Review. (a) Show that a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field, displaced from its equilibrium orientation and released, can oscillate as a torsional pendulum (Section 15.5) in simple harmonic motion.

Answers

Answer 1

The answer is τ is proportional to θ

What is SHM?

A motion in which the restoring force is directly proportional to the body's displacement from its mean position is known as a simple harmonic motion, or SHM. This restoring force always moves in the direction of the mean position. The French mathematician Joseph Fourier made the discovery that any regularly recurring motion or wave, regardless of how complex its shape, may be thought of as the sum of a collection of straightforward harmonic motions or waves in 1822.

Consider a magnetic dipole that has been liberated from its equilibrium orientation in a homogeneous magnetic field.  Let the angle between the magnetic moment and the magnetic field be θ. The torque on the dipole due

to the external field is, τ=μXB

and magnitude of,     τ=μB sinθ

if the angle is small, then,    τ=μBθ

or,                                          τproportionalθ

which is the equation for a restoring torque, so the dipole tends to turn the dipole toward its equilibrium

orientation if displaced from its original position. So a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field can oscillate as

a torsional pendulum in SHM if displaced from its equilibrium position.

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Related Questions

Assume that the variable name has the value 33. What is the value of name after the assignment name = name * 2 executes?

Answers

When the variable name has been assigned with the value 33, then the value of the name after the assignment name will be 66.

In the programming language the sign ' = ', is referred to as the assignment operator which is used to assign values to a particular variable, where the variable referred to the name of the memory location. As it is given the assignment name = name * 2, it means that name on the right-hand side is the assignment name, so whatever value it gets is replaced by twice that previous value according to the operation.

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Liam notices that his phone battery is depleting faster than he remembers it should. He suspects that running certain apps on his phone is using up his phone battery. He thinks it might be app 1, app 2, or app 3.
Find the independent, dependent, and controlled variables. What is your hypothesis.

Answers

Answer:

he would tap on the "close tab "button and see old the apps he has used in that period

Explanation:

The magnetic field 40.0 cm away from a long, straight wire carrying current 2.00 A is 1.00μT.(c) A t what distance is it one-tenth as large?

Answers

The distance should be 1.27 m from the wire in order to get magnetic field one-tenth as large .

The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to a straight  wire carrying current can be calculated using the previously mentioned Biot-Savart law. Let "I" be the current flowing in a straight line and "r" be the distance. Then the magnetic field produced by the wire at that particular point is given by  [tex]B=\frac{u_0I}{2\pi r}[/tex]        ..(1)Since the wire is assumed to be very long, the magnitude of the magnetic field depends on the distance of the point from the wire rather than the position along the wire.

Let [tex]B_1[/tex] be inside the plane and [tex]B_2[/tex] be outside the plane . It is required to calculate magnetic field at point A .

Direction of magnetic field at A is calculated using Right hand rule.

[tex]B_{net}=B_2-B_1\\\\B_{net}=\frac{u_0I}{2\pi (0.4-\frac{3\times10^{-3}}{2}) } -\frac{u_0I}{(0.4+\frac{3\times10^{-3}}{2})} \\\B_{net}=7.5\times 10^{-9}T[/tex]....(1)

Let  a distance "R"  from the wire so that the magnetic field is [tex]\frac{B_{net}}{10}[/tex]

Using the magnetic field equation , we get

[tex]\frac{B_{net}}{10} =B_2-B_1\\\\\\frac{7.5\times 10^{-9}}{10} =\frac{u_0I}{2\pi (R-\frac{3\times10^{-3}}{2}) } -\frac{u_0I}{(R+\frac{3\times10^{-3}}{2})} \\\\\R^2-2.25\TIMES10^{-6}=1.6\\\\R=1.27m[/tex]

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A boat travels 12. 0 m while it reduces its velocity from 9. 5 m/s to 5. 5 m/s. What is the magnitude of the boat’s acceleration while it travels the 12. 0 m?.

Answers

A boat travels 12. 0 m while reduces its velocity from 9. 5 m/s to 5. 5 m/s, while it travels the 12. 0 m, the acceleration of the boat is -2.5 m/s²

What is acceleration?

