pigeons in urban areas have darker feathers than pigeons in rural areas explain how this is an example of natural selection.

A. The amount of heavy metals found in urban and rural environments.

B. ALLELE FREQUENCY.


C. The impact of heavy metals on feather color.


E. How having darker feathers became so common in the urban pigeon population.

Two individuals unaffected by polydactylism cannot have a child with polydactylism because they do not carry any copies of the dominant allele (D) for polydactylism.

To express the trait, an individual only needs to inherit one copy of the dominant allele. The unaffected individuals can only pass on the recessive allele (d) to their offspring. Therefore, the child will not receive a dominant allele for polydactylism from either parent, making it impossible for them to express the trait.

In other words, if both parents are homozygous recessive (dd) for polydactylism, all their offspring will be heterozygous (Dd) carriers of the recessive allele. Even if one of the parents is heterozygous (Dd), the probability of the child receiving two recessive alleles (dd) is 25%, making it impossible for the child to express the dominant trait of polydactylism. Therefore, for a child to express the dominant trait of polydactylism, at least one of the parents must have the dominant allele (D).

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It assumes unlimited resources and no constraints on growth, which may not be the case in reality.S. Aureus growth through binary fission.

a. Thirty minutes after the initial infection, there will be 2 S. Aureus cells present. This is because the single S. Aureus cell will have divided once by binary fission (1 cell splits into 2 cells).

b. In 1 hour, there will be 4 S. Aureus cells present. During the first 30 minutes, the single S. Aureus cell will divide, creating 2 cells. In the next 30 minutes, both of these cells will divide, resulting in a total of 4 cells.

c. In 12 hours, there will be 4,096 S. Aureus cells present. To calculate this, you need to consider the number of times the cells divide in 12 hours, which is 12 hours × (60 minutes/hour) / (30 minutes/division) = 24 divisions. Then, you can use the formula 2ⁿ, where n is the number of divisions.

So, 2²⁴ = 16,777,216 cells. However, this assumes unlimited resources and no constraints on growth, which may not be the case in reality.

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1. This statement is not true because estuaries are actually formed by a combination of factors, including tides, currents, and river flow, not just increased sedimentation due to low wave energy.

2. This statement is true. Plant-dominated ecosystems, such as salt marshes and mangroves, can thrive in areas with both high and low wave energies, depending on the specific conditions and adaptations of the plant species present.

Answer:

A. The kittens inherited different genes for fur color from their parents.

Explanation:

This because the genotype of fur color is from parents, your literal genetic makeup. While phenotype is influenced by your surroundings.

The tissue type that forms binding, supporting, and transporting structures and usually contains collagen for strength is Connective tissue. Thus option C is correct answer.

Connective tissue is a type of tissue that provides support as well as structure to the body. It is responsible for forming the binding, supporting, and transporting structures of the body. Connective tissue is composed of cells and an extracellular matrix, which contains collagen, elastin, and other fibers that give it strength and flexibility.

Collagen is the most important protein in connective tissue and is responsible for its strength. It provides a scaffold for other proteins and cells to attach to and gives the tissue its structure. Connective tissue can be found in various forms throughout the body, such as tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, and blood.

Unlike epithelial tissue, which covers and lines body surfaces and organs, connective tissue is found throughout the body and performs a variety of functions. It is responsible for connecting and supporting tissues and organs, providing protection and insulation, and transporting nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

In summary, the connective tissue is the tissue type that forms binding, supporting, and transporting structures in the body and contains collagen for strength. It is a diverse tissue type that is essential for maintaining the structure and function of the body.

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In the context of transmembrane transport, the correct answer among the given choices would be transport of a protein from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Transmembrane transport involves the movement of molecules, such as proteins, across a biological membrane. In this case, proteins are transported from the cytosol, where they are synthesized, to the ER, where they undergo further processing and modifications.

The other options do not represent transmembrane transport. Transport of a protein from the cytosol to the nucleus is an example of nuclear import, while transport between the ER and Golgi apparatus or from the Golgi apparatus to the endosomes represents intracellular vesicular trafficking.

These processes are distinct from transmembrane transport and involve different mechanisms and molecular machinery.

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Pill bugs and sow bugs are both common terrestrial crustaceans often found in moist habitats, such as under rocks and logs. While they may look similar, one major difference between the two is their ability to roll up into a ball.

Pill bugs, also known as roly-polies, are able to roll up completely into a tight ball as a defense mechanism against predators. Sow bugs, on the other hand, are not able to roll up into a ball due to their flattened body shape.

Another difference between the two is their body shape. Pill bugs have a more rounded, convex body shape, while sow bugs have a flatter, oval-shaped body. Additionally, pill bugs are generally smaller in size compared to sow bugs.

