The energy cost of behavior is measured by metabolism, which has a big impact on social evolution.
How body size and metabolic scaling are linked?Body size and metabolic scaling are linked, and an increase in body size socioecological pattern is linked to nutritional changes and the emergence of larger and more complex societies. These effects of animal society adaptive radiation raise concerns about energy costs, a significant percentage of which may be related to the metabolic rates of the brain regions that process social information. Although brain size scales with body size, nothing is known about how the brain's metabolism scales. Social insects like ants have a wide range of worker body size and morphology that correlates with brain size, structure, and task performance, which is reliant on sensory inputs and the capacity to process information to produce behavior.Learn more about the metabolic scaling with the help of the given link:
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4.2.4 Quiz: Air Head
Question 10 of 10
What is the term for the percentage of light reflected by something?
Answer here
SUBMIT
Answer: An albedo
Explanation:
The explanation is defined by the amount of light reflected off of a body or surface. The answer and question sort of copy/piggyback off of each other. Good luck !
reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy
Reconstruction of motor control circuits in adult drosophila using automated transmission electron microscopy
Numerous animals navigate and interact with their surroundings by moving their limbs in unison.
We mapped synaptic connections throughout a neural network that regulates limb motions using serial-section electron microscopy (EM) in order to understand the circuit principles underlying locomotor behavior. We offer a dataset of the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of an adult female Drosophila melanogaster with synapse resolution.
We created GridTape, a method that combines automated serial-section collection with automated high-throughput transmission EM, to produce this dataset.
We rebuilt 507 motor neurons using this dataset, including all of the ones in charge of the legs and wings. We demonstrate a new feedback system for quick limb control in which a certain class of leg sensory neurons directly synapses onto the largest-caliber motor neuron axons on both sides of the body.
To enable the matching of cells between EM and light microscopy data, we make the dataset and reconstructions available to the public.
To help the scientific community acquire large-scale EM data more easily and affordably, we also offer GridTape instrumentation designs and software.
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If a force of 18N is exerted over a 2m² area, how much pressure is there?
The pressure is found to be 9 Pascal.
Given here the force = 18N and Area where the force applied is 2m².
So pressure can be calculated as,
Pressure = Force/Area
Pressure = 18/2 = 9pa.
This, the pressure is found to be 9pascals.
The force delivered perpendicularly to an object’s surface per unit area across which that force is dispersed is known as pressure. Pressure has various units, the most common units are Pascal and newton per square meter. Pressure is a scalar quantity.
Different instrument used to determine pressure are barometer, pressure gauge (used to measure the condition of a gas or fluid). Manometers are used to measure pressure, which is the force a gas or liquid exerts per unit surface area as a result of the gravitational influences on its weight. This kind of manometer is known as a sphygmomanometer.
Different formula are present to determine pressure, they are:-
Pressure =Force /Area
Pressure = Work / volume
Pressure = Energy / volume.
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The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. a. hunting and gathering societies c. agricultural societies b. pastoral societies d. horticultural societies please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The main form of food production in hunting and gathering societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.
In areas where there are not many industries, people usually bother about ways by which they can get food and basic necessities to survive. Among these people, comes the hunting and gathering societies.
The hunting and gathering socieities are small societies where people collect wild plants and hunt wild animals as a food source. These people are not localized and hence do not have permanent homes. As they have to travel to different places in the search of food, such people do not make a home or village. They just move together from place to place collecting plants and hunting animals for feeding themselves.
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A group of animals in the same species is called what?
A) Ecosystem
B) organism
C) community
D) population
Answer: D)population
Explanation:
Which of these factors may affect nutritional needs? Select three options.
Answer:
Age, activity level, pregnancy
Explanation:
Why do lunar and solar eclipses not happen every month?
HURRY
Lunar and solar eclipses does not happen every month simply because the orbit of the earth around the sun is completely different from the orbit of the moon around the Earth.
