Answer:
Much of our understanding of the basic structure and composition of Earth and the other planets in our solar system is not strenuously debated. We can infer a surprising amount of information from the size, mass and moment of inertia of the planets, all of which can be determined from routine astronomical observations. Measurements of surface chemical composition, either by direct sampling (as has been done on Earth, the moon, and Mars) or through spectroscopic observations, can be used to estimate elemental abundances and the degree of chemical differentiation that occurred as the planets condensed from the solar nebula. Remote observations of the gravitational field can be used to understand how a planet's mass is distributed, whereas the strength and shape of the magnetic field provides some constraint on the structure of a metallic core. The specifics of structure and composition, however, are much more debatable. And it is these details that tell us a much more extensive and ultimately more interesting story about the internal dynamics of the planets and their evolution. As a result, trying to determine them is frontier research in almost all fields of earth and planetary science.
Even on Earth, many of these details have to be inferred from remote observations. Because we cannot sample the deep Earth, we must deduce its composition either by looking at the clues hidden in igneous and metamorphic rocks, or by examining proxies for composition and structure such as the three-dimensional variation of the velocity of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and sampled by networks of seismometers on the surface. The late Francis Birch, the eminent Harvard geophysicist, and his colleagues and students worked out the basic methodology that brings these distinct observations together. Birch showed how the stiffness of rocks changes under the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature deep within planets, as well as with chemical composition. Because the speed of seismic waves depends on the stiffness of the medium through which they propagate, it is possible to calculate temperature and composition from maps of seismic velocity. Most current research is based on Birch's work and it has even been extended to the most extreme temperature and pressure conditions of Earth's core. For example, much of our understanding of the large- and small-scale convection patterns driving plate tectonics has come about by using Birch-type proxies for temperature and composition.
Explanation:
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Pigments don't survive fossilization; even though we have fossil skin from dinosaurs, we don't know what color they were. But fossilization does preserve structure. Specimens from a rare cache of 50-million-year-old beetle fossils still show the microscopic layers that produced structural colors in the living creatures, and we can deduce the colors from an understanding of thin-film interference. One fossil showed 80 nm plates of fossilized chitin (modern samples have index of refraction n = 1.56) embedded in fossilized tissue (for which we can assume n = 1.33).
What is the longest wavelength for which there is constructive interference for reflections from opposite sides of the chitin layers?
Answer:
Explanation:
Light gets reflected by a medium of higher refractive index and then from a medium of lower refractive index a second time so there will be an additional phase difference of 180⁰.
For constructive interference in thin films the condition is as follows .
2μd = (2n+1) λ/2
where μ is 1.56 , d is 80 nm λ is wave length of ligh and n is an integer .
For longest wavelength , n = 0
λ = 4μd
= 4 x 1.56 x 80 nm
= 499.2 nm .
Athletes such as swimmers and bicyclists wear body suits in competition. Formulate a list of pros and cons of such suits.
There is a drag force that opposes a person's motion while they are moving through a fluid, whether it be air or liquid. Range of motion is constrained by the drag force. Drag force is overcome by the suits. The drawback is overheating.
A bodysuit's main function is to give you support and a seamless tuck-in so you may dress comfortably and easily. Bodysuits can be skin-tight or loose, and because of the tension they create from the shoulders to the crotch, they can embrace your curves and serve as the ideal foundation for whichever bottom you choose.
They can be warm and tight or very thin - useful for warmth - or even be very light (say, 60g), cooling underwear. They are typically elastic and stretchy. They can serve as both underwear and outerwear, but a pair of trousers, pants, or a skirt must be worn below.
Benefits include being thin, warm or cooling, extremely snug, occasionally shapewear, suitable for layering, and warm without bulk (you can get a big deal from a 60g torso garment). fitting in.
They interfere with using the restroom and can occasionally make it difficult to distinguish their front from back sides. Typically, the longer portion of the crotch, called the tail, is at the back. The bodysuits without arms, however, can also be worn buttoned up.
