pls explain how u do it aswell ty

8

The octet rule explains reactivity in relation to valence electrons.

Valence Electrons

Firstly, let's define valence electrons. Across the periodic table, elements can have a wide range of total electrons. However, when discussing reactions, valence electrons are the most important. Electrons arrange themselves according to energy levels. Any electrons that are on the outermost energy level are considered valence electrons. Most valence energy levels, also called valence shells, hold 8 electrons.

Octet Rule

Now that we know what valence electrons are we can use them to determine reactivity. It is important to note that atoms are most stable when their valence shell is full (as supported by Hund's rule). The octet rule explains atoms will always attempt to fill their valence shell in order to become stable. If an atom has only a few valence electrons, then it will attempt to lose its electrons. On the other hand, atoms that almost have a full valence shell will attempt to gain new electrons.

The losing or gaining of electrons occurs during reactions. So, if an atom already has 8 valence electrons then it will not react. It is already stable, so it has no need to lose or gain more electrons.

Exceptions

While the octet rule explains a lot, like all rules in chemistry it has exceptions. The most common exceptions are hydrogen and helium. Due to the size of these atoms their valence shell can only hold 2 electrons. So, these atoms are actually unreactive at 2 valence electrons.

Another exception can be seen with sulfur and xenon. Both of these atoms are hypervalent. This means they can react even if they have 8 valence electrons. However, this exception is less common.

The hydrogen bonding of water is one of the main property of water which makes it responsible for all the other physical and chemical properties.

Water molecules are polar in nature and they form hydrogen bonds. Hence, they have a high boiling point , high specific heat and density. Water can exhibit the properties of an acid, as well as a base (amphoteric character). The water molecules are constantly moving and the hydrogen bonds continuously breaks and forms again. These hydrogen bonds are strong, which is the reason for the unique properties of water.

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The balanced equation of Fe + [tex]H_{2} O[/tex] → [tex]Fe_{3} O_{4}[/tex] + [tex]H_{2}[/tex] is given as ,

3 Fe + 4[tex]H_{2} O[/tex] → [tex]Fe_{3} O_{4}[/tex] + 4[tex]H_{2}[/tex]

The balance equation is the equation in which number of atom in reactant side is equal to number of atom in product side .

The inclusion of stoichiometric coefficients to the reactants and products is necessary to balance chemical equations . This is significant because a chemical equation must adhere to the laws of conservation of mass and constant proportions , meaning that both the reactant and product sides of the equation must include the same amount of atoms of each element .

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The theoretical yield of bromobenzene in this reaction when 30.0g of benzene reacts with 65.0 g of bromine is: 46.153 %

To solve this problem the theoretical yield formula and the procedure we will use is:

theoretical yield = relation between reactants * 100  

Information about the problem:

Applying the theoretical yield formula we get:

theoretical yield = (30.0g * 1g /65.0 g) * 100

theoretical yield = 46.153 %

In chemistry, the yield of a reaction is the amount of product obtained from the conversion of the reactants in a chemical reaction.

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The chiral ketone (2R) -2-methyl-1-phenylbutan-1-one is converted into

(2S)-2-methyl-1-phenylbutan-1-one by base‑catalyzed racemization.

The mechanism of base‑catalyzed racemization of the chiral ketone is as above.

Ketone is defined as the organic compounds having C=O as a functional group.

Chiral ketone are those in which the the alkyl group bonded with C=O are same.

Base‑catalyzed racemization is defined as a process in which the optically active compounds which is consist of only one enantiomer are allow to converted into an equal mixture of enantiomers having zero optical activity in the presence of catalyst which is basic in nature.

Racemization rates are mainly dependents on the molecule and conditions some of them are pH and temperature.

Thus, we concluded that the chiral ketone (2R) -2-methyl-1-phenylbutan-1-one is converted into

(2S)-2-methyl-1-phenylbutan-1-one by base‑catalyzed racemization.

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The four fundamental forces in the universe are:

Electromagnetic force

Strong Nuclear force

Weak Nuclear force

Anti-gravitational force

Forces refers to any agent which causes a change in the motion or state of rest of a body.

Forces are also described as push or pull agents that change the motion or position of a body when that are applied to that body.

There are four fundamental forces in the universe and they are given below as follows:

Electromagnetic force:

Strong Nuclear force:

Weak force

Anti-gravitational force

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Given the conditions for a reaction to be spontaneous under a given set of reaction conditions, the reaction not proceed spontaneously at the given temperature; option A



Spontaneous reactions are reactions that proceed without an input of extra energy as the reaction favors the formation of products under the given reaction conditions.

For spontaneous reactions, free energy change, ΔG is negative and entropy ΔS is positive.

Given the above reaction occurring at the given conditions:

H₂ (g) + Br₂ (g) → 2 HBr(g)

The reaction was carried out at 25 °C.

ΔH is -72 kJmol⁻¹ and ΔS =  - 106 Jmol⁻¹K⁻¹

The reaction is an exothermic reaction at room temperature

The entropy, ΔS of the reaction is negative indicating that the reaction is not spontaneous at that temperature.

Therefore, correct conclusion will be that the reaction is exothermic at the given temperature but will not proceed spontaneously under the given conditions.

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The liquid with a mass of 31.1415 g and a volume of 30.13 ml has a density of: 1.033 g/ml

The density formula and the procedure we will use is:

d = m/v

Where:

Information about the problem:

Applying the density formula we get:

d = m/v

d = 31.1415 g/30.13 ml

d = 1.033 g/ml

It is a physical quantity that expresses the ratio of the body mass to the volume it occupies.

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12.5 grams will be left.

Given:

half life of X= 6 days

Initial amount - 50 kg

Amount left after 3 days = ?

Half life - The period of time needed for anything to go through a process in which half of it participates, for example, the period of time needed for half of a radioactive substance's atoms to disintegrate. It means after half life the element will become half its quantity.

A quantity's half-life (symbol - t1/2) is the amount of time needed for it to decrease to half of its initial value. In nuclear physics, the phrase is frequently used to indicate how rapidly unstable atoms decay radioactively or how long stable atoms last.

According to the question, If half life is 6 days and we start with 50 kg of element, after 6 days it will become 25 kg and after 3 days it will become 12.5 grams .

t¹/₂ = 6 days

Initial amount = 50 kg

After half life = 50/2

                     = 25 kg

∴ After 3 days = 25/ 2

                        = 12.5 kg

Hence, 12.5 kg is left after 3 days.

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An ionic equation for the displacement reaction between copper ions and iron: Cu²⁺(aq) + Fe(s) → Cu(s) + Fe²⁺(aq)

In this chemical reaction, there is a transfer of electrons from iron (Fe) to copper (Cu).

Iron change oxidation number from 0 to +2 (loose electrons) and copper change oxidation number from +2 to 0 (gain electrons).

Oxidation half reaction: Fe⁰ → Fe²⁺ + 2e⁻.

Reduction half reaction: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu⁰.

Oxidation is increase of oxidation number.

Reduction is lowering oxidation number because atom gain electrons.

(aq) is an aqueous solution.

(s) is a solid, insoluble in the water.

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ratio of CH3NH2 to CH3NH2+ is 2.58:1

Use the Henderson Hasselbalch equation pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]

first solve for [salt]/[acid]

pKb= -log Kb= 7.72

10.30= 7.72 + log [salt]/[acid]

log [salt]/[acid] = 2.58

[salt]/[acid] = 2.58

So you need 2.58 : 1 for the ratio of CH3NH2 to CH3NH3^+

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As a result, the protein molecule is 315 x 10^-9 metres long.

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Answer: F

Explanation:

we can prevent soil erosion by reducing the amount of water and blockages that might build water up and erode the soil around farmland/other

The number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal, making them neutral particles. According to definition, an ion is an electrically charged particle that is created by either taking electrons from a neutral atom to generate a positive ion or adding electrons to produce a negative ion.

Take note that while the ion is known as fluoride, the atom is called fluorine. The electronic structure of a fluoride ion is similar to that of a neon atom (Ne). A fluoride ion, however, is not a neon atom. A fluoride ion's nucleus, which is an atom of fluorine, has 9 protons, but the nucleus of a neon atom has 10.

The fluorine atom has nine electrons, but the fluorine ion (flouride) has ten, meaning that while fluorine has nine protons and electrons, the flouride has one more electron than the fluorine atom does, which has nine and ten electrons respectively.

While flouride is negatively charged electrically, fluorine is electrically neutral.

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The mass is 16.7 g and the volume is 16.2. The percent error is 2 percent.

Percent error is the difference between the estimated value and the calculated value. Percent error is calculated by the actual value subtracted by the expected values divided by the expected value.

Given, that the density is 1.00 g/ml

The temperature is 4-degree celsius

The mass is 16.7 g

The volume is 16.2 l

Density = m/v  16.7 / 16.2 = 1.03 which is the actual value

The estimated value is 1.00 g/ml

The formula is

1.03 - 1.00 /  1.00 = 0.02

0.02 x 100 = 2 %

Thus, the percent error is 2 %.

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When Using a gas tube spectroscopy , it give off a certain color or colors when Electrons which are in the gaseous atoms first starts to get excited, and then they tend to fall back to smaller form of energy levels, thereby emitting light that is of a unique  color in the process.

Isaac Newton through  his experiment in 1666.

Energy often excited if the electrons in the gases tends to move to a higher energy states.

Note that for them to be able to get back to the ground state, electrons need to let off excess energy and this is often done in the form of light. The light is said to have different color in all of the tube because of they have different wavelengths of light that need to be released.

Therefore, When Using a gas tube spectroscopy , it give off a certain color or colors when Electrons which are in the gaseous atoms first starts to get excited, and then they tend to fall back to smaller form of energy levels, thereby emitting light that is of a unique  color in the process.

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Atoms form positive ions by losing electrons or negative ions by gaining electrons through a special type of chemical combination called electrovalent or ionic combination.

It follows that metals are electropositive elements which donates its valence electrons to the nonmetals. The atoms which donates its electrons become positively charged while the species that recieve electrons become negatively charged.

In the formation of sodium chloride, sodium donates its 1 valence electron to chlorine become positively charged; Na+ and chlorine which recieves the electron to add to it's 7 valence electrons become negatively charged; Cl-

Na + Cl ---- Na+Cl-

So therefore, atoms form positive ions by losing electrons or negative ions by gaining electrons through a special type of chemical combination called electrovalent or ionic combination.

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Helium has a molecular weight of 4.003. The weight of 2 cubic meters of helium at 1 atmosphere and 20°c is 3.27 N.

Helium is the second element in the periodic table. It is the lightest gas present in the atmosphere.

By the law of pure gas.

PV = nRT

The initial pressure is p = 101. 325 Kpa

Initial volume, v = 2 m

The molecular weight of helium is, 4.003

Initial temperature, T = 20°c, = 293 K

Universal gas constant is R = 8.314\ \rm{kJ/kg-K}

Putting the value in the formula

PV = mRT / M

m = 101. 325 Kpa x 2 x 4.003 / 8.314 x 293 = 0.333 kg.

The weight of helium gas

W = mg

0.333 x 9.81 = 3.27 N

Thus, the weight of 2 cubic meters of helium is 3.27 N.

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The transmission electron microscope (TEM) works much like a light microscope, transmitting a beam of electrons through a thin specimen and then focusing the.

A stream of electrons is sent through a specimen during transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which produces a picture of the sample. The specimen is often a grid- or suspension-supported ultrathin segment that is less than 100 nm thick. As the beam passes through the specimen, a picture is created due to the interaction of the electrons with the material. The picture is subsequently enlarged and focussed onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a sheet of photographic film, or a sensor like a scintillator linked to a charge-coupled device.

Due to the electrons' shorter de Broglie wavelength, transmission electron microscopes can image at a resolution that is substantially higher than that of light microscopes.

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question: Using an electron microscope, Jane measured a rod-shaped bacterium and found it to be 0.00000345 meters in length. List the steps she should take to represent this number in scientific notation.

Answer:

The coefficient of this value in scientific notation is 3.45.

The decimal point needs to be moved six places to the right, so the exponent is -6.

0.00000345 = 3.45 × 10-6

Explanation: edmentum sample answer

Answer:

B

Explanation:

This is because due to the fact that they are not attracted to each other they do not form a solution

As the solution turns yellow when re cabbage juice indicator  is added it implies that its base solution so the color of the  solution when hibiscus flower juice added is dark grey to green.

when hibiscus indicator added Anywhere from dark pink to pale pink usually indicates an acid, while dark gray to green colors usually indicate a base.

Dark blue should be the color of  red cabbage indicator. The cabbage indicator's color will shift to red or pink if the solution is an acid, and to green or yellow if the solution is a base. In the event that the test solution is neutral, it will stay purple or blue

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Answer:

look the image

Explanation:

The correct answer as to which observation most likely indicates that only a chemical change has taken place would that the change cannot be reversed.

A chemical change is the transformation of one substance into another, the emergence of new compounds with distinct properties, or any combination of these. It happens when two compounds mix to create a new material (synthesis or either decomposes to form more substances)

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The amount of heat created or absorbed during a reaction that takes place under a constant amount of pressure is measured by the enthalpy change.

The change in enthalpy that occurs as one mole of a compound is created from its component parts is known as the "heat of formation." The total amount of energy that should be added to or released during a chemical reaction is known as the heat of reaction.

By deducting the total of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products, one can determine the standard enthalpy change of formation.

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The number of atoms in 1 inch is 240 billion atoms

Given:

diameter of atom = 1.0 × 10^-10 m

To Find:

atoms are there along a 1.0-inch line

Solution:

1 inch = 0.254 m

0.254 m = 1 inch

1 m = 1/0.254 = 3.93 inch

1.0 × 10^ -10 = 3.93 x 1.0 × 10^-10 = 3.93 x 10^-10 inch

3.937 x 10-2 inches. This is approximately 4 one-billionths of an inch.

Divide 24 cm by the atomic diameter to get the number of atoms.

24/ (1.0 x 10^-10)= 24 x 10^10 = 2.4 x 10¹¹

240 billion atoms

Hence, the number of atoms in 1 inch is 240 billion atoms

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Answer: This may help you

https://ay.live/1vVB3

Explanation:

Answer:

activation energy

Explanation:

dont really have an explanation but there's an image attached.

The mass of Calcium bromide added in the flask is 29.7 g.

Molarity is defined as the ratio of number of moles od solute to the number of volume of solution in litres.

Molarity = number of moles/ volume

Number of moles = Molarity × volume

Given,

Molarity of Calcium bromide = 0.363 M

Volume of Calcium bromide = 410 mL

= 0.410L

By substituting all the value, we get

Number of moles = 0.363 × 0.410

= 0.148 mol

As we know that,

Molar mass of Calcium bromide = 199.89 g

Mole is defined as the given mass of substance to the molar mass of substance.

Given mass = Moles × Molar mass

= 0.148 × 199.89

= 29.75 g

= 29.7 g (significant digit)

Thus, we calculated that the mass of Calcium bromide added in the flask is 29.7 g.

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DISCLAIMER:

The above question is incomplete. Below is the complete question

A chemist adds 410.0mL of a 0.363 M calcium bromide solution to a reaction flask. calculate the mass in grams of calcium bromide the chemist has added to the flask. round your answer to 3 significant digits.

The major factors influencing fusion consist of the required high temperature and high pressure which is not shown in the model and hence becomes one of its limitations.

Two major requirements for fusion are:

1) The energy from the high temperature allows the hydrogen atoms to overcome the electrical attraction between the protons. Temperatures of roughly 100 million Kelvin are necessary for fusion. Hydrogen is not a gas at these temperatures; it is a plasma. The high-energy state of matter known as plasma is one in which all atoms have had their electrons removed and are now free to move about. The sun's massive mass and the compression of that mass in the core caused by gravity allow it to reach these temperatures.

2) The hydrogen atoms are compressed together by high pressure. For Fusion, they need to be within 1x10-15 meters of one another. The sun compresses hydrogen atoms together in its core using gravity and its bulk. We must use strong magnetic fields, potent lasers, and ion beams to force hydrogen atoms together.

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