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Energy is obtained from macronutrients via unique metabolic pathways. In the process of "dehydration synthesis," water is always released.

Dehydration synthesis is a type of metabolic reaction that links smaller molecules together to form larger ones while releasing water as a byproduct. Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are built up and broken down via these types of reactions, although the monomers involved are different in each case. In biological systems, dehydration synthesis reactions occur in every cell, especially since it is important for the formation of ATP. Nearly all biopolymers are also derived from this reaction.

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For a sequence of mRNA, there are three reading frames possible.

The genetic information in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. The mRNA sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides called codons.

Each codon specifies a particular amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation. However, the reading frame, or the grouping of nucleotides into codons, can be shifted by one or two nucleotides, resulting in a different amino acid sequence.

Thus, for a given mRNA sequence, there are three possible reading frames, one for each possible starting position of the codon triplets. The correct reading frame is established by the start codon, AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine and signals the beginning of translation. If the reading frame is shifted, the resulting protein may be completely different, leading to a frameshift mutation.

Therefore, the three possible reading frames of mRNA are crucial for the accurate translation of genetic information into proteins.

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The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Starting at the nose, air enters the body and passes through the nasal cavities. This air is then warmed, humidified, and filtered as it passes through the nasal passages. From the nose, air enters the mouth, which provides an alternate route for air to enter the body.

The air then passes through the pharynx, which is a short tube that serves as a passageway for both food and air. After the pharynx, the air moves into the larynx, which is a short, hollow tube located at the top of the trachea. The larynx serves to protect the trachea from foreign objects and contains the vocal cords, which are responsible for vocalization.

The trachea is a long, thin tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi. The bronchi are two tubes that branch off the trachea and enter the lungs. The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which further divide into tiny air sacs known as alveoli.

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The common characteristic that binds the digestive juices in the liver and pancreas is that they both contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Specifically, both the liver and pancreas secrete enzymes that help break down and process food in the small intestine. The liver produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats, while the pancreas secretes pancreatic enzymes, including lipase, amylase, and protease, which break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, respectively.

The liver and pancreas are two important organs in the digestive system that produce digestive juices to aid in the breakdown and processing of food. These digestive juices contain enzymes that help to break down the different components of food, including fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

The liver produces bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when food enters it. Bile contains bile salts, which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile salts break down fats into smaller droplets, making it easier for pancreatic lipase to break down the fats further. This process is important because fats are difficult to digest and absorb in their larger form.

The pancreas produces digestive juices that contain enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and protease. Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, which can also be absorbed into the bloodstream.

The enzymes produced by the liver and pancreas work together in the small intestine to break down and process food. When food enters the small intestine, the liver releases bile, which breaks down fats into smaller droplets. The pancreas then releases its digestive juices, which contain enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into their component parts. These nutrients can then be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by the body for energy or other functions.

In summary, the common characteristic that binds the digestive juice in the liver and pancreas is that they both contain enzymes that aid in the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. This is important for the efficient processing of food in the small intestine and the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.

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On Principles of Evolution:

Radiometric dating involves using the decay of radioactive isotopes to determine the age of rocks and fossils, while stratigraphy involves the study of rock layers and the order in which they were deposited.

During the Paleozoic era, the continents were clustered together as one large landmass known as Pangaea. During the Mesozoic era, Pangaea began to break apart into smaller continents, and by the end of the era, the continents were in positions similar to their current locations. During the Cenozoic era, the continents continued to move and drift apart, forming the modern configuration we see today.

Lamarck's theory of evolution, also known as the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, states that organisms can pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring. The strengths of this theory are that it was one of the first to propose a mechanism for evolution, and it emphasized the importance of the environment in shaping organisms. However, the theory has several weaknesses, such as the lack of evidence supporting the idea that acquired traits can be passed on genetically, and the fact that some traits are determined by genes rather than environmental factors.

False. Dominant alleles do not always increase in frequency because their success is dependent on the environment and the fitness of individuals carrying the allele. If the environment changes, a once-dominant allele may become detrimental and decrease in frequency.

Populations evolve because they are subject to natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These factors can cause changes in allele frequencies over time, leading to the evolution of the population. Individuals, on the other hand, do not evolve because they cannot change their genetic makeup during their lifetime.

Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to their offspring. It is a natural process that occurs without human intervention. Artificial selection, on the other hand, is the process by which humans intentionally breed plants or animals for specific traits. Humans selectively choose individuals with desirable traits to mate and produce offspring with those traits.

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Image transcribed:

Principles of Evolution Written Review Assignment

1. What are the two methods used together to demonstrate the Earth is at least 3.8 billion years old? List and briefly describe the methods.

2. Differentiate between the geology of the continents of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

3. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Lamarck's theory of evolution.

4. True or False? Dominant alleles will always increase in frequency. Explain your answer.

5. Explain why populations evolve and individuals do not.

6. What is the difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

Hershey and Chase demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.

Hershey and Chase conducted experiments in the 1950s using the T2 bacteriophage to determine if DNA or protein was the genetic material that the phage used to infect bacteria.

In their experiments, they labeled the T2 phage’s DNA with radioactive phosphorus-32 and the phage’s protein coat with radioactive sulfur-35. They then allowed the labeled phages to infect bacteria and observed which radioactive label was found in the bacterial cells.

They found that the radioactive phosphorus-32 (which labeled the DNA) was found inside the bacterial cells, while the radioactive sulfur-35 (which labeled the protein coat) was not.

This led Hershey and Chase to conclude that DNA was the genetic material of the T2 phage, and likely the genetic material of all living organisms.

This experiment provided important evidence for the role of DNA in heredity and paved the way for further research in molecular biology.

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The statement that describes how matter moves through an ecosystem is When a consumer eats another organism, matter is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

Decomposers reduce complex organic compounds into less complicated molecules that include calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as water and carbon dioxide. These are the things that are necessary for plants to grow.

As these species live and die, matter circulates between the air and soil, as well as among plants, animals, and bacteria. The environment provides organisms with water and gases, and they emit waste materials—whether they be gases, liquids, or solids—back into it.

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Miller and Urey's experiment is still useful today despite the fact that the compounds used were not found on early Earth. The experiment was the first to demonstrate that organic molecules could be created from inorganic molecules and energy.

This provided a basis for the idea that organic molecules could have been the building blocks of life on Earth. Furthermore, the experiment provided insight into the chemical processes that are necessary for the formation of organic molecules and the role of energy in this process.

The experiment also showed that the building blocks of life can be created from inorganic compounds, which is useful for understanding the origin of life on Earth. The experiment is also useful for understanding the conditions that exist on other planets and moons in our solar system, and even outside of it.

Miller and Urey's experiment provided the groundwork for further investigations into the origin of life on Earth, and the conditions necessary for life to form and thrive elsewhere.

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The number of atoms in 8.500 mol of chlorine atoms is 5.1167 x 10²⁴  atoms of chlorine

The mass of 15.50 moles of oxygen is 247.98 g

The number of moles of helium in 1.953 x 10⁸ g is 4.880 x 10⁷ moles

The number of atoms present in 147.82 g of sulfur is 2.774 x 10²⁴ atoms of sulfur

The molar mass of Co (cobalt) is 58.93 g/mol.

The formula mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ is 310.18 g/mol.

The number of atoms is determined as follows:

1 mole of atoms contains 6.022 x 10²³ atoms

In 8.500 moles of chlorine atoms, the number of atoms present would be:

8.500 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol = 5.1167 x 10²⁴  atoms of chlorine

The molar mass of oxygen is 15.999 g/mol.

The mass of 15.50 moles of oxygen would be:

15.50 mol x 15.999 g/mol = 247.98 g

The molar mass of helium is 4.003 g/mol.

The number of moles of helium in 1.953 x 10⁸ g would be:

1.953 x 10⁸ g / 4.003 g/mol = 4.880 x 10⁷ moles

The molar mass of sulfur is 32.06 g/mol.

The number of moles of sulfur in 147.82 g would be:

147.82 g / 32.06 g/mol = 4.608 moles

The number of atoms present will be:

4.608 mol x 6.022 x 10²³ atoms/mol = 2.774 x 10²⁴ atoms of sulfur

The molar mass of Co (cobalt) is 58.93 g/mol.

The formula mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ will be determined as follows:

Ca: 3 x 40.08 g/mol = 120.24 g/mol

P: 2 x 30.97 g/mol = 61.94 g/mol

O: 8 x 16.00 g/mol = 128.00 g/mol

Formula mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ = 120.24 + 61.94 + 128.00

Formula mass of Ca₃(PO₄)₂ = 310.18 g/mol.

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Answer:

10% of the energy is transferred at each trophic level.

Explanation:

Example:

Producers: 100,000 kJ

Herbivores: 10,000 kJ

Carnivores: 1,000 kJ

Clades refer to the evolutionary groups that share a common ancestor. In a phylogenetic tree, clades are represented by branches that split into smaller sub-branches as you move further down the tree. Clades 2 and 3 are the two major groups of birds and dinosaurs, and they share a common ancestor.