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The pitchers mound in baseball is 85 meters from home plate . If it takes 4.1 seconds for a pitch to reach the plate , how fast is the pitch is m/s.
Answer: 20.73m/s
Explanation:
The question simply wants us to calculate the speed of the pitch. The speed will be calculated as:
= Distance/Time
where,
Distance = 85 meters
Time = 4.1 seconds
Speed = Distance/Time
Speed = 85/4.1
Speed = 20.73m/s
Therefore, the speed of the pitch is 20.73m/s.
Select True or False: The mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of the nucleons.
It is untrue to say that a nucleus's mass is always smaller than the total mass of its nucleons.
Why is nucleus mass lower than nucleon mass?The nucleons near the edge of their masses give binding energy to maintain the nucleons inside the nucleus.
Why is a nucleus' mass always smaller than the total?The protons and neutrons move in closer together to a distance of 10–14 m during the creation of a nucleus. The mass of the nucleons is sacrificed in order to spend the energy needed for the task.
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3. A student tosses a 0. 500 kilogram rock into
a pond at a rate of 1. 00 meter per second. If
the student's mass is 45. 0 kilograms, what
is the momentum of the rock by the
student?
The momentum of the rock by the student is 0.500kgm/s.
Momentum -
momentum is the result of a particle's mass and velocity. Being a vector quantity, momentum possesses both magnitude and direction. According to Isaac Newton's second equation of motion, the force applied on a particle is equal to the time rate of change of momentum. Check out Newton's laws of motion.
Momentum can be viewed as a body's "power" while it is moving, or the amount of force it can exert on another body. For instance, a baseball (small mass) thrown quickly can have the same momentum as a bowling ball (big mass) going extremely slowly (low velocity) (high velocity).
Momentum = Mass × Velocity
Momentum of rock = 0.500 × 1
= 0.500kgm/s
Momentum of Boy = 45 × 0 [As boy is at rest so, he has 0 momentum]
Momentum of boy = 0
Total Momentum = Momentum of rock + Momentum of boy
= 0.500 + 0
= 0.500 kgm/s
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40 points!
What is the expected life span of a star with a low stellar mass, a relatively cool temperature, and dim relative brightness?
1 to 10 million years
10 to 100 million years
1,000 to 10,000 million years
10,000 to 200,000 million years
The expected life span of a star with a low stellar mass, a relatively cool temperature, and dim relative brightness is 10,000 to 200,000 million years and is therefore denoted as option D.
What is a Star?This is referred to as an astronomical object comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by its gravity an d they are usually visible at night.
We should also note that stars with a high stellar mass burn burn their fuel at a much faster rate and can shine for just millions of years while on the other hand stars with a low stellar mass burn burn their fuel at a much slower rate and can shine for just billions of years.
This therefore means that the expected life span of a star with a low stellar mass and dim relative brightness will most likely be between 10,000 to 200,000 million years hence why option D was chosen.
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30 points 2 questions HELP!!
1 In radioactive decay, with each successive half-life, half the remaining sample decays to form another
2 During beta decay, a nucleus
a
gains a proton and loses a neutron.
b
maintains the same number of protons and neutrons.
c
gives up two protons and two neutrons.
d
loses a proton and gains a neutron
Answer:
Generally with successive half-life a new element is formed from the decayed nuclei:
isotope - daughter nucleus has same no. of protons (same atomic number) so the same element is formed in the decay
isotone - daughter nucleus has same number of neutrons so the atomic number has changed and a new element is formed (new atomic number)
isobar - daughter nucleus has same mass number - this could be an example of beta decay where the decayed nucleus has the same mass number but loses a neutron and gains a proton because of the lost electron and a new element is formed with the atomic number increases by 1
Example:
U238 Uranium - alpha to Th234
Th234 Thorium - 2 beta to U234 (back to U but atomic mass less by 4)
U234 Uranium - alpha to Th230
Th230 Thorium - alpha to Ra226
etc. but during beta decay (electron loss) a neutron is lost and a proton gained (answer a)
A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude of 870 m above the ground. What is the work done by this individual.
A 78-kg skydiver has a speed of 62 m/s at an altitude of 870 m above the ground. Then the work done by this individual is7.7×[tex]10^{5}[/tex]J
The work done by the skydiver can be calculated using the equation
W = mgh,
where m is the mass of the skydiver, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the altitude of the skydiver.
In this case, the mass of the skydiver is 78 kg, g is 9.8 m/s2, and the height is 870 m.
Thus, the work done by the skydiver is 7.7 ×[tex]10^{5}[/tex] J.
This work is the energy that the skydiver has gained from the gravitational potential energy due to the difference in altitude between the ground and the skydiver's position. The work can be converted into kinetic energy due to the skydiver's speed of 62 m/s.
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A baseball has a momentum of 6.0kg*(m)/(s) south and a mass of 0.15kg. What is the baseball's velocity?
A baseball weighs 0.15kg and has a south momentum of 6.0kg m/s. The speed of the baseball was (v) = 40 m/s south.
It's a physical magnitude that measures the product of the mass by the velocity of a particle. Its units in the International System is kg. m/s and the formula is
p = mv
where
m is the mass of the object
v is its velocity
In this problem, we know:
p = 6.0 kg m/s is the momentum of the baseball
m = 0.15 kg is its mass
Therefore, we can re-arrange the equation to find the baseball's velocity:
v = p/m
v = 6.0/0.15
v = 40 m/s south
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hello please help i’ll give brainliest
Answer:mountains
Explanation:
A block of mass mm is initially at rest on a rough horizontal surface when a constant force FF is exerted on it, as shown. The block accelerates to the right and is moving with speed vv once it has moved a distance dd. Which of the following equations can be used to solve for the force of friction exerted on the block by the surface?
F m v2 А F-f= 2d B F-f=ma с F-f= mv2 2d D f-F = mv2 d E f-F = mv2 2d
Block B on the exterior f-F = ma c f-F = mv2 2d f-F = D = mv2 d f-F E f-F = v2 2d.
What is meant by mass surface?A thing's top, exterior, or outermost layer: Tropical rain forests once covered 10% of the earth's surface. The marble has a smooth, polished surface.
The surface of the picture is covered in little fissures. The bowl's exterior has a glossy finish. The wood was rough on the outside. Ice-covered roads ought to be avoided. The phrase "on the surface" describes how something seems, even if it isn't really the case.
The formulas F- f = mv2 / d can be used to determine the force of friction that the surface exerts on the block.
Briefing:
F - f = ma
a = v/t
t = d/v
F - f = m × v / t
F- f = m ×
F- f = m × v²/d
Therefore,
F- f = mv² / d
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You're in the back of a friend's pickup truck when it stalls on a hill. You jump out, get behind the truck and push with all your might (300 N) in a vain attempt to keep the truck from accelerating down the hill. The force the truck exerts on you is: less than 300 N 300 N greater than 300 N
The force the truck exerts on you is 300 N.
What is meant by force?
A force in physics is an effect that has the power to alter an object's motion.Intuitively, a push or a pull can also be used to describe force.Being a vector quantity, a force has both magnitude and direction. The SI unit of newton is used to measure it (N). The letter F stands for force (formerly P).According to Newton's second law's original formulation, an object's net force is equal to the speed at which its momentum is changing over time. According to this law, an object's acceleration is inversely proportional to the net force acting on it, is in the direction of the net force, and is directly proportional to the mass of the object if its mass is constant.To learn more about force refer to
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If a girl running along a straight road with a uniform velocity 1.5m/s,find her acceleration
Her acceleration is zero, because her velocity is not changing.
A 5mL tank of Carbon dioxide i tored at a preure of 30mmHg. It i moved to an altitude with a preure of 28mmHg. What will the new volume of Carbon dioxide be?
The new volume of Carbon dioxide be 5.36 mL.
What happened to the amount of gas in the syringe as you raised the plunger?Boyle's Law can also be used to explain how a syringe operates. A syringe's plunger being drawn out causes the volume inside the barrel to expand, which lowers the pressure inside the barrel.
Describe Boyle's Law.According to Boyle's Law, P1V1=P2V2 while the temperature is constant. In accordance with Boyle's Law, pressure and volume are inversely linked. In other words, volume decreases as pressure rises (and vice versa).
Given:
Volume (V1) =5ml
Pressure (P1) = 30 mmHg
Pressure (P2) =28 mmHg
Volume (V2) = ?
From Boyle's Law,
[tex]P_1V_1=P_2V_2[/tex]
[tex]30*5=28*V_2[/tex]
[tex]V_2=\frac{30*5}{28}[/tex]
[tex]V_2= 5.36 ml[/tex]
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How far from the base of a building must a 25 ft ladder be placed so that it reaches 15 ft up the wall?
Using the Pythagorean theorem, we can determine that the best distance for the ladder is 20 feet away from the base of the building.
The third side of this triangle is unknown, so we will apply the Pythagorean theorem to determine it. There is 25 feet of ladder available, the wall is 15 feet above the ground, the ladder must be at least that high.
In order to calculate the distance between the ladder and the building =
X = √(25^2) - (15^2)
= 20 feet
Thus, the ladder should be placed 20 feet away from the base of the building.
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You and your friend, who weighs the same as you want to go to the top of the Eiffel Tower Your friend takes the elevator straight up. You decide to walk up the spiral stairway, taking longer to do so. Compare the gravitational potential energy of you and your friend, after you both reach the top. Your gravitational potential energy is greater than that of your friend, because you traveled a greater distance in getting to the top. Your friend's gravitational potential energy is greater than yours, because he got to the top faster Both of you have the same amount of gravitational potential energy at the top. Dit is impossible to tell, since the times you both took are unknown Impossible to tell since the distances you both traveled are unknown
You and your friend will have the same potential energy at the top of the tower because gravitational potential only depends on height and not on how an object got there.
What does potential energy mean?The power that a substance retains as a result of its position in relation to other things, internal pressures, electric charge, or other substances is known as potential energy in physics. Potential energy is a form of energy that is stored but is dependent on the interactions of different system components.
A steel ball has more potential energy if it is raised above the ground as opposed to dropping to it. The energy that is present in everything that is raised from rest and has the potential to be released at a later time is known as potential energy.
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skater A travels with velocity of 3.2 m/s and has a momentum of 200 kg m/s
Here's link[tex]^{}[/tex] to the answer:
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1. Similar with the electron,what does the man require to climb up the stairs?
2. When going up the stairs,is it possible to reach the top instantly?(represent man as electron when explaining)
3. What happens to a person attempting to step on the next level with insufficient energy?(represent man as electron when explaining)
4. Can electrons occupy any space between energy levels?
Pahelp po
Man must exert energy to ascend the steps. No, you can't get to the top right away. (When explaining, use the analogy of an electron to represent a man.)
You can ascend stairs with the aid of stored muscular energy, and in this case, you obtain potential energy since you gain height while doing so.
None of the voids between the orbits may be occupied by the electron. The rungs of a ladder serve as a commonplace illustration of the Bohr model. You can only be on certain rungs of a ladder as you climb or descend it; you cannot be in the spaces between the rungs. Man must exert energy to ascend the steps. No, you can't get to the top right away. (When explaining, use the analogy of an electron to represent a man.)
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the planet neptune has an equatorial diameter of 49532 km and its mass is 1.0247 x 10^26 kg. If the plane tis modeled as a homogenous sphere, what is the acceleration due to gravity at its surface
The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Neptune is calculated to be 10.08 m/s².