The rate at which an object's velocity with respect to the time changes is referred to as acceleration. It is a vector quantity to accelerate (in that they have magnitude and direction). The direction of the net force acting on an object determines the direction of its acceleration. According to Newton's Second Law, the amount of an object's acceleration is the combined result of two causes:

The size of the net balance of all external forces acting on that object is directly proportional to the magnitude of this net resulting force; The magnitude of the mass of that object, depending on the materials out of which it is built, is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the mass.

The given parameters;

distance traveled by boat, d = 12 m

initial velocity of boat, u = 9.5 m/s

final velocity of boat, v = 5.5 m/s

The acceleration of boat is calculated as;

[tex]v^{2}=u^{2}+2as\\ a=\frac{v^{2}-u^{2} }{2s}\\ a=\frac{5.5^{2}-9.5^{2} }{2*12}[/tex]

a=-2.5m/[tex]s^{2}[/tex]

Thus, the deceleration of boat is 2.5 m/s².

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3. According to Newton's First Law, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, an object at rest will​

Answers

Answer:

An object at rest remains at rest

Explanation:

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed

1: The ball is on the 50 yard line. The ball travels west 5 yards before it's
handed off and ran forward (EAST) 15 yards where they're tackled.
What is the distance the ball traveled?
Your answer
This is a required question
* 1 point

Answers

The ball is on the 50-yard line. The ball travels west 5 yards. The distance ball traveled was 60 yards.

WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT ?

Distance can be defined as the length of any path between any two locations. Displacement is the direct distance between any two points when calculated via the shortest path between them. When computing distance, the direction is disregarded. The displacement computation takes the direction into consideration.

CALCULATION

The 5 yard gain would bring the ball to the 45 yard line (ball was tackled  at the 50 yard line, so 50 - 5 = 45), but the 15 yards lost due to the tackle and push back would bring ball to the 60 yard line (45 + 15 = 60).

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Perform the calculation and report your answer using sig figs. 3.42 + 4 + 5.2 + 12

Answers

Answer:

3.42 + 4 + 5.2 + 12= 24.62
So since we have 24.62 it will be 4 sig figs

Explanation:

Why is the value of 'g' taken as negative when a body is thrown vertically upwards?​

Answers

Answer:

See below

Explanation:

[tex]\displaystyle {\textsf {Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time:}}[/tex]

[tex]\boxed {g = \frac{dv}{dt}}[/tex]

[tex]\sf {where \;dv = \;change \;in \;velocity\; and \;dt \;the \;change \;in \;time}[/tex]

here  g is the gravitational force

When a body is thrown vertically upward, it has an initial speed. As it keeps going up, it speed keeps decreasing until it becomes zero, then the ball starts dropping down

On the upward movement, the change in velocity is negative while the change in time is always positive

So dv/dt = a negative number divided by a positive number which is a negative value for g in the equation for g

When thermal energy is removed from particles, what action occurs?
A The particles' energy is destroyed.
B The particles' temperature increases.
C The particles move more quickly.
D The particles' kinetic energy decreases.

Answers

When thermal energy is removed from particles, then the particles' kinetic energy decreases (Option D).

What is particles' kinetic energy?

The expression particles' kinetic energy makes reference to the amount of motion energy (i.e. energy in movement) that contain the particles of an object, which depends on the temperature of the material.

In conclusion, when thermal energy is removed from particles, then the particles' kinetic energy decreases (Option D).

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The magnetic field 40.0 cm away from a long, straight wire carrying current 2.00 A is 1.00μT. (a) At what distance is it 0.100μ

Answers

The distance should be 4m from the wire in order to get the magnetic field of 0.100μ .

The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field due to a straight  wire carrying current can be calculated using the previously mentioned Biot-Savart law. Let "I" be the current flowing in a straight line and "r" be the distance. Then the magnetic field produced by the wire at that particular point is given by  [tex]B=\frac{u_0I}{2\pi r}[/tex]  ...(1)Since the wire is assumed to be very long, the magnitude of the magnetic field depends on the distance of the point from the wire rather than the position along the wire.

It is given that magnetic field 40.0 cm away from a straight wire is  1.00μT having  current 2.00 A .

From equation (1)  magnetic field 40.0 cm = 0.4m away from a straight wire is 1.00μT which is given by    [tex]1.00=\frac{u_0I}{2\pi \times0.4}[/tex]      .....(2)

From equation (1)  magnetic field 'r' m away from a straight wire is 0.100μT which is given by    [tex]0.100=\frac{u_0I}{2\pi \times r}[/tex]       ...(3)

On dividing equation (2) by (3) , we get

             [tex]\frac{1}{0.1} =\frac{r}{0.4} \\\\r=4m[/tex]

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A toy doll and a toy robot are standing on a frictionless surface facing each other. The doll has a mass of 0. 20 kg, and the robot has a mass of 0. 30 kg. The robot pushes on the doll with a force of 0. 30 n. The magnitude of the acceleration of the robot is.

Answers

The acceleration of the robot is 1.43 m/s2 in magnitude.

What is acceleration?

The acceleration of an object is defined as the variation of the velocity with respect to time. The acceleration is calculated by finding the ratio of the change in velocity to the change in time.

The acceleration is also calculated by using the force formula. The force is actually defined as the acceleration produced in the body by applying the force on an object of mass m.

On a non-stick surface, a toy robot and doll are standing side by side. The robot weighs 0. 30 kg, while the doll weighs 0. 20 kg. With a force of 0. 30 n, the robot pushes against the doll.

According to Newton's second law.

F = mass x acceleration

Given that

Force applied = 1N

Acceleration = Force/mass

Substitute the values and get acceleration.

Acceleration = 1/0.7

Acceleration = 1.43m/s²

Hence, the acceleration of the robot is 1.43 m/s2 in magnitude.

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three resistors having values of 4 ω, 6 ω, and 10 ω are connected in parallel. this circuit is connected to a 12 v battery. what is the current in the 10 ω resistor?

Answers

While current is the same in series and parallel, voltage is not. Therefore, because these three resistors are connected in parallel, their voltage is the same, or 12 volts. Using the equation V=IR, 12V=I*10Ω gives you a current of 1.2A.

What is resistor?

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used in circuits to implement electrical resistance. Resistors have a variety of purposes in electronic circuits, reducing current flow, modifying signal levels, dividing voltages, biassing active components, and terminating transmission lines are a few examples. High-power resistors that can generate many watts of heat instead of electrical energy can be utilised as test loads for generators, power distribution systems, and motor controls. Fixed resistors' resistances only sporadically vary as a result of changes in operating voltage, time, or temperature. Variable resistors can be utilised as force sensors, heat sensors, light sensors, volume controls, lamp dimmers, humidity sensors, and chemical activity sensors.

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when charge 2 is 3.0 m away from charge 1, the strength of the electric force on charge 2 by charge 1 is 0.80 n. if instead, charge 2 were 6.0 m away from charge 1, what would be the strength of the electric force on charge 2 by charge 1 in that case?

Answers

The strength of the electrostatic force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

between the charges. If the distance is doubled, the force is 1/4.

The new force is 0.80/4 = 0.20 N.

What is electrostatic force?

Electrostatic force is the attractive or repulsive force that exists between two charged particles. Also known as Coulomb interaction or Coulomb force. For example, the electrostatic forces between the protons and electrons of an atom are responsible for the stability of the atom.

The force acting along a line joining two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

[tex]F=K |\frac{q_{1} q_{2}}{r^{2} } |[/tex]

In the above formula, k is arbitrary and can be chosen to be any positive value. Since k is a constant, I chose to give the value of k as follows:

Therefore, with q₁ and q₂ values ​​of 1 and r = 1 (two charges with 1 Coulomb charge each at a distance of 1 m), we get F = [tex]9 \times 10^9[/tex] N. In the above equation, ε₀ is given as the permittivity of free space and its value in SI units is [tex]8.854\times10^{-12} C^{2} N^{-1} m^{-2}[/tex].

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If you double the wavelength of light, what happens to the energy of the photons?.

Answers

Answer:

the energy of photon will be half.

Explanation:

If you need a deeper explanation please let me know. Hope I helped!

4. A student has 500 identical, rectangular sheets of paper. The mass of 1.0m² of the paper is 0.080 kg. (2) Using a metre rule, she measures the length of one sheet of paper and its width. The length is 0.300 m and the width is 0.210m. (1) Calculate the mass of one sheet of paper.​

Answers

mass of one sheet of paper is 0.00504 kg or 5.04g.

First we will find the surface area of a single sheet of paper

surface area = length ×width

surface area =0.3×0.21

surface area =0.063m²

now 0.063m² is the surface area of a single sheet of paper .

so now we will find number of papers required to form 1m² of area

which will be given by dividing 1m² by surface area of a single sheet

i.e.

number of sheets required = 1/0.063m²

number of sheets required =15.87

mass of one sheet = mass of 1 m^2 of paper / number of times narrower

mass of one sheet = 0.080 kg / 15.873

mass of one sheet = 0.00504 kg

mass of one sheet of paper is 0.00504 kg or 5.04g.

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M A uniformly charged ring of radius 10.0cm has a total charge of 75.0μC . Find the electric field on the axis of the ring at from the center of the ring.(d) 100 cmat from the center of the ring

Answers

The electric field on the axis of the ring at the center of the ring at 100.00cm is 6.64×〖10〗^5N/C

Where a positive charge (q) is given, always note that the charges are pointing away from the electric field. The expression used to calculate the electric field away from the center of the ring is given by the equation below,

E=(K_e×b)/(r^3×Q)

Given that;

E = Electric field

Ke = electric field constant

a = radius of the charge q from the center of the circle

Q = electric charge = 75.0μC

The radius of the charge is a = 10cm= 0.1m

Distance from the electric field is 100cm = 1m

Ke is a constant given as 8.99×〖10〗^(9) Nm^2/c^2

E=(8.99×〖10〗^(9  ) Nm^2/c^2×1)/(〖0.1〗^3×75×〖10〗^(-6) )

E=6.64×〖10〗^5N/C

Therefore, the electric field away from the center of the ring is 6.64×〖10〗^5N/C away from the center of the ring.

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The force applied at the handle of the rigid lever causes the lever to rotate clockwise about the pin b through an angle of 2°. Determine the average normal strain in each wire. The wires are unstretched when the lever is in the horizontal position.

Answers

The average normal strain in wires A, C and D is found to be 0.035, 0.035 and 0.059 respectively when there is a change in the angle by 2° clockwise.

A physical measurement called strain illustrates how much an object's dimensions vary while it is under stress. The ratio between the object's changed length and its initial length is known as the linear strain.

All wires are stretched when the stiff lever rotates 2° in a clockwise direction around pin B.

Elongation would be R x angle in radian

Elongation in the wire A = 200 mm x 3.142 x 2/180 = 6.982 mm

Elongation in the wire C = 300 x 3.142 x 2/180 = 10.473 mm

Elongation in the wire D = 500 x 3.142 x 2/180 = 17.455 mm

Therefore,

Average normal strain in the wire A = 6.982/200 = 0.03491

Average normal strain in the wire C = 10.473/300 = 0.03491

Average normal strain in the wire D = 17.455/300 = 0.05818

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A wire carries a steady current of 2.40A . A straight section of the wire is 0.750 m long and lies along the x axis within a uniform magnetic field, →B = 1.60kT . If the current is in the positive x direction, what is the magnetic force on the section of wire?

Answers

The force on the wire will be

F = 2.88 Newton

We have a current carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

We have to determine the magnitude of the magnetic force on this section of wire.

What is the magnitude of force acting on a current (I) carrying wire of length (L) placed in a Magnetic field (B)?

The force on the current carrying wire will be -

F = IBL sinθ

According to the question, we have -

Length (L) = 0.75 m (along +x - axis)

Current (I) = 2.4 A (along + x - axis)

Magnetic Field (B) = 0.39 k T (along +z axis)

Therefore, the angle between Magnetic field and Length = θ = 90°.

Therefore -

F = IBL sin(90)

F = 2.4 x 1.6 x 0.75 x sin(90)

F = 2.88 x sin(90)

F = 2.88 Newton

Hence, the force on the wire will be

F = 2.88 Newton

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6
Which of the following is NOT something that would lead astronomers to believe a black hole might be close-by in space?
A.
an object that has gas and dust appear to be funneling around an object
B.
an object that has spinning particles around an emptiness in space that emit x-rays
OC.
an object that has height and depth but no width
OD. an object in space with highly elevated temperatures
Reset
Next

Answers

The option that is NOT something that would lead astronomers to believe a black hole might be close-by in space is option C: an object that has height and depth but no width.

What is a black hole that can be close-by in space?

There is said to be a wandering black hole that can be seen in an approximately  5,000 light-years away from earth.

It is one that can be seen in the Carina-Sagittarius spiral aspect of our galaxy.

Note that, its discovery gives room for astronomers to state that the nearest form of isolated stellar-mass black hole to Earth can be as close as about 80 light-years away.

