Advanced Placement (AP) College

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Answer 1

The definition of the key terms above are given as follows:

1. Natural philosophy is the study of nature via observation and logic.

2. The Copernican hypothesis is the theory given by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun lies at the center of the solar system.

3. The experimental method is a means of putting scientific theories to the test by conducting controlled experiments and monitoring the outcomes.

4. Sir Isaac Newton proposed the Law of Inertia, which asserts that objects in motion stay in motion and objects at rest stay at rest until moved upon by an external force.

5. Sir Isaac Newton proposed the Law of Universal Gravitation, which states that all things in the universe are attracted to one other with a force proportionate to their mass and the distance between them.

6. Empiricism is the belief that knowledge is gained by experience and observation rather than intrinsic notions or revelation.

7. Cartesian dualism is René Descartes' proposal that the mind and body are separate entities.

8. The Enlightenment was an 18th-century philosophical movement that promoted reason and individual freedom.

9. Rationalism is the belief that knowledge is gained via reasoning and logical thought rather than observation.

10. Philosophes are 18th-century intellectuals who participated in the Enlightenment and sought to better society via reason.

11. The reading revolution refers to a large growth in book production and literacy spread throughout the 18th century.

12. A salon is a gathering of intellectuals and artists that takes place in a private residence with the aim of discourse and cultural exchange.

13. Rococo is a style of art from the 18th century that is distinguished by complex, beautiful, and decorative motifs.

14. The social environment in which citizens can openly discuss and debate public problems is known as the public sphere.

15. Enlightened absolutism is the belief that rulers should use reason to control and improve their subjects' lives.

16. Cameralism is a type of economic management system that evolved in 18th-century German nations.

17. Haskalah is a Jewish enlightenment movement that used reason and education to revolutionize Jewish culture and thinking.

Why are the above key terms important?

1. Natural philosophy was a significant topic of study throughout the 18th century since it dealt with comprehending the natural world via observation and reason, which helped provide the groundwork for contemporary science.

2. The Copernican theory transformed the way people thought about the universe and challenged long-held views about the Earth's role in the cosmos; this was essential in breaking away from the centuries-old Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system.

3. The experimental method, introduced by scientists such as Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle, enabled the systematic testing of scientific theories and was critical in the creation of modern science.

4. Newton's principles of motion, particularly the rule of inertia and the law of universal gravitation, offered a framework for understanding how objects move in the natural world.

5. During the Enlightenment, two key philosophical groups formed that changed how people thought about knowledge and how it should be gained.

6. Cartesian dualism, the theory that the mind and body are distinct entities, had a tremendous influence on philosophy and how people thought about the mind-body relationship.

7. The Enlightenment was a popular intellectual movement that stressed the application of reason, individual liberty, and the significance of societal improvement.

8. The name "philosophes" alludes to the Enlightenment's intellectual leaders who strived to change society via reason and understanding.

9. The reading revolution, literacy spread, and book creation all played important roles in the transmission of Enlightenment ideals.

10. Salons were an essential part of 18th-century society, serving as a platform for intellectuals and artists to share ideas.

11. Rococo art was popular in the 18th century and was distinguished by its exquisite and extravagant features.

12. The public sphere is the social environment in which citizens may freely discuss and debate public problems; this was critical for the spread of Enlightenment ideals.

13. Enlightened absolutism is a concept that affected monarchs' perceptions of their position and relationship with their subjects.

14. Cameralism was an influential economic theory that originated in 18th-century German nations, proposing that the government should actively manage the economy for the benefit of the people.

15. Haskalah was a Jewish enlightenment movement that sought to modernize Jewish culture and philosophy through the application of reason and education. It was influential in Jewish communities of the time.

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