What is meant by lunar and solar eclipses?The solar eclipse also known as the eclipse of the sun is a phenomenal whereby the moon is in-between the earth and the sun.
The lunar eclipse on the other hand occur when Earth itself blocks the sun's body, thereby; casting a shadow over the surface of the moon.
So therefore, lunar and solar eclipses does not happen every month simply because the orbit of the earth around the sun is completely different from the orbit of the moon around the Earth.
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bundles of myelinated axons form nervous system tissue called (click to select) . unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and synapses are found within nervous system tissue called (click to select) .
The White matter of the neurological system is made up of groups of myelinated axons. Grey matter, a component of the nervous system, contains unmyelinated axons, dendrites, neuronal cell bodies, and synapses.
What purposes does the brain's white and gray matter serve?The central nervous system of the brain is made up of two different types of tissue: grey matter and white matter (CNS). The axon terminals, dendrites, and cell bodies found in the grey matter are where all synapses are situated. The white matter, which consists of axons, connects the different parts of the grey matter. Grey matter is largely used to receive information and regulate outgoing information since it contains the cell bodies of neurons. White matter, which is mostly made up of axons, is used to transmit signals from the brain, spinal cord, and body.Learn more about the brain with the help of the given link:
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How can we trace the transformation of energy through living and non living systems
Answer:
Food chain/web/pyramid
Explanation:
graphs the transformation on energy n stuff
the is the most complex region of the brain. a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. brainstem please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
The most complex region of the brain is forebrain. Forebrain have cerebrum which is the largest and complex part of brain.
What is brain?Brain is the central organ in the human system. It is divided into three parts such as forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. It is the commanding center in the body.
The human brain along with spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. Corpus callosum contains two hemispheres of brain.
Forebrain is the most thinking part and it controls the voluntary actions. It is consist of cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. Midbrain connects the forebrain and midbrain. It contains cerebellum which maintains equilibrium in the body.
Therefore, The most complex region of the brain is forebrain. Forebrain have cerebrum which is the largest and complex part of brain.
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Look at the graph to the right. During which 500 meter interval does the temperature decrease most rapidly?
Answer:16 degrees
Explanation:
The division of human cells consists of a series of events, collectively called ________, or nuclear division, and ________, or division of the cytoplasm.
Correct answers are karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
The phase of cell division known as karyokinesis is when the nucleus splits into two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis generally follows it. The DNA condenses during this phase, and the chromosomal material splits in half equally.Because the nucleus undergoes a series of unbroken modifications before dividing into two daughter nuclei, karyokinesis is also known as direct nuclear division. Karyokinesis is a continuous process, however, for convenience, it has been broken down into four stages. Cytokinesis, a type of physical cell division, divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. It happens simultaneously with the two nuclear division processes known as meiosis and mitosis that take place in animal cells.By now, its significance should be clear as cytokinesis is the last stage of cell division in plant and animal cells. Without this critical step—and its perfect execution—organisms wouldn't be able to expand in size and complexity. The ability to divide cells and engage in cytokinesis are essential to life as we know it.Learn more about cell division here:
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3.
A
C
What effect does fertilizer have on plant growth? Identify the correct step from the choices
below.
ask a question
collect the data
B
draw conclusions
state the hypothesis
If the amount of fertilizer applied to plants is increased, then plant growth will increase.
Since out here the independent variable is the variable that's being controlled or changed on reason by the experimenter, It can moreover be thought of as the cause is the fertilizer and the dependent variable is which is the one dependent on the independent variable is the growth of the plant. Here the hypothesis for an observable phenomenon is a proposed explanation or a theory to be utilized in science, one must be able to test it within the frame of a test. A logical examination is planned to test this hypothesis. Here the Hypothesis is that If the amount of fertilizer applied to plants is increased, then plant growth will increase.
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What nutrients are found in animal waste? how large a part of the ecosystem are these wastes?.