Birds belong to the clade 2, which includes theropod dinosaurs. These were a group of bipedal dinosaurs that included the famous Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor. As a result, birds share many characteristics with their dinosaur ancestors, such as feathers, hollow bones, and the presence of a wishbone.

Clade 3, on the other hand, includes sauropod dinosaurs such as the Brachiosaurus and Diplodocus. These were herbivorous dinosaurs that had long necks and tails. Unlike birds, they went extinct about 66 million years ago.

Therefore, based on the evolutionary relationships shown by the phylogenetic tree, birds are considered dinosaurs as they evolved from a common ancestor shared by the theropod dinosaurs. This also highlights the importance of using phylogenetic trees to understand the evolutionary relationships between different species.

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The weight of the Crustacea would be closest to 7.8 mg, which is answer choice D.

Based on the information in Table 1, we can see that the Crustacea represented 15% of the total weight of the stomach contents.

To find the weight of the Crustacea if the total weight of the stomach contents was 50 mg, we can use the following calculation:

Weight of Crustacea = 15% of 50 mg = 0.15 x 50 mg

Weight of Crustacea = 7.5 mg

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Improvements in harvesting systems include all of the following advances EXCEPT trees grow at faster rates than they did in previous decades.

Harvesting systems have seen a lot of improvements over the years. Trees can now be cut closer to the ground, allowing for more efficient harvesting. This is especially useful in areas where the trees are densely packed, as it allows for more efficient removal of the forest.

In addition, trees can now be lifted using machines instead of manually. This makes it faster and easier for harvesters to move large amounts of timber in a short amount of time. Trees can also be transported using much smaller equipment, reducing the amount of fuel and manpower needed.

These improvements have allowed for much more efficient and effective harvesting of timber, allowing harvesters to collect more timber in less time with less resources. However, despite these advances, trees still grow at a slower rate than they did in previous decades.

Therefore, correct option is D.

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Bears are solitary animals and live alone for several reasons. One of these reasons is that there are not enough resources in the environment to support multiple bears.

The food available is limited, and so each bear has to compete to find enough to survive. The limited resources also mean that bears must travel long distances in order to find enough food and shelter. Living alone allows them to cover more ground, and also reduces competition for food and shelter.

Additionally, living alone means that bears are less exposed to potential threats from other animals, reducing their risk of injury or death. Finally, bears have to be able to find mates in order to reproduce, and living alone allows them to have more options for mates. All of these factors contribute to why bears are solitary animals.

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An action potential is an electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron. One of the key features of an action potential is that it travels in one direction only, from the cell body of the neuron to its axon terminal.

This directional flow of the action potential is due to the refractory period of the neuron. After an action potential is fired, the neuron enters a brief refractory period during which it is unable to generate another action potential in the same direction.

This refractory period ensures that the action potential moves only in one direction, preventing the signal from moving backward and interfering with other signals in the nervous system.

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Polar bears are noted for their strength and ability to hunt, both of which are necessary for catching seals, which are their primary source of food. The polar bear gets the nutrients and energy it needs to survive in the harsh Arctic environment from seals.

Seals and polar bears share a predator-prey relationship because polar bears eat seals. In colder regions where polar bears live, ice caps have melted as a result of climate change. This change has made it harder for polar bears to effectively chase seals as they depend on the ice to chase and travel. Polar bears are forced to swim for longer distances as a result of the loss of sea ice, which results in an increase in their energy expenditure and a decline in their overall health. Because they are unable to procure sufficient food to sustain themselves, this circumstance will result in a decrease in the population of polar bears. It can likewise have more extensive natural effects, as polar bears assume a vital part in the Cold pecking order and the deficiency of this dominant hunter can disturb the whole biological system.

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The clone will be most similar to the body cell donor. This is because the body cell donor provides the genetic material that is used in the cloning process to create the clone.

The egg cell donor's genetic material is replaced with the donor's body cell genetic material, and the surrogate mother only provides a host for the embryo to develop in. Therefore, the clone will be the most similar to the body cell donor since the clone will be made up of the donor's genetic material.

The clone will be an exact genetic replica of the body cell donor, and will have the same characteristics and traits, though it will not have the same experiences or life events as the donor.

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The polar bear has adapted to its icy habitat with thick fur to keep it warm and 4 inches of fat to provide insulation. It also has webbed feet to help it move quickly and easily across the ice.

This adaptation has allowed it to catch the seals it preys upon. The sun bear has adapted to its tropical rainforest habitat with short hair to keep it cool and strong legs to help it climb trees.

It also has an extra long tongue to help it reach the honey and insects that make up its diet. These adaptations have allowed it to survive and thrive in its environment. Each species of bear has evolved to fit its environment, developing the traits necessary to survive in the cold or the heat.

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Answer: fermentation

Explanation: