourage widespread participation in juries? How would better participation affect trials and trial outcomes? Should greater monetary reward be given to jurors for serving?
3. Should the jury system be abolished instead of having criminal disputes settled by panels of judges or professional jurors? By removing community citizens from the equation, what risk does this play in regards to public trust?
Many shun jury duty due to burdens, lack of qualification, and financial concerns, undermining democratic participation. Policies like educational campaigns, simplified selection, flexible scheduling can be implemented Abolishing the jury system risks eroding public trust by removing community representation.
1) Serving on a jury is an integral part of the criminal justice system and an essential duty of United States Citizens. Besides voting, it is one of the primary ways to become directly involved in our democratic system. Many individuals tend to avoid jury duty due to various reasons. Some may view it as a burden that disrupts their personal and professional lives, while others may feel unqualified or intimidated by the complexities of the legal system.
Additionally, individuals may be concerned about the financial implications of serving on a jury, particularly if their employers do not provide adequate compensation. Addressing these concerns and promoting the significance of jury service is crucial to encourage widespread participation.
2) To foster greater participation in juries, several policies can be implemented. Increasing public awareness about the importance of jury duty through educational campaigns can help dispel misconceptions and highlight the democratic nature of the process. Simplifying the jury selection process by streamlining the summons and qualification procedures can make it more accessible and less time-consuming for potential jurors.
Offering flexible scheduling options, such as evening or weekend sessions, can accommodate individuals with work or family commitments, making it easier for them to fulfill their jury duty obligations. By implementing these policies, more diverse and representative juries can be formed, leading to fairer trial outcomes and increased public trust in the justice system.
3) Abolishing the jury system and relying solely on panels of judges or professional jurors carries the risk of eroding public trust in the criminal justice system. By removing community citizens from the equation, there is a potential perception that justice is detached from the interests and concerns of the general public.
The jury system, with its inclusion of diverse community members, helps ensure that the decision-making process reflects a broader spectrum of perspectives and values. By eliminating this community representation, there is a risk of creating a gap between the justice system and the public it serves, which can undermine public trust in the fairness and legitimacy of criminal dispute resolutions.
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Document 48: Judith Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes,"
1790. TRUE or FALSE: Murray appealed to the concept that all souls
were made equal by the Hand of God as a means to argue for equal
rights.
The statement that is TRUE for the given question is that Judith Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes," 1790 appealed to the concept that all souls were made equal by the Hand of God as a means to argue for equal rights.
“On the Equality of the Sexes, is a significant piece of work in the history of feminist literature. It was composed by Judith Sargent Murray, a prominent feminist and writer, in 1790. This essay appeared in The Massachusetts Magazine.
This essay is a plea for women's right to education and intellectual equality, based on the principle that all human beings are equal, which Murray claimed to be God's plan. In this essay, Murray presented her most powerful arguments against gender discrimination.”
In the essay, "On the Equality of the Sexes," Judith Sargent Murray made use of the concept that all souls were made equal by the Hand of God as a means to argue for equal rights.
Murray used the principles of natural law, reasoning, and the Enlightenment to show that women were intellectually and physically equal to men. She contends that the mental abilities of both sexes are the same and that education, not nature, is what distinguishes them.
Hence, women should be granted access to the same education as men, as they are equally intelligent and have the same mental abilities.
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7) It is without a doubt that media has effects on many aspects of human life. Violent behaviour for instance is a direct effect of watching violent content as it portrays what happens in reality. In a situation where friends are watching football match. One of them started to act violently when his faxourite team lost the game and those who supported the winning team started to dance just like the players. i. Name and describe the theory relevant to the action of supporters of the winning team. (5 marks)
The theory relevant to the action of supporters of the winning team is social learning theory, which suggests that people learn and imitate behaviors through observation and modeling of others.
Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, suggests that people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behavior. According to this theory, individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors they see being rewarded or positively reinforced.
In the given situation, the friends who supported the winning team started to dance just like the players. This behavior can be explained by social learning theory, as the supporters observed the players' celebratory dance and imitated it because they perceived it as a positive and rewarding behavior. They learned and replicated the behavior through observation and believed that it would bring them similar positive outcomes, such as expressing their excitement and celebrating the victory.
Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of media and observational learning in shaping behavior. It suggests that exposure to media content, such as watching football matches, can influence individuals' behavior by providing models and examples to imitate. However, it's important to note that social learning theory does not imply that every individual who watches violent content or observes certain behaviors will engage in violent actions. Factors like individual differences, personal values, and social context also play a role in determining how media influences behavior.
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90.According to Klein, the most critical period of life is the first few months which are characterized by what?
(1 Point)
The infant's relation with its mother and other objects forms a model for later interpersonal relations
The infant must split its ego in dealing with the good and bad breast
The superego coexist with the Oedipus Complex
None of the above
The infant's relation with its mother and other objects forms a model for later interpersonal relations.
According to Klein, the most critical period of life is characterized by the infant's relation with its mother and other objects, forming a model for later interpersonal relations. During this period, which Klein referred to as the paranoid-schizoid position, the infant experiences intense emotions and engages in splitting the ego in dealing with the good and bad breast.
Klein's theory emphasizes the significance of early experiences and the internal dynamics of the infant's mind in shaping later development. The infant's early interactions with the mother and objects lay the foundation for their understanding of relationships and their ability to manage conflicts and anxieties. It is through these early experiences that the infant begins to develop their internal world, including the formation of their superego and the emergence of the Oedipus Complex.
Therefore, the correct answer is "The infant's relation with its mother and other objects forms a model for later interpersonal relations."
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who is from Ethiopia i want Ethiopian friends, they make me feel comfortable ....
The Ethiopia is the "Land of Origins," is a culturally rich and diverse country located in the Horn of Africa Ethiopian friends can offer you a supportive network and an enriching experience Ethiopian friends can offer you a supportive network and an enriching experience, making you feel comfortable and at home in their vibrant and diverse country.
It is home to a warm and welcoming community that values friendship and hospitality.
If you are seeking Ethiopian friends to make you feel comfortable, you will find a vibrant and inclusive society ready to embrace you.
Ethiopian friends can provide a sense of belonging and create a comforting atmosphere by sharing their cultural traditions, stories, and experiences.
The people of Ethiopia have a strong sense of community and take pride in their cultural heritage, which they are often eager to share with others.
Whether it's through the traditional Ethiopian cuisine, colorful festivals, or lively music and dance, Ethiopian friends can help you immerse yourself in their culture and make you feel at home.
Furthermore, Ethiopians are known for their warmth, friendliness, and genuine care for others.
They often go out of their way to make visitors and newcomers feel welcome and comfortable.
Ethiopians value relationships and place great importance on maintaining connections with friends and family.
To connect with Ethiopian friends, you can explore various avenues. Social media platforms and online communities can provide opportunities to engage with Ethiopians from different backgrounds and regions.
Additionally, attending cultural events, festivals, or community gatherings in Ethiopian neighborhoods or through local Ethiopian associations can be a great way to meet and connect with Ethiopian individuals.
By engaging with the Ethiopian community, you will not only find comfort and friendship but also gain a deeper appreciation for Ethiopia's rich history, culture, and traditions.
Ethiopian friends can offer you a supportive network and an enriching experience, making you feel comfortable and at home in their vibrant and diverse country.
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The general ethical standard with the distribution of scarce medical resources avoids allocating them on the basis of some type of subjective "value" of the person receiving the benefit. Being an upstanding member of society, donating large sums to a hospital (or being a significant philanthropist, religious saintliness, and other such qualities are not considered "value added" when it comes to everything from ventilators to organ transplants. A history of alcoholism wouldn't be considered reason to deny a liver transplant, nor would even being on death row be, in itself, reason to deny an organ transplant.
And yet exceptions are made. It is normal for an ill or wounded President to receive heroic interventions (As President of the United States, Donald Trump received monoclonal antibodies before they were available to the public). Celebrities and wealthy people do manage to "cut in line" to get healthcare treatment. And, in the circumstances of pandemics or disasters, front-line works and vital healthcare workers get preferential treatment so that they can deliver care for others (and this included access to PPA).
1) What about the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) ? Or a lottery system? Or the queue model (when you arrive for treatment)?
The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is a commonly used tool to assess the severity of organ failure in critically ill patients.
It helps healthcare professionals prioritize the allocation of scarce medical resources, such as organ transplants or intensive care unit beds, based on the severity of the patient's condition. The SOFA score takes into account various physiological parameters to objectively determine the level of organ dysfunction.
A lottery system is another approach that can be used to allocate scarce medical resources fairly. It involves randomly selecting individuals from a pool of eligible candidates to receive the resource. This approach aims to ensure equal chances for all individuals without considering subjective factors or personal characteristics.