Therefore, The option that is NOT something that would lead astronomers to believe a black hole might be close-by in space is option C: an object that has height and depth but no width because it has no width, no depth and no height.

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A flat surface of area 3.20m² is rotated in a uniform electric field of magnitude E=6.20 × 10⁵N . m²/C . Determine the electric flux through this area (a) when the electric field is perpendicular to the surface

Answers

The electric flux is 0 N.m²/C.

We need to know about electric flux to solve this problem. Electric flux is the measure of the electric field through a given surface, although an electric field in itself cannot flow. It can be determined as

Φ = E . S = E . Scosθ

where Φ is electric flux, E is electric field, θ is angle of surface and S is surface area.

From the question above, we know that

E = 6.20 × 10⁵ N/C

θ = 90⁰

S = 3.20 m²

By substituting the following parameter, we get

Φ = E . Scosθ

Φ = 6.20 × 10⁵ . 3.20cos(90⁰)

Φ = 0 N.m²/C

Hence, the electric flux is 0 N.m²/C

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The wavelength of UV light absorbed strongly by DNA is 263 nm. What is the energy in Joules of a quantum of this light?

Answers

Explanation:

E = hc / wavelength

Given that:

h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js

c = 2.998 x 10^8 m/s

wavelength = 263 x 10^-9 m

Three solid plastic cylinders all have radius 2.50cm and length 6.00cm. Find the charge of each cylinder given the following additional information about each one. Cylinder (c) carries charge with uniform density 500nC/m³ throughout the plastic.

Answers

By the charge density, The charge throughout te plastic is 0.059 nC.

We need to know about charge density to solve this problem. The charge density can be determined as

λ = Q / V

where λ is charge density, Q is charge and V is volume.

The parameter given is the charge density and the solid cylinder shape which are :

λ = 500nC/m³

r = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m

L = 6.0 cm = 0.06 m

Find the volume of solid cylinder

V = π .  r² . L

V = π .  0.025² . 0.06

V = 1.18 x 10¯⁴ m³

Find the charges

Q = λ x V

Q = 500 x  1.18 x 10¯⁴

Q = 0.059 nC

Hence, the charge throughout the plastic is 0.059 nC.

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Which conclusion can be made from Gay-Lussac’s law?

Answers

For a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin is the conclusion which can be made from Gay-Lussac’s law and is denoted as option D.

What is Pressure?

This is referred to as the perpendicular force applied on a body per unit area and the unit is Pascal.

Gay-Lussac was a scientist who discovered through numerous experiments and observations that at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin.

This is denoted as the following equation below:

P ∝ T

P = kT where p is pressure, k is constant and t is temperature.

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The options are:

At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the volume.At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is indirectly proportional to the volumeFor a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is indirectly proportional to the temperature in KelvinFor a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin

a scientist measures the speed of sound in a monatomic gas to be 449 m/s at 20° c. what element does this gas consist of?

Answers

Given:

[tex]speed,\;v=449\;m/s[/tex]

We know that,

[tex]adiabatic index, \gamma = 1.667[/tex]

[tex]gas constant,\;R=8.314\;J[/tex]

The form speed of the sound in a monoatomic gas is,

[tex]v=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma\;R\;T}{M} }[/tex]

Substitute the known values in the above equation,

[tex]449=\sqrt{x} \frac{1.667 \times 8.314 \times 293}{M}[/tex]

[tex]M=\sqrt{x} \frac{1.667 \times 8.314 \times 293}{449}[/tex]

[tex]M=0.02014 \times (\frac{1000}{1})[/tex]

[tex]M=20.14\;g/mol[/tex]

Therefore, monoatomic gas is Neon gas (Ne)

Explain monoatomic gas?

Monatomic gas, which differs from diatomic, triatomic, or generally polyatomic gases in that it contains particles (molecules) made up of just one atom, includes gases like helium or sodium vapor. Because a monatomic gas lacks the rotational and vibrational energy components that characterize polyatomic gases, its thermodynamic behavior in the normal temperature range is incredibly straightforward. As a result, its heat capacity is independent of temperature and molecular weight (in this case, atomic weight), and its entropy (a measure of disorder) only depends on temperature and molecular weight.

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I need help with this ASAP... Please and thank you

Answers

Answer: 1) D & 2) H

Explanation:

D. Tropical rainy &

H. Long-term average temperature  and precipitation for the area

__ which is a acidic mass of pratially decomped organic matter

Answers

Answer: partially decomposed

Explanation:

a test charge of 1µc is placed halfway between a charge of 4.7µc and another of 7.7 µc separated by 10 cm. what is the magnitude of the force (in newtons) on the test charge? your answer should be a number with two decimal places, do not include the unit.

Answers

The magnitude of the force on the test charge is 1.

What is magnitude?

Greatness is the quantitative worth of seismic energy. It is a particular worth having no connection with distance and heading of the focal point. The idea of extents traces all the way back to the Ancient Greeks, when stars overhead was sorted into six sizes. Extent alludes to the evaluating of the splendor of stars, the first being the most splendid. It has been moved to different issues since basically the seventeenth 100 years. In Physics, greatness is characterized as the most extreme degree of size and the course of an item. Greatness is utilized as a typical consider vector and scalar amounts. By definition, we realize that scalar amounts are those amounts that have size as it were.

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At one location on the Earth, the rms value of the magnetic field caused by solar radiation is 1.80 μT. From this value, calculate (b) the average energy density of the solar component of electromagnetic radiation at this location.

Answers

The average energy density of the solar component of electromagnetic radiation at this location is determined as 2.58 x 10⁻ J.

Average energy density

The average energy density of the solar component of electromagnetic radiation at this location is calculated as follows;

U(avg) = (Brms)²/μ₀

U(avg) = (1.8 x 10⁻⁶)² / (4π x 10⁻⁷)

U(avg) = 2.58 x 10⁻⁶ J

Thus, the average energy density of the solar component of electromagnetic radiation at this location is determined as 2.58 x 10⁻ J.

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in a parallel circuit with four 6-ohm resistors across a 24-volt battery, what is the total voltage across resistor-three (vr3) in the circuit?

Answers

The total voltage across resistor- three in the circuit is 24V

acc to ohm's law

the electrical current flowing through any circuit is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it.

i.e. V ∝ I

V= IR

I = current

v = voltage

R = resistance (proportionality constant)

R in parallel

(1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +1/R4)  

     

on rearranging the above equation (V=IR)

I = V/R

I = 24/6 = 4A

I is the current in each resistor.

in the parallel circuit voltage across the component is same and total current is the sum of the current  flowing through each component.

the total voltage across resistor-three (vr3) in the circuit is

V= IR₃ = 4×6= 24 volt

the total voltage across the resistor three (vr3) in the circuit is 24volt.

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The motion of a transparent medium influences the speed of light. This effect was first observed by Fizeau in1851. Consider a light beam in water. The water moves with speed v in a horizontal pipe. Assume the light travels in the same direction as the water moves. The speed of light with respect to the water is c / n , where n = 1.33 is the index of refraction of water.(d) Evaluate u in the limit as the speed of the water approaches c .

Answers

The speed of light u is equal to c.

Given,

The motion of a transparent medium influences the speed of light.

The water moves with speed v in a horizontal pipe.

Assume the light travels in the same direction as the water moves.

The speed of light with respect to the water is c /n.

The index of refraction of water, n = 1.33

Let us assume u' be the speed of light in water.

u' is related to the refractive index of water,as u' = c/n

where, c is the speed of light.

Let, u be the speed of light in water in the lab frame.

Now, u and u' are related as : u = ( u'+v) /(1+u'v/c^2)

Here, v is the speed of water in the horizontal pipe.

We know the value of u'. so by substituting the value, we will get ,

u = (c/n+v) /(1+cv/nc^2)

u = c/n (1+nv/c) /(1+v/nc)

u in the limit as the speed of the water approaches c.

Thus,

u = lim v-->c [c/n (1+nv/c) /(1+v/nc) ]

u= c/n (1+n) /(1+1/n)

u= c .

Hence, the speed of light u is equal to c.

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Question:The motion of a transparent medium influences the speed of light. This effect was first observed by Fizeau in1851. Consider a light beam in water. The water moves with speed v in a horizontal pipe. Assume the light travels in the same direction as the water moves. The speed of light with respect to the water is c / n , where n = 1.33 is the index of refraction of water.

(a) Use the velocity transformation equation to show that the speed of the light measured in the laboratory frame isu = c/n (1 + nv/c / 1+ v/nc).

(d) Evaluate u in the limit as the speed of the water approaches c .

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