The discussion of natalizumab treatment 28 days after infection led to stabilization of neuronal injury, reduced numbers of monocytes/macrophages, and reduced productive infection is given in below paragraph-
HIV peripheral neuropathy's pathogenesis depends on the flow of activated monocytes into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In SIV-infected macaques, we have demonstrated that increase of freshly recruited (bromodeoxyuridine+ MAC387+) monocytes is linked to severe DRG pathology and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers. Here, we used natalizumab, which binds to 4-integrins, to treat mice to prevent leukocyte flow. When natalizumab was administered either early (the day of infection) or late (28 days after infection), SIV-infected CD8-depleted macaques were compared to untreated SIV-infected animals slain at comparable dates.
Histopathology revealed diminished DRG pathology with natalizumab therapy, including diminished neuronophagia, inflammation, and Nageotte nodules. When given natalizumab, DRG tissues had less bromodeoxyuridine+ (early), MAC387+ (late), CD68+ (early and late), and SIVp28+ (late) macrophages. Natalizumab treatment had no impact on the quantity of CD3+ T cells in DRGs. All mice given natalizumab experienced decreased levels of the adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, which regulates leukocyte flow. These results indicate a role for monocyte traffic and activation in HIV peripheral neuropathy by demonstrating that restricting monocyte traffic to the DRG, but not T lymphocyte traffic, reduces inflammation and disease.
What are macrophages?Macrophages are a specific type of white blood cell that surround and eliminate pathogens, clear away dead cells, and activate other immune system cells.
To learn more about macrophages with the help of given link:
https://brainly.com/question/815350
#SPJ4
Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment. True or false?.
Answer:
True or False:Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment. true.
. In a pyramid of numbers, the highest organism has the smallest number of
individuals in a community. What might happen if this organism increased its
numbers significantly? Explain the effect this increase would have on the other
members of the community.
Answer: at each trophic level of organisms It is an upright pyramid because producers are always more numerous in an ecosystem than other trophic levels. Charles Elton proposed the number pyramid in 1927. Charles emphasized the significant difference in the number of organisms involved in each level.
Explanation: Numbers pyramid Definition One of the three diagrammatic representations used in ecology to depict the ecosystem is a pyramid of numbers. This diagram depicts the total number of organisms at each level of the food chain.
Pyramid of Numbers Overview
Significant Ecological Pyramids:
Pyramid of Numbers Varieties:
The Ecological Pyramids' Importance:
biofilm occurs least frequently: group of answer choices on proximal surfaces. at the gingival margin. around the gingival third of the tooth. on anterior surfaces.
What makes up muscle tissur
Muscle tissue is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which contract and relax to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.
What cells makes up muscle tissue?Muscle tissue cells are muscle fibers (or myocytes), which have a special ability: they contract (shorten) or lengthen, according to the body's needs. In addition, they cluster in bundles.
Muscle tissue is a type of animal tissue that has as its most striking feature its ability to contract. This tissue is essential for the functioning of our body, being responsible for ensuring, for example, our movements and the heartbeat.
With this information, we can conclude that Muscle Tissue Is specialized for contraction and produces all body movement
Learn more about Muscle in brainly.com/question/9883108
#SPJ1
fang, y., kolmakova-partensky, l., and miller, c. (2007) a bacterial arginine-agmatine exchange transporter involved in extreme acid resistance. j. biol. chem. 282, 176−182.
By decarboxylating arginine, Escherichia coli's severe acid resistance response is arginine-dependent.
A proton is actually exported with each turnover of the membrane antiporter AdiC, which catalyzes the decarboxylation product agmatine's efflux together with arginine influx.
Extreme acid resistance is facilitated by a bacterial arginine-agmatine exchange transporter.We produced and purified the transport protein using the adiC coding sequence under the control of a tetracycline promoter in an E. coli vector, with a yield of roughly 10 mg/liter bacterial culture. In detergent micelles and lipid membranes, the protein is a homodimer, according to tests using the cross-linking of glutaraldehyde. In liposome form, purified AdiC exchanges arginine and agmatine in a closely linked, electrogenic manner. The dissociation constant for Arg, as calculated by isothermal titration calorimetry, is in the same range as the K(m) value obtained through kinetic analysis, which is around 80 microm.learn more about extreme acid resistance here
https://brainly.com/question/20903713
#SPJ4
item at position 22 identify and label the following attacks by dragging the term on the left to the definition on the right. not all terms are used.
Masquerading
1) An attacker deceives staff into granting access to sensitive data or protected systems by posing as someone who needs or is authorized to have that access.
Whaling
2) A hacker impersonating a reputable company sends emails to high-profile employees requesting them to confirm personal information or send money.
Vishing
3) Attackers pose as representatives of reputable companies using Voice over IP (VoIP), asking victims to confirm personal information or send money.
Spear phishing
4) Attackers invite victims to confirm personal information or send money in emails that contain specific information about the victim (such as the online banks they use)
Scarcity
5) Attackers try to persuade the victim that they will lose out on something—a thing, an opportunity, or an experience—if they don't act immediately.
To learn more about masquerade visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13805414
#SPJ4
at the time this article was written (2011), how many and what types of genomes have been sequenced? give a general summary.
30 cancer types, heart disease and diabetes, and in inherited diseases that cause physical malformations, developmental delay and metabolic diseases.
Malformation: A structural defect in the physique due to extraordinary embryonic or fetal development. There are many sorts of malformations. For example, cleft lip and cleft palate. Congenital malformation can be defined as structural or functional anomalies that take place for the duration of intrauterine life. Also called delivery defects, congenital disorders, or congenital malformations, these stipulations boost prenatally and may additionally be identified before or at birth, or later in life.
Learn more about malformations here:
https://brainly.com/question/14675131
#SPJ4
Some viruses are surrounded by an envelope. This viral envelope contains lipids and surface proteins, and it was originally a part of the cell’s-
A. Cytoplasm
B. Membrane
C. Genome
D. Cytoskeleton
Answer:cytoplasm
Explanation:
Summarize the process a scientist goes through to come up with a satisfactory solution.
Answer
starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose, but humans can digest starch and not cellulose. why do the properties of starch and cellulose differ, since they are both polymers of glucose?
Explanation:
starch and cellulose are both homopolymers of glucose,meaning they are only made of repeating unitsof glucose molecules.however thei structure is different based on how the glucose molecules are connected. starch is made of two types glucose polymers :amylose and amylopectin
Which theory is most widely supported by scientists as an explanation of how life began on Earth?
Answer: abiogenesis
Explanation:
people of india confound traditional racial categories because they fit most closely in terms of biological characteristics with people from europe, yet many have dark skin.
A race is a classification of people into groups that are typically considered unique within a given society based on shared physical or social characteristics.
Native Alaskans or American Indians- a person with ancestry from one of the indigenous inhabitants of North or South America (including Central America), who still maintain ties to their tribe or community.Asian- Any individual with ancestry in one of the indigenous populations of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, such as those from Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, or Vietnam.African American or Black - a person with African black racial ancestry from any of the black racial groups. Along with "Black or African American," other terms like "Haitian" or "Negro" can also be used.Latino or Hispanic - regardless of race, a person with Spanish heritage, including those from Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, South or Central America, or elsewhere. Along with "Hispanic or Latino," the adjective "Spanish origin" is also acceptable.Hawaiian or a native of another Pacific Island- one who is descended from one of the indigenous populations of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.White- an individual with ancestry from one of the indigenous populations of Europe, the Middle East, or North AfricaLearn more about the race here:
https://brainly.com/question/27129680
#SPJ4
which of these brain abilities is what makes the human brain unique? plasticity action potential axon all-or-none response
Answer:
plasticity
Explanation:
plasticity is ongoing throughout life and involves brain cells other than neurons,it occurs as a result of learning,experience,and memory formation. This helps the brain modify it connections or wire itself,without this the brain can not recover from brain injury or would not be able to develop from infancy through to adulthood.
select the most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its physical environment. select the most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its physical environment. a tree is affected by its physical environment. a tree and its physical environment alter each other. a tree alters its physical environment.
The most accurate statement about the interaction between a tree and its environment is a tree and its physical environment alter each other.
Physical and biological components are intricately woven into a tree's overall environment. The physical environment include those factors that are related to soil and climate they include radiation, precipitation and air's composition, as well as the surface's texture, the soil's composition, depth, and moisture holding capacity, topographic location, nutrient content, and drainage. These factors effect the growth and metabolic processes of the trees and in turn the trees alter the physical environment as they grow, they take in carbon dioxide, and the carbon they store in them which slows the rate of global warming. As they lose moisture and reflect heat upward from their leaves, they lower wind speeds and cool the air.
To learn more about tree and physical environment here,
https://brainly.com/question/2322005
#SPJ4
water with less than 1% ____ concentration
Answer:
water with less than 1 percent would kill the human life and animals also
What causes the changes in protein structure through the three or four levels of structure?.
The primary structure undergoes alternative splicing to form a secondary structure, and then disulfide bonds give way to tertiary structure.
Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Proteins generally comprise four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
1. Primary structure
The structure comprises a single polypeptide chain in which amino acids are sequenced in an order. Example- Insulin.
2. Secondary structure
The atoms of the backbone of a polypeptide chain interact with the other atoms and form a folded structure, referred to as secondary structure. Example- alpha- pleated and beta-pleated sheet.
3. Tertiary structure
The polypeptide chains here form a 3-D structure. It is a result of the interactions between the R-groups of the protein. Disulphide bonds connected the chains in this structure.
4. Quaternary structure
This is a rare structure found in some proteins that include multi polypeptide chains. Example- DNA polymerase.
Alternative splicing, with the action of mRNA, translates the protein functions by changing its structure. Furthermore, secondary structure formed by mRNA is converted to tertiary structure by introducing disulphide bonds.
To knoe more about protein structures, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/28366854
#SPJ4
tyndall and cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called a(n)
Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant bacteria called Endospore.
What are Endospores?Endospores are a special class of bacterial reproductive structure that remains conserved as dormant for emerging during advantageous periods, which is observed in the group Bacillota.
In conclusion, Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant bacteria called Endospore.
Learn more about Endospores here:
https://brainly.com/question/27961014
#SPJ1
Please Help due soon.
racial and ethnic discrepancy in pulse oximetry and delayed identification of treatment eligibility among patients with covid-19
The racial and ethnic discrepancy in pulse oximetry and behind-schedule identification of remedy eligibility amongst sufferers with covid.
Pulse oximetry courses ethnic discrepancy and therapy selections for covid-19. whether or not mentioned racial inaccuracies in oxygen saturation measured through pulse oximetry are found in patients with and associated with treatment choices is unknown.
Ethnic discrepancy Disclosures Robinson pronounced offers from the Fisher Center Discovery program, Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher middle for Environmental Infectious illnesses, and Johns Hopkins University in the course of the conduct of the have a look at as well as grants from rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics of the national Institutes of fitness.
Learn more about Ethnic discrepancy here:-https://brainly.com/question/27129680
#SPJ4
sudhof neurons assemble in intricate circuits by forming precise connections with the right synaptic partners
Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons in intelligence that transmit and compute information, thereby connecting neurons into hundreds of thousands of overlapping and interdigitated neural circuits. Here we posit that the establishment, properties, and dynamics of synapses are ruled via a molecular logic that is managed using various trans-synaptic signaling molecules. Neurexins, expressed in heaps of alternatively spliced isoforms, are central factors of this dynamic code. Presynaptic neurexins modify synapse residences via differential binding to multifarious postsynaptic ligands, such as neuroligins, cerebellin/GluD complexes, and latrophilins, thereby shaping the input/output relations of their resident neural circuits. Mutations in genes encoding neurexins and their ligands are associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, autism, and Tourette syndrome. Thus, neurexins nucleate an overall trans-synaptic signaling community that controls synapse properties, thereby determining the unique responses of synapses to spike patterns in a neuron and circuit, and that is vulnerable to impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Synapses refer to the factors of contact between neurons the place records is surpassed from one neuron to the next. Synapses most regularly shape between axons and dendrites, and consist of a presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic neuron.
Learn more about Synapses here:
https://brainly.com/question/9206844
#SPJ4
8. organisms are closed systems that require an input of energy in order to maintain their high level of complexity and organization.
organisms are closed systems that require an input of energy in order to maintain their high level of complexity and organization.
False
What are organisms?
A single person or being is referred to as an organism. Despite having numerous independent pieces, the organism cannot exist without the parts since the parts are dependent on the organism to function.
Simple organisms only have an information molecule that explains how to gather energy and reproduce the information molecule. Other, more intricate multicellular organisms go through elaborate mating rituals to combine two haploid cells into a new organism.
Because there is such a wide variety of life on Earth, there are constantly fresh definitions of what constitutes an organism being proposed.
To learn more about Organisms
brainly.com/question/13278945
#SPJ4
Which membrane bound organelle contains chromosomes and pores for genetic material to pass
through?
what are the two types of dental caries described by location? group of answer choices attrition and erosion panoramic and extraoral pit and fissure, and smooth surface translucent and opaque
The two types of dental caries described by location is pit and fissure, and is therefore denoted as option C.
What is Dental caries?This is a medical condition which is also referred to as tooth decay or cavities and occurs when certain bacteria in the mouth converts sugar into acid and then it demineralizes and erodes the enamel thereby resulting in holes being formed in the area.
The enamel is the structure found in the teeth that serves as insulator which protects other delicate tissues from chemical and physical forces for its optimal functioning.
There are however two types of dental caries described by location and they are pit and fissure. These condition can be treated using the application of fluorides and also antibacterials to the affected area for best possible result.
Read more about Teeth here https://brainly.com/question/8051797
#SPJ1
assume that a spherical cell, with a diameter of 20 μm, has spherical mitochondria, each with a diameter of 0.2 μm. if mitochondria occupy 10% of the volume of the cell, how many mitochondria are there?
The total number of mitochondria is 1000 units of mitochondria.