Here, we can apply the concept of Newton for the definition of the gravity of a planet, for which he defines that this is proportional to the product of the mass of the planet by the universal gravitational constant, and inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the planet. Mathematically this can be described as
g = GM/r²
where,
G is universal gravitational constant
M is the mass of the planet
r is the radius of the planet
Given that,
Mass of the planet M = 1.025 × 10²⁶ kg
Diameter of the planet = 49532 km = 49532 × 10³ m
Radius of the planet = 24766 × 10³ m
After putting the values into the equation above, we have,
g = GM/r² = (6× 10⁻¹¹) (1.025 × 10²⁶)/(24.7 × 10⁶)² = (6.15 × 10¹⁵)/(24.7 × 10⁶)² = 10.08 m/s²
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A 40 kg boy dives horizontally off a 600 kg raft. If the boy's speed at the moment he is leaving the raft is 4.0 m/s, what is the raft's speed
A boy weighing 40 kg jumps off a 600 kg raft horizontally. If the youngster is leaving the raft at a velocity of 4.0 m/s, the raft will be moving at a speed of 0.26 m/s.
The conservation of linear momentum is a general law of physics that states that no single item, or system of objects, experiences a change in the quantity called momentum that describes motion. Momentum is the force needed to stop an item moving at a certain speed in a given amount of time. It is calculated by multiplying an object's mass by its velocity.
Given,
mass of the boy (m₁) = 40 kg
mass of the raft (m₂) = 600 kg
speed of the boy (u₁) = 4 m/s
We have to find out the speed of the raft (u₂)
By conservation of linear momentum, We get
m₁u₁ = m₂u₂
⇒ u₂ = (m₁ ₓ u₁)/m₂
⇒ u₂ = (40*4)/600
⇒ u₂ = 0.26 m/s
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Microphones and loudspeakers are used in an auditorium because the sound waves at the stage compared to the sound waves at the back of the auditorium will have different…
What is Dynamics flexibility?
The capacity to move joints and muscles throughout their complete range of motion while engaging in active activity is known as dynamic flexibility.
What is meant by dynamic flexibility?The absolute range of motion that a person can acquire through movement is referred to as dynamic flexibility. In other words, the greatest range of motion is the maximum distance that may be reached, bent, or turned. The terms "dynamic flexibility" and "ballistic flexibility" are interchangeable.
Static stretches are those in which you remain in a single position—standing, sitting, or lying still—for up to 45 seconds. Dynamic stretches are regulated motions that get your ligaments, muscles, and other soft tissues ready for action and safety.
Before a workout or any sort of exercise, dynamic stretching is an excellent approach to improve flexibility and engage key muscles.
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what is the momentum of a 25.1g rifle bullet traveling with a velocity of 351 m/s at 45 degrees northeast
We know that momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity, hence p = 0.025 kg x 0.1 m/s or p = 0.0025 kg m/s. Therefore, the bullet's momentum is equal to 0.0025 kg/s.
The ability of a gun to cause such substantial damage is due to the momentum that the gun imparts to the projectile. An object's momentum is equal to its mass times its velocity. Making a thing more large or moving more quickly can increase its momentum and, thus, its capacity for destruction. The force acting on both is therefore the same, but the rifles have smaller recoils since their mass is higher than that of the bullet, which results in a reduced recoil compared to the bullet's speed.
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What is the arrow pointing to in the
diagram below?
Answer seafloor spreading
The arrow is pointing to the Ocean Trench
1
Glucose provides energy for cells. Different cells have different mechanisms for glucose intake. Intestinal cells contain proteins that transport glucose against its concentration gradient. These proteins couple the movement of glucose to the movement of sodium down its concentration gradient. Red blood cells have transporter proteins embedded in their membranes. When bound by a glucose molecule, these proteins change shape and allow glucose to move down its concentration gradient into the cell.
Based on this information, what type of transport is used for glucose in blood and intestinal cells?
A.
Both blood and intestinal cells take in glucose by passive transport.
B.
Blood cells take in glucose by passive transport and intestinal cells take in glucose by active transport.
C.
Both blood and intestinal cells take in glucose by active transport.
D.
Blood cells take in glucose by active transport and intestinal cells take in glucose by passive transport.
Answer:
C. In the passage, it seems that both of the cells have the same job, so I would go with C.
What is the acceleration at t 2?
The formula x(t) = 4t3 + 6sin(t) provides the location of an item. Discover the object's acceleration at time t=2. The variation in velocity called the acceleration.
If x(t) = 4t3 + 6sin(t), then its derivative, v(t) = 12t2 + 6cos(t), provides the velocity (t). Then, the derivative of velocity, a(t) = 24t 6sin, gives the acceleration (t) Therefore, a(2) = 24 2 6sin(2) = 42 6sin(2) gives the acceleration at time t = 2. The overall change in velocity during the specified interval divided by the total amount of time required for the change is the definition of average acceleration over a particular period of time. It is represented as for a specific amount of time. Where is the average acceleration and v2 and v1 are the instantaneous velocities at time t2 and t1, respectively.
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An element has 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization energies given in kJ mol-1. This element is a member of which group
An element has 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ionization energies given in kJ mol-1. The element in question is likely a member of the group known as the transition metals. This is because the elements in this group generally have higher ionization energies than other elements
For example, the first ionization energy of a transition metal is typically between 400 and 600 kJ/mol, the second ionization energy is typically between 1200 and 1600 kJ/mol, and the third ionization energy is typically between 2500 and 2800 kJ/mol. This range of ionization energies is consistent with the values given in the question. Transition metals are located in the middle of the periodic table, in between the s-block and the p-block elements.
They generally have higher melting points, densities, and boiling points than s-block elements and they display various oxidation states. All transition metals are metals, and they are usually the elements responsible for the color of compounds. Transition metals are also known for their catalytic properties, and they are often used as catalysts in various industrial and chemical processes. Furthermore, many transition metals are essential for life, including iron, cobalt, and copper. In conclusion, the element in question is likely a member of the transition metals group in the periodic table.
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An element has 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization energies given in kJ mol-1. This element is a member of which group in the periodic table?
The energy transferred to the water was 1050 J.
The time taken for the water temperature to increase by 0.6 °C was 5 minutes.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C.
Write down the equation which links energy transferred, power and time.
The energy transferred to the system is equal to the work done. For the endothermic process work done is negative. The power of the system is the product of work and time. Hence, the power is 315000 watt.
What is endothermicity?Endothermic reactions are those which absorbs energy into the system. Thus the surrounding temperature gets decreased.
The calorimetric equation connecting the heat transferred q, with the specific heat, mass and temperature difference is written as:
q = m c ΔT
Here, the heat energy transferred is equal to the work done on the system. Hence W = - 1050 J
Power of the system is the product of work done and time taken for the energy transfer.
Power = W.dt
w = - 1050 J
t = 5 min = 300 s
Then P = 1050 J × 300 = 315000 watt.
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The spring in a scale stretches 1 centimeter when a 5-newton object hangs from it. How much does an object weigh if it stretches the spring 2 centimeters
The spring in a scale stretches 1 centimetres when a 5 newton object hangs from it. The required weight of an object is 10 N if it stretches the spring 2 centimetres.
Hooke's law tells us that, F = -kx
where, k is the spring constant
x is the distance stretched by a spring
F is the force
Given that,
Length x₁ = 1 cm
Force F₁ = 5 N
Length x₂ = 2 cm
F₂ = ?
From the above equation, we can write,
F₁/x₁ = F₂/x₂
Making F₂ as subject, we have,
F₂ = F₁/x₁ × x₂ = 5/1 × 2 = 10 N
Thus, the required weight of an object is 10 N if it stretches the spring 2 centimetres.
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60 points! I am leaning toward C. Temperature
A student conducts an experiment to test how the temperature affects the amount of salt that can dissolve in water. In the experiment, she uses 150 milliliters of water in each trial and stirs for five minutes each time.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?
the amount of salt
the time stirred
the temperature of the water
the amount of water
Answer:
C. Temperature of the water.
Explanation:
An independent variable is defined as the variable which is not affected by any other variable in the experiment while also being the variable that is changed and controlled by only the student.
All other stated variables are constant variables, which remain completely unchanged throughout the experiment, in this case the time stirred and the amount of salt, and amount of water.