The queue model, often referred to as "first-come, first-served," involves prioritizing patients based on the order of their arrival for treatment. This approach ensures a fair and transparent allocation process, as patients are served in the sequence they entered the system. However, it may not be the most effective method when urgency or severity of illness is a critical factor.
These different allocation models serve as ethical frameworks for distributing scarce medical resources. While the general ethical standard emphasizes avoiding subjective value judgments, exceptions may occur in specific situations, such as when certain individuals, like presidents or frontline healthcare workers, receive preferential treatment due to their roles or societal importance. These exceptions are often justified by the need to prioritize critical care and protect public health during extraordinary circumstances.
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Which of the following is the primary function of the reticular formation? regulates sleep and wakefulness and how alert or excited you feel O regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior concerned with basic drives, emotions, and memory processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebral cortex O
It regulates sleep and wakefulness and influences the level of alertness and excitement. The reticular formation plays a crucial role in controlling arousal and maintaining appropriate levels of consciousness.
It filters sensory information, allowing important stimuli to reach the cerebral cortex while inhibiting irrelevant or repetitive signals. This process contributes to attention and the modulation of sensory input. While the reticular formation is involved in regulating basic drives, emotions, and memory processes to some extent (as mentioned in options B and C), its primary function is related to sleep-wake cycles and arousal levels.
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Complete Question:
"Which of the following is the primary function of the reticular formation: A) Regulates sleep and wakefulness and how alert or excited you feel. B) Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. C) Concerned with basic drives, emotions, and memory processes. D) Sensory information and relays it to the cerebral cortex?"
Question 76 While the symptoms of amok, hikikomori, and eating disorders all present themselves very differently, they all have the same underlying cause: Depression OCD Social phobia Anxiety 1 pts
Amok, hikikomori, and eating disorders may present different symptoms, but they do not have the same underlying cause. They are not all linked to a single factor such as depression, OCD, social phobia, or anxiety.
Amok, hikikomori, and eating disorders are distinct mental health conditions with diverse symptoms and causes. Amok is a cultural-bound syndrome characterized by sudden outbursts of violence, hikikomori is a phenomenon where individuals withdraw from society, and eating disorders involve disordered eating behaviors and body image concerns.
While depression, OCD, social phobia, and anxiety can be associated with various mental health conditions, they do not serve as a unifying cause for amok, hikikomori, and eating disorders. Each condition has its own specific set of factors contributing to its development, such as cultural influences, social isolation, perfectionism, body image ideals, and more.
It is important to recognize that mental health disorders are complex and multifaceted, with a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to their manifestation. While some individuals with amok, hikikomori, or eating disorders may also experience depression, OCD, social phobia, or anxiety, it does not mean that these conditions share the exact same underlying cause.
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Question 111 Not yet answered Marked out of 1.00 Flag question If you play the lottery 100 times and win on the 15th, 27th, 52nd, and 88th time this is a Select one: a. Variable ratio b. Variable interval C. Fixed ratio O d. Fixed interval schedule.
A variable ratio schedule might be one where you win the lottery 100 times and do so on the 15, 27, 52, and 88th occasions.
Variable ratio (VR) is a type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is delivered after a varying number of responses. In a variable ratio schedule, the number of responses required for reinforcement changes across trials but has a specific average number. For example, in a VR 4 schedule, the rat might have to press the lever four times to get a food pellet. But after the first time, the rat might have to press the lever eight times, then twice, then once, then three times, and so on. The average number of responses required for reinforcement is four, but the number of responses required for each individual trial is unpredictable. The use of the terms lottery and win makes it quite clear that it's an example of a variable ratio schedule.
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FILL THE BLANK.
"1.Blood glucose levels get low, and glucose is released from the
liver. Blood glucose levels get high, and glucose is removed from
the blood and stored in the liver. This is an example of
__________."
"Blood glucose levels get low, and glucose is released from the liver. Blood glucose levels get high, and glucose is removed from the blood and stored in the liver. This is an example of glucose homeostasis."
Glucose homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate blood glucose levels within a relatively narrow range.
In this example, the body maintains glucose homeostasis by releasing glucose from the liver when blood glucose levels are low and storing excess glucose in the liver when blood glucose levels are high.
The process of glucose homeostasis involves a complex interplay between various organs and hormones, primarily the pancreas and liver.
When blood glucose levels decrease, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon, which signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream.
This raises blood glucose levels and restores them to the optimal range. On the other hand, when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates the liver to take up excess glucose from the bloodstream and convert it into glycogen for storage.
This helps lower blood glucose levels and maintain homeostasis. Glucose homeostasis is crucial for ensuring that the body has a constant supply of energy while preventing excessive fluctuations in blood glucose levels, which can have harmful effects on overall health.
By carefully regulating glucose levels, the body ensures that cells receive adequate energy for their functioning and prevents glucose levels from reaching dangerously high or low levels.
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The text argues that the North American middle class is
disappearing. Please explain why. Give three possible reasons.
The North American middle class is disappearing due to technological advancements, globalization. Technological advancements have led to job automation and outsourcing, while globalization has resulted in companies relocating to other countries.
The text argues that the North American middle class is disappearing because of the following three possible reasons: 1. Technological advancement: With technological advancement, it's easier to automate and digitize many jobs, leading to fewer jobs requiring manual labor or lower-skilled workers. This results in the loss of employment opportunities for many middle-class workers.
2. The rise of globalization: It's easy for companies to outsource their jobs to countries with lower labor costs and cheaper raw materials. This means that many companies have relocated to other countries, and the North American middle class has suffered as a result.
3. Income inequality: The North American middle class is experiencing a wealth gap, which is the difference between the rich and poor. The rich are getting richer, while the middle class is disappearing and the poor are getting poorer. This income inequality is making it harder for the middle class to survive and stay afloat.
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give an example of when your words were taken completely out of
context or misrepresented.
Also, give an example of when you accidently (or purposely) took
another person's words out of content.
There have been instances where my words were taken completely out of context or misrepresented, leading to misunderstandings and misinterpretations.
One example of my words being taken out of context was during a group discussion on a controversial topic. I expressed my opinion, highlighting the importance of considering multiple perspectives and engaging in respectful dialogue. However, someone selectively quoted a small portion of my statement, omitting crucial context and presenting it in a way that made it sound biased or insensitive. This misrepresentation led to misunderstandings and strained relationships within the group.
On the other hand, I unintentionally took someone's words out of context in a conversation with a friend. They were expressing their frustrations about a particular situation, and I mistakenly focused on a specific phrase they used without considering the broader context of their emotions and experiences. As a result, I misunderstood their intention and ended up providing advice that was not relevant or helpful. It was a valuable lesson for me to always listen attentively and consider the full context before drawing conclusions or responding to someone's words.
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The speed and capacity of thought increases for school-age children primarily because of the:
A. myelination of neural axons.
B. development of the prefrontal cortex.
C. brain’s increased size
D. environmental changes and emotional maturation.
The correct option is A. Myelination of neural axons.The speed and capacity of thought increases for school-age children primarily because of the myelination of neural axons.
Neural myelination refers to the myelin sheath coating on axons. It enhances the speed of transmission of electrical impulses through the nervous system.
The neural myelination process begins in infancy and continues well into adolescence and beyond. The myelination of neural axons is the primary reason why the speed and capacity of thought increases for school-age children.
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Match the theory used to explain the effectiveness of reinforcement with its description - Drive-Reduction Theory A. Our innate need to maintain a behavioral equilibrium makes the - Relative Value Theory opportunity to engage in a behavior that has fallen below our baseline reinforcing - Response-Deprivation Theory 8. Our view of a behavior, as compared to other behaviors, determines whether we will find it reinforcing or not Cour underlying physiological states cause us to complete behaviors that result in reinforcers that meet or satiate our feelings of deprivation
Drive-Reduction Theory - 8. Our underlying physiological states cause us to complete behaviors that result in reinforcers that meet or satiate our feelings of deprivation.
Relative Value Theory - B. Our view of behavior, as compared to other behaviors, determines whether we will find it reinforcing or not.
Response-Deprivation Theory - A. Our innate need to maintain a behavioral equilibrium makes the opportunity to engage in a behavior that has fallen below our baseline reinforcing.
1. Drive-Reduction Theory: This theory suggests that our underlying physiological states drive us to engage in behaviors that help reduce or satisfy those physiological needs. When we experience a state of deprivation or imbalance, we are motivated to perform actions that lead to reinforcement and restore equilibrium. For example, if we are hungry, the drive-reduction theory predicts that we will be motivated to engage in behaviors such as eating to reduce hunger and restore a balanced state.
2. Relative Value Theory: According to this theory, the reinforcing value of behavior is determined by comparing it to the reinforcing value of alternative behaviors. We consider the relative value or attractiveness of different actions when deciding whether a behavior is reinforcing or not. For instance, if we have the option to engage in multiple activities, we are more likely to find the behavior with higher relative value more reinforcing and choose it over other options.
3. Response-Deprivation Theory: This theory suggests that when we are deprived or restricted from engaging in a particular behavior, the opportunity to engage in that behavior becomes reinforcing. The theory proposes that we have an inherent desire to maintain a behavioral equilibrium or engage in behaviors that have fallen below our baseline level. When deprived of a specific behavior, it becomes more valuable and reinforcing, and we are motivated to engage in it to restore balance.
These theories provide different perspectives on the effectiveness of reinforcement and offer insights into the underlying mechanisms that drive our behavior. They help explain why certain behaviors are reinforcing and how our physiological states, comparisons between behaviors, and deprivation experiences influence the reinforcing value of actions.
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Edward wants to base the conclusions that he draws on evidence that is unbiased by his own feelings and opinions. "It is important that my findings reflect what is really happening, and not what I think is going to happen," he says. Edward is most interest in obtaining data in his work. O nomothetic O objective O idiographic O subjective
The correct option is objective. Edward wants to base the conclusions that he draws on evidence that is unbiased by his own feelings and opinions. He is most interested in obtaining objective data.
In this context, the term objective refers to an approach that is free of personal feelings, prejudice, or emotions. It means that the researcher has collected data that is unbiased by his own feelings and opinions. He wants to make sure that his findings reflect what is actually happening, and not just his own perception of events. For example, if Edward is conducting research on how consumers make decisions when purchasing a product, he will collect data from a sample that is representative of the target population.
He will not allow his own personal biases to influence the data that he collects. The goal of the research is to arrive at conclusions that are based on the objective analysis of the data. Edward is most interested in obtaining data that is objective because it will enable him to draw accurate conclusions.
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Compare and Contrast Emile Durkhiem and George Simmel theories on urban life. Including their approaches and kind of questions they ask do differ.
Emile Durkhiem and George Simmel theories on urban life can be compared and contrasted as follows: Comparison Durkhiem and Simmel agreed that urban life had particular characteristics that differentiate it from rural life.
They were both interested in examining the transformation of individuals and social life that came with the transition to urban living. They studied the social and economic relations in the city.
Simmel, on the other hand, was more focused on the social psychology of the city. Simmel was interested in how urban living influenced personality, specifically how people interact with one another in the city.
He argued that urban dwellers are affected by city life's fragmented and impersonal nature.
He called it the "blase attitude."Durkhiem, on the other hand, looked at the urban life's societal impact. He was concerned about the rapid change that urban life had on people's moral codes and how they related to the community.
Durkheim was interested in how the city's growth affected individualism and anomie. He also wanted to know how individuals and society could adapt to these changes.
Contrast Durkhiem took a structural and macro-level perspective, while Simmel took an interactionist and micro-level perspective. Durkhiem's approach was comparative and historical, while Simmel's was concerned with the present and focused on the individual.
Durkhiem's question was about how society could endure, while Simmel's question was about how individuals could survive. Durkheim looked at the overall urbanization process, while Simmel looked at individual's daily lives.
Their questions differed because Durkhiem was interested in how society could endure the change of urban life, while Simmel was concerned with how individuals could adapt and survive.
Durkheim used his scientific approach to show how urbanization has both positive and negative effects. He believed that individuals must adapt to the urban environment to avoid anomie. Simmel, on the other hand, saw the individual as the central focus of his study.
He believed that urban life's impersonal nature resulted in a fragmented society that negatively impacted human interaction.
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Logotherapy theorizes that is a source of many psychological problems for people nowadays. Early dysfunctional relationship patterns Existential Frustration Social Isolation O Biological Predispositions QUESTION 13 2 points Save Answer An example of Negative Reinforcement would be: Taking an Aspirin to get rid of a headache Being grounded by your parents because you were caught stealing at a store Taking a brief break to peruse the internet as a reward for studying for the past hour. O A child who was caught drawing on the walls has to spend their day cleaning the walls and the rest of the house QUESTION 14 2 points Save Arower from others in order to achieve a sense of congruence "According to Rogers, one needs o Warmth and Validation Unconditional Positive Regard Boundarios Realistic expectations
In response to question 13, an example of Negative Reinforcement would be: A child who was caught drawing on the walls has to spend their day cleaning the walls and the rest of the house. Regarding question 14, according to Rogers, one needs Unconditional Positive Regard in order to achieve a sense of congruence.
Negative reinforcement involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of a behavior, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. In this example, the child's behavior of drawing on the walls resulted in the unpleasant task of cleaning, which serves as a negative reinforcement to discourage the child from engaging in the behavior again.
Regarding question 14, according to Rogers, one needs Unconditional Positive Regard in order to achieve a sense of congruence. Unconditional Positive Regard is a term used in Carl Rogers' humanistic approach to therapy. It refers to the acceptance, support, and nonjudgmental attitude shown by others towards an individual. By receiving unconditional positive regard, individuals can develop a sense of congruence or alignment between their self-concept and their actual experiences, which is seen as a key aspect of psychological well-being and personal growth.
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Almost every society has different work for males and
females. How do you explain the universal or near-universal
patterns in division of labor?
The universal or near-universal patterns in the division of labor in different societies can be explained through a combination of cultural, historical, and biological factors.
Here are some possible explanations: Cultural factors: Many societies have developed gender roles and expectations over time, which are passed down from generation to generation. These cultural norms and expectations dictate what work is considered appropriate for males and females, and often reinforce the idea that certain tasks or occupations are gender-specific. For example, in some cultures, caregiving and domestic work are viewed as women's work, while physical labor or leadership roles are seen as male-dominated.Historical factors: The way work is divided between males and females may have developed historically based on the specific needs of a society or community. For example, in agricultural societies, men often performed physically demanding tasks such as plowing fields, while women were responsible for tasks like planting and harvesting. Over time, these patterns of labor division became deeply ingrained in the culture of these societies.Biological factors: Differences in physical abilities and reproductive roles between males and females may also contribute to the division of labor in some societies.For example, women who are pregnant or nursing may need to focus more on caregiving and domestic tasks, while men who are physically stronger may be better suited to jobs that require heavy lifting or manual labor.
However, it is important to note that biological factors are not the sole determinant of gender roles and work division in society.
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How could the confound be fixed for scenery B? Tell what technique you are using( constancy, repeated methods, randomization, elimination or balance) As well how you will apply this technique to this specific scenario, and how that will fix this confound.
Scenario
A researcher is interested in studying whether a new app can help improve first's graders reading skills. She recruits two first graders classes from a local elementary school: classroom 1 uses the app for 30 minutes each day and classroom 2 does not uses the app. She compares their reading ability at the end of the school year.
To fix the confound in Scenario B, the technique of randomization can be applied.
In this case, the researcher could randomly assign half of the students in each classroom to use the app for 30 minutes each day (treatment group) and the other half to not use the app (control group). By using randomization, any potential confounding variables that may influence the reading skills of the students would be evenly distributed across the two groups.
This random assignment of students helps to create comparable groups, balancing out the effects of potential confounds between the treatment and control groups. It ensures that any differences in reading ability at the end of the school year can be attributed to the use of the app rather than other factors such as prior reading ability or socioeconomic status.
By applying the technique of randomization, the researcher can eliminate the confound and establish a clearer causal relationship between the use of the app and the improvement in first graders' reading skills.
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Article 1 (5 marks, Minimin 250 words per question) Chapter 14: "Supermoms and Bumbling Dads: How Mother's Day and Father's Day Cards Perpetuate Traditional Roles in the Home," by Alison Thomas and Elizabeth Dennis 1. Define and explain the difference between the "conduct of parenting" and the "culture of parenting." 2. Define intensive mothering and the breadwinner-homemaker family. Analyze a contemporary popular culture representation of a family in relation to those two concepts.
Societal norms and popular culture representations reinforce traditional gender roles in parenting, as seen in the concepts of conduct of parenting, intensive mothering, and breadwinner-homemaker families.
1. The "conduct of parenting" refers to the actual behaviors and practices involved in raising children, while the "culture of parenting" encompasses the societal norms, values, and beliefs surrounding parenting. The conduct focuses on the practical aspects, such as feeding, bathing, and disciplining, while the culture considers broader expectations and ideologies that shape parenting practices.
2. Intensive mothering is a parenting ideology characterized by the belief that mothers should be highly involved, emotionally available, and prioritize their children's needs above all else. The breadwinner-homemaker family refers to a traditional family structure where the father serves as the primary wage earner, while the mother's role primarily revolves around homemaking and childcare responsibilities.
In analyzing a contemporary popular culture representation of a family, one can assess how these concepts are portrayed. For example, the representation may reflect intensive mothering by depicting a mother who is constantly sacrificing her own needs for her children, or it may reinforce the breadwinner-homemaker family by showcasing a father who is solely focused on his career while the mother takes care of domestic duties.
These representations can perpetuate traditional gender roles and reinforce societal expectations regarding parenting, thereby contributing to the persistence of these ideologies in the broader culture.
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Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol may account for the increase in volume of several areas of the brain. has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters. is likely to cause higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus. produces a highly regulated neuroendocrine system that functions efficiently.
Chronic excessive exposure to cortisol, a stress hormone, has been associated with structural changes in the brain, including an increase in the volume of certain brain areas such as the amygdala.
Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol can have neurotoxic effects and impact brain structure.
2. Excessive cortisol has an inhibiting effect on receptors for the monoamine neurotransmitters.
This statement is accurate. Excessive cortisol levels can interfere with the functioning of receptors for monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. This can disrupt normal neurotransmission and contribute to various mental health conditions, including depression and anxiety.
3. Chronic excessive cortisol exposure is likely to cause higher metabolic activity in the hippocampus.
This statement is inaccurate. Chronic excessive cortisol exposure is actually associated with lower metabolic activity in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory and stress regulation. Prolonged cortisol exposure can lead to hippocampal atrophy, which is associated with memory impairments and an increased vulnerability to stress-related disorders.
4. Chronic excessive cortisol exposure produces a highly regulated neuroendocrine system that functions efficiently.
This statement is inaccurate. Chronic excessive cortisol exposure disrupts the normal regulation of the neuroendocrine system, leading to dysregulation and inefficiency. Prolonged elevation of cortisol can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which plays a central role in regulating stress responses and maintaining homeostasis in the body. Dysregulation of the HPA axis can have detrimental effects on various physiological and psychological processes.
It's important to note that the effects of cortisol on the brain and body can vary depending on factors such as the duration and intensity of exposure, individual susceptibility, and other contextual factors. The statements provided offer a general understanding of the effects of chronic excessive cortisol exposure, but it is always advisable to consult scientific literature and experts for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding.
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Based on social dominance theory and observational
modeling/vicarious learning, explain why a black man would attack
an elderly Asian man, during a time of national reckoning regarding
racism.
It is inappropriate to speculate on the motivations behind a hypothetical attack. It is essential to avoid making assumptions about individuals or groups based on their race, ethnicity, or any other identity.
Any act of violence, regardless of the race or ethnicity of the perpetrator or victim, is a violation of fundamental human rights and should be condemned.
Additionally, social dominance theory and observational modeling/vicarious learning should not be used to justify or excuse violent behavior.
Instead, these theories can help explain patterns of systemic discrimination and social hierarchies that contribute to unequal power dynamics and prejudice.
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Imagine the Grand Forks Herald is publishing a
week-long series of articles on the federal government's policies
and proposals regarding the immigration and deportation of
Mexicans. One of the segment
The Grand Forks Herald's week-long series of articles examines the federal government's policies and proposals regarding immigration and deportation of Mexicans, highlighting personal stories, economic impact, and fostering informed public discourse.
One of the segments in the week-long series of articles by the Grand Forks Herald could focus on the impact of the federal government's immigration and deportation policies on Mexican families and communities. This segment could shed light on the human aspect of the issue by featuring personal stories and interviews with affected individuals.
The article could explore the experiences of families separated by deportation, highlighting the emotional and psychological toll it takes on both parents and children. It could delve into the challenges faced by deported individuals upon their return to Mexico, such as reintegration into a new society, finding employment, and maintaining connections with their loved ones in the United States.
Furthermore, the segment could discuss the economic contributions of Mexican immigrants and address any misconceptions or stereotypes surrounding immigration. It could examine the impact of deportations on local economies, businesses, and agricultural sectors that rely heavily on immigrant labor.
Overall, the goal of this segment would be to humanize the immigration and deportation debate by presenting personal narratives and providing a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of federal policies on Mexican individuals, families, and communities. By doing so, it can foster empathy, challenge stereotypes, and encourage a more informed and compassionate public discourse on immigration issues.
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2. Assume that homosexuality has a physical cause.* Use May's three modes of existence and his concept of alienation to explain Jillian's experience with her sexual orientation.
Jillian's experience with her sexual orientation can be explained through May's three modes of existence and the concept of alienation.
Firstly, the biological mode suggests that homosexuality may have a physical cause, rooted in genetic or hormonal factors. This perspective recognizes that Jillian's sexual orientation is a natural aspect of her being. Secondly, the social mode of existence acknowledges the influence of societal norms and expectations, which may lead to feelings of alienation for individuals like Jillian who do not conform to heteronormative standards.
Lastly, the subjective mode of existence highlights the importance of personal identity and self-acceptance, emphasizing that Jillian's experience should be validated and respected. Through this framework, Jillian's experience with her sexual orientation can be understood as a complex interplay between biological factors, social pressures, and her own sense of self.
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Can anyone explain PAVLOVIAN-TO-INSTRUMENTAL TRANSFER (PIT) to
me in detail
PAVLOVIAN-TO-INSTRUMENTAL TRANSFER (PIT) effect is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction of Pavlovian and instrumental learning systems in the brain.
Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT). The Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) is a concept that describes how previously conditioned stimuli can influence instrumental behavior, even if the stimuli are not currently associated with the availability of the rewards that motivate the instrumental actions.
It refers to the capacity of reward-related Pavlovian cues (CSs) to elicit or potentiate instrumental responses (CRs) that are not necessarily correlated with the original reward. The Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) is thought to be a key contributor to the phenomenon of drug addiction.
According to researchers, the transfer of Pavlovian to instrumental behavior is caused by two distinct processes:
an "occasion setter" effect, in which a Pavlovian stimulus signals the presence of a distinct instrumental response and thereby raises its likelihood, and an "outcome devaluation" effect, in which a Pavlovian stimulus affects behavior by altering the value of the expected outcome, but not the conditioned motivational state that connects Pavlovian stimuli with instrumental responses.
Thus, the Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) effect is a complex phenomenon that arises from the interaction of Pavlovian and instrumental learning systems in the brain.
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Listen One of the major limitations of observational research methods is that a) behavior may be altered as a function of participants' awareness of being observed b) they are not cost effective c) results tend to be invalid d) observation cannot be conducted in a structured way Which of the following is NOT one of the core principles of therapeutic change identified by Weisz, Bearman et al. 2017)? a) Increasing motivation b) Repairing thoughts c) Solving problems d) Restoring feelings
Observational research involves observing a group of individuals in their natural environment and recording their behaviors. It is an essential component of the scientific method, commonly used in social sciences, psychology, and anthropology.
However, observational research methods have certain limitations:
1. Behavior alteration due to awareness of being observed: One major limitation is that participants' behavior may change if they are aware of being observed. This awareness can lead to artificial or modified behaviors, compromising the validity of the data collected.
2. Lack of cost-effectiveness: Observational research can be time-consuming and expensive. It often requires long periods of observation by trained observers, making it resource-intensive.
3. Potential for invalid results: Observers may introduce bias into their observations based on their personal beliefs or interpretations, leading to data that lacks validity. Observer bias can impact the accuracy and reliability of the findings.
4. Lack of structured data collection: Observational research is not always conducted in a structured manner, making it challenging to collect data consistently. Different observers may use varying approaches, making it difficult to compare and analyze data across studies.
The core principles of therapeutic change, as identified by Weisz, Bearman et al. in 2017, are:
1. Increasing motivation
2. Problem-solving
3. Repairing distorted thoughts
However, it should be noted that "restoring feelings" is NOT considered one of the core principles of therapeutic change according to their research.
By understanding the limitations of observational research methods and the core principles of therapeutic change, researchers and practitioners can make informed decisions and improve the quality of their studies and therapeutic interventions.
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1. Which one of the following statements is false?
A. if hedonism is false, then happiness is not intrinsically valuable.
B. if the desire satisfaction theory is true, then happiness is not intrinsically valuable.
C. even if the desire theory is true, many things can still have instrumental value.
D. None of the above
The false statement among the following statements is (B) if the desire satisfaction theory is true, then happiness is not intrinsically valuable. This is the second statement among the given alternatives that is false.
Hedonism is a philosophical perspective that prioritizes pleasure as the ultimate goal of life. A hedonist is someone who believes that the most important thing in life is to be happy and to seek pleasure wherever they can find it.
The desire satisfaction theory is a theory in philosophy that says an action is morally right or wrong based on whether or not it satisfies the desires of an individual or group.
If the desires of an individual or group are satisfied, then the action is morally right, and if they are not satisfied, then the action is morally wrong.
Instrumental value refers to something's worth as a means to an end. Something that has instrumental value is valuable because it helps us to achieve our goals or objectives.
It is not valuable in itself, but only insofar as it is useful in achieving a particular objective.
For example, money has instrumental value because it can be used to buy things we need, but it is not valuable in itself.
The statement that is false among the given alternatives is B. if the desire satisfaction theory is true, then happiness is not intrinsically valuable.
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