Area of Cell,[tex]4\pi r^{2}[/tex]= 4 x 3.14 x [tex]10^{2}[/tex] = 1257μm
10% of the cell area = [tex]\frac{1257 x 10}{100}[/tex] = 125.7 = 126
Area of Mitochondria,[tex]4\pi r^{2}[/tex]= 4 x 3.14 x [tex]0.1^{2}[/tex] = 0.1256 = 0.126
Total number of mitochondria in a cell are = [tex]\frac{Final Cell Area}{Mitochondria Cell Area}[/tex]Total number of mitochondria in a cell are= [tex]\frac{126}{0.126}[/tex]= 1000Mitochondria- It's the power house of the cell responsible for ATP/Energy production, and also carry out several other important function to help in surviving of the cell.
To know more about Mitochondria, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/18540744
#SPJ4
The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of.
The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of natural selection.
In the field of ecology, natural selection can be described as the method by which those organisms that have the fittest genes to survive in an environment are able to survive and pass on their characteristics to their offspring.
These genetically predisposed traits that make an organism better at survival in an environment have a reproductive advantage over organisms that do not have such phenotypes.
The organisms of a species with a better genotype are naturally selected by the environment to survive and pass on their characteristics. Natural selection leads to evolution when the same traits are passed on through generations.
To learn more about natural selection, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/23929271
#SPJ4
effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic drift habitat fragmentation is a big concern to conservation biologists. how will habitat fragmentation affect evolution by genetic drift?
Habitat fragmentation will increase the effect of genetic drift and lead to a decrease in variation.
What Habitat fragmentation ?Genetic drift is the phenomena that occurs in populations of organisms as a result of unintentional occurrences that change the frequency of gene variants. The process may cause an alteration in the characteristics of the organisms, which would result in their evolution.
Habitat fragmentation is the process of cutting a habitat up into smaller fragments. This procedure reduces the population's size, which accelerates the population's genetic drift. Due to the unusual alleles being eliminated from the population, this process reduced genetic variation.Learn more about Habitat fragmentation here:
https://brainly.com/question/14086371
#SPJ4
The binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers.
TheThe binding of lipophilic messengers, such as steroid hormones, to their receptors triggers gene transcription
What does gene transcription serve as a means for?Making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence is the aim of transcription. The RNA copy, or transcript, of a gene that codes for proteins carries the instructions needed to assemble a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit). Before translating into proteins, eukaryotic transcripts need to go through a few processing stages.
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a genes DNA sequence. This copy, called messanger RNA , carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
To learn more about Transcription refer
https://brainly.com/question/14136689
#SPJ4
What systems get put to work when building a home?
The systems which are involved in building a home are the plumbing, heating, electrical and air systems.
What makes up the building of a home?The construction of a house or home is a very wide system which consist of different sessions or parts. These parts which makes up a building home are quiet technical and without them, the building is not complete.
The plumbing as a part is concerned with session which controls and supply water to every nooks and crannies of the building as water is very important for both building and life sustenance.
The electrical areas or session of a building involves the connection of electricity into different parts of the building. Where the electrical aspect of a house is absent, the residents have limited access to certain activities such as pressing of clothes, electrical kitchen utensils, the entertainment systems and other parts.
So therefore, the construction of a building system includes the plumbing, heating, electrical and air systems.
Read more on building:
https://brainly.com/question/19542661
#SPJ1
name the peripheral nervous system component responsible for the transmission of action potentials from the cns to the periphery.
The component of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the transmission of action potentials from the CNS to the periphery is motor neurons.
What are motor neurons?Motor neurons are a special class of nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses across the body, i.e., away from the central nervous system (CNS) towards muscle cells.
In conclusion, the component of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the transmission of action potentials from the CNS to the periphery is motor neurons.
Learn more about motor neurons here:
https://brainly.com/question/13061744
#SPJ1
How is constructing a perpendicular bisector similar to constructing an angle bisector? how is it different?.
An angle bisector is a line segment that splits an angle into two equal halves while a perpendicular bisector is a line segment that divides the other line segment that is opposite to it perpendicularly.
Angle bisector and perpendicular bisector are similar as the angle is split in two by both.Perpendicular and angle bisectors differ in the way that an angle bisector is not required to make a perpendicular angle with the opposite side, but a perpendicular bisector must.The perpendicular bisector makes a right angle from a horizontal line, in contrast to the angle bisector, which divides an angle in half. They both "divide" the object in two.A line known as a bisector divides an object into two equally sized portions. A line that cuts through an angle to produce two identical angles is known as an angle bisector.For instance, if we establish an angle bisector with a 90-degree angle, the line that passes across the angle will produce two new 45-degree angles.Learn more about perpendicular bisector here:
https://brainly.com/question/929137
#SPJ4