Heat is one energy kind that is released. Animal excrement requires some energy to create. Decomposers disintegrate extinct creatures and biological waste. As, the dung beetle is returning to its nest while rolling a ball of dung (animal waste). The excrement will be used by the beetle to feed its young. On a dead log, there are mushrooms growing. They'll disassemble it gradually. As a result, the earth receives its nutrients.
Ecosystem: what is it? What function does animal waste serve there?A group of living beings and their surroundings make up an ecosystem. Ecosystem is a shortened form of "ecological system." An ecosystem is made up of components that work together, much like any other system.
There are living organisms that contribute to every ecosystem. Food is produced by plants using sunlight. Plants may be consumed by other living beings to gain energy.
ProducerLiving entities called producers to use energy to create food. Food is produced by e-producers.
ConsumersPeople cannot prepare their own food. People must consume other living things. They may consume both vegetation and animals. An enormous amount of energy is lost at every stage of the food chain. Only 10% of the energy moves on to the next level. Heat is one kind of energy that is released.
Animal excrement requires some energy to create. Energy is also used to grow items like fur that are inedible to other consumers. The reason why most food chains only have a few tiers is that so much energy is lost.
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many organisms that undergo chemosynthesis use instead of to fuel the processes that convert carbon dioxide into sugars.
Answer:
Many organisms that undergo chemosynthesis use hydrogen sulphide (H2S) instead of sunlight to fuel the processes that convert carbon dioxide into sugars.
Explanation:
Prokaryotic microorganisms, principally bacteria and archaea (referred to as “bacteria” in the following), carry out chemosynthetic reactions. Energy is produced in chemosynthetic reactions from oxidizing reduced compounds.
Chemosynthesis is the conversion of carbon (usually carbon dioxide or methane) into organic matter using inorganic molecules (hydrogen or hydrogen sulphide) or methane as an energy source. Most energy is initially derived from sunlight via plant photosynthesis. Example, bacteria and methanogenic archaea living in deep sea vents
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in e. coli, the adenine in the sequence gatc is methylated by the dam enzyme. in the same cells a restriction endonuclease recognizes and cleaves dsdna with gatc on either strand. why does e. coli have these two enzymes?
E. coli has the enzymes Dam methylase and restriction endonuclease for their protection. These enzymes identify the invader genomes as they do not have methylated genome and hence endonuclease cleaves it.
Dam methylase enzyme functions to methylate the adenine in GATC sequence. This methylation serves various purposes like: regulation of gene expression, during mismatch repair, and during replication.
Restriction endonuclease is the enzyme that cuts the DNA strands at specific locations towards the inside of the DNA. All the prokaryotic organisms contain this enzyme. The primary function of this enzyme is to protect from foreign invaders. The enzyme is also highly used in laboratories.
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Which statement best illustrates how an organism maintains homeostasis?
Some species of bamboo plant can grow up to a meter in a single day.
Groundhogs hibernate during the winter to conserve energy when food is scarce.
Female squirrels engage potential mates in a chasing competition.
Blue whales reproduce every 2 to 3 years and give birth to one calf.
The statement that best illustrates how an organism maintains homeostasis is as follows: groundhogs hibernate during the winter to conserve energy when food is scarce (option B).
What is homeostasis?Homeostasis is ability of a living organism to adjust its internal environment to maintain a state of dynamic constancy.
Homeostasis is a pivotal process that determines the adaptation and survival of an organism in an environment.
Hibernation is a specific type of homeostatic behavior that involves the state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals during winter.
Therefore, it can be said that the statement that best illustrates how an organism maintains homeostasis is as follows: groundhogs hibernate during the winter to conserve energy when food is scarce.
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your biological anthropology instructor gives you a hominin skull to analyze. you note the very large cranial capacity and the occipital bun. based on this information, to which group does the skull most likely belong? a. neanderthals and. modern homo sapiens c. early archaic homo sapiens d. homo erectus
You noted that the skull has very large cranial capacity and the occipital bun which means it belongs to the group which is referred to as neanderthals and modern homo sapiens and is denoted as option A.
What is Occipital bun?This refers to the bulge or projection of the occipital bone at the back of the skull and is present as a result of evolutionary changes in humans.
It is believed to be present as a result of the enlargement of the visual cortex and is common in the groups known as neanderthals and modern homo sapiens.
This is therefore the reason why option A was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Decomposers, detrivores, and scavengers feed on dead organic material. How are decomposers different from scavengers and detrivores?.
Decomposers chemically break down dead material while Detritivores and scavengers physically alter it by chewing and tearing.
Detritivores are those organisms that feed on decaying and dead matter. They degrade different types of value/organisms directly through digestion.
Examples of Detritivores include crabs, worms, millipedes, flies, etc.
On the other hand, decomposers secrete specific enzymes to decompose dead and decaying organic matter.
Examples of decomposers include bacteria, fungi, and other insects.
While scavengers are those organisms that eat the meat of dead animals and rotting plant material, they only break down the food in digestion but do not alter their physical state like decomposers.
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18. lactation is regulated mainly by two protein hormones; what are they and what is the effect of each one?
The two protein hormones are prolactin hormone and oxytocin hormone.
Alveoli is mainly responsible for producing the milk after the birth of child is active mainly because of the prolactin hormone. The prolactin hormone is once exposed to to cortisol hormone. Once the nipples are stimulated, the oxytocin hormone is released, causing the alveoli to contract.
Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including: Growth and development.
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result of arthrodesis of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint using bone graft for restoration of length
Numerous publications have reported successful outcomes of initial metatarsophalangeal joint bone block arthrodesis following a failed arthroplasty. After restoring an MTPJ arthrodesis with a bone graft, Myerson et al. found an increase of 40 points in pre and post-operative AOFAS scores (39 to 79).
Indications included unsuccessful arthrodesis surgeries with shortening of the first ray, Keller's procedures, several additional first metatarsal osteotomies, and failed hallux valgus surgery. Tricortical iliac crest grafts were placed in bone deficiencies with a mean length of 10.7 (range, 8-15) mm in all patients. Either numerous wires or a low-profile plate was used to achieve fixation. The average lengthening was 4.4 (from 0 to 8) mm. At the most recent checkup, two of the three feet had connected. Three feet continued to require more revision surgery. Every patient had their stabilizing Kirschner wire removed. Using the Foot and Ankle Disability Index, the median patient-reported outcome score was 84.6. (range, 37.5-97.1).
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a typical human cell is approximately 12.00 μm in diameter and enclosed by a membrane that is 5.000 nm thick. what is the volume of the cell including the membrane? to simplify the calculations, model the cell as a sphere.
Volume of cell including the membrane = 9.07* 10^11 nm³
Given data:
Diameter of human cell = 12.00 μm = 12,000 nm i.e. radius = 6000 nm
thickness of membrane enclosing the human cell = 5.00 nm
Total diameter of cell including membrane = 12,000+ (52) = 12010 nm
Solution:
Volume of cell (sphere) = 4/3πr^3
where: r = 12010 / 2 = 6005 nm
4/3 * π * (6005)^3 = 9.07 * 10¹¹ nm³
Hence, volume of cell aolng with membrane is 9.07 * 10¹¹ nm³
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When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside of it, the neuron is.
The sodium pumps keep sodium out and potassium in while the sodium gates and potassium gates are completely closed when an axon is at rest, giving it a negative charge. This passive condition is referred to as a resting potential because of the positive-negative contrast between the interior and the outside.
The characteristic resting potential voltage of each axon is a negative value compared to the outside in all instances.In a neuron that is at rest, the interior of the cell is roughly 70 millivolts more negatively charged than the exterior (70 mV; note that this value varies depending on the species and type of neuron).Action potential refers to this positive charge located inside the cell. An action potential cycle lasts between one and two milliseconds. Once again more permeable to K+ ions, the membrane eventually becomes positively charged inside the axon. It repolarizes the membrane.Because the inside of the neuron is negative compared to the outside and there are much more sodium ions on the inside, sodium ions rush within the cell. The neuron gets more positive and depolarized because, as you may recall, sodium contains a positive charge.Learn more about axon here:
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A researcher wants to study what happens when the temporal lobe of the brain is damaged. It is not ethical for the researcher to permanently damage the temporal lobes of all her participants and see what deficits might result. How might a case study be a useful way to study this research question?.
The use of a case study in this case is regarded as sufficient to answer the research question.
What is a case study?
The term case study refers to the use of a particular instance or a few instances isolated cases to draw conclusions about the generality of an issue. When it is true that studies that involve case studies are not always generalizable, but that could be the only option that is available.
Since it s not possible for the research to permanently damage the temporal lobes of different people in a bid to obtain empirical data. The use of a case study in this case is regarded as sufficient to answer the research question.
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Which of the following is NOT made up of matter?
a. Gases
b.Heat
c. Living Things
d. Clouds
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called?.
These bacteria-killing molecules called antibiotics.
What are antibiotics, and what different kinds are there?Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol are examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics that have an impact on both gram-positive and certain gram-negative bacteria. An antibiotic with an extended-spectrum affects new bacterial species, often gram-negative ones, as a result of chemical alteration.What are some uses for antibiotics?Some types of bacterial infections are treated or prevented with the help of antibiotics. They are useless against viral diseases like the flu or the common cold. Only minor health issues, like acne, that are unlikely to get better without antibiotics should be treated with prescription antibiotics.
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a drop of sara’s blood was mixed with anti-a serum. another drop was mixed with anti-b serum. and a third drop was mixed with anti-rh serum. clumping was not seen in any of the tests. what does this indicate? select all that apply.
The blood group from the observation is O negative.
The blood groups can be determined practically with the help of anti-serums.
One of the groups into which people or their blood can be classified based on the presence or absence of particular antigens in the blood (such as those labelled A, B, AB, or O) is called as blood group.
There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are contained in a fluid called plasma, which is the blood. Antibodies and antigens found in the blood help identify your blood group.
Plasma contains proteins called antibodies. They are a component of your body's built-in defenses. They identify alien objects, like bacteria, and notify your immune system, which then eliminates them.
Protein molecules called antigens can be detected on the outer layer of red blood cells.
The ABO system distinguishes 4 major blood types:
Red blood cells with blood group A antigens have anti-B antibodies in their plasma.B antigens and anti-A antibodies are present in the plasma in blood group B.Blood group O - has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma but no antigens.A and B antigens are present in blood group AB, however there are no antibodies.So, as the question tells that Sara's blood doesn't coagulate with anti serum a, b and rh this means that her RBCs have none of the proteins on its surface leading to Blood group O negative.
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Ocean to cloud 2 transitions
Answer:
Water cycle
Explanation:
The name used to describe the constant recycling of the earth's water. During the cycle, water given off by plants, water in rivers, streams, puddles, lakes, and oceans, and surface water evaporates, making water vapor. This vapor rises, forms clouds, and then falls as rain, hail, or snow.
the hepatic portal vein collects blood from the vessels that drain all of the following organs except
The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the vessels that drain all of the following organs except the liver.
What is hepatic portal vein?Hepatic portal vein is known as the vein that delivers blood to the liver from the following organs:
gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.The hepatic portal vein is known as the only vein in the body that carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract and that doesn't drain into the heart but straight to the liver.
Therefore, the hepatic portal vein doesn't drain blood from the liver but delivers blood to the liver.
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Is legal abortion bad for society? Can this question be answered by scientific research or not?
Answer: I feel in my option it isn't bad. If you're a woman, I feel the government shouldn't have control over your body. What if I girl was forced to do (yk) and had the baby. They didn't want the baby and especially kids, kids shouldn't have to have kids!
Explanation: