The line that represents the combinations of the two goods produced on the production possibilities frontier is a boundary between output levels that are attainable and output levels that are unattainable.
What is the production possibilities frontier?The production possibilities frontier is a curve that assumes an economy produces only two goods. The curve shows the various combination of two goods that the country can produce if its resources are fully employed.
The production possibilities frontier is convex to its origin. Production activities that take place on the curve and inside the curve are attainable. While production that takes place outside the curve is unattainable given the level of resources that the economy has.
For more information about the production possibility frontier, please check: https://brainly.com/question/25774783
#SPJ1
according to coso, what is the first ongoing monitoring step in evaluating the effectiveness of an internal control system?
according to coso, establishing a control baseline. is the first ongoing monitoring step in evaluating the effectiveness of an internal control system
Tracking and evaluation cause of M&E the performance of projects, establishments and programs installation by using governments, global organizations and NGOs. Its aim is to enhance current and future management of outputs, outcomes and impact.
Monitoring is the systematic and non-stop collection and evaluation of statistics about the progress of an improvement intervention. tracking is done to make certain that every one the individuals who need to realize about intervention are well knowledgeable, and so that selections can be taken in a well-timed way.
Tracking lets in results, procedures and reports to be documented and used as a basis to influence choice-making and learning tactics. monitoring is checking development in opposition to plans.
Learn more about monitoring here:https://brainly.com/question/25802316
#SPJ4
what is an objection-handling technique that allows customer to try a solution or service before purchasing?
The objection-handling technique which allows for a customer to try out a solution before purchasing is "felt, feel found.".
What is objection handling?Objection handling refers to the strategies that are offered to customers to enable them to get over any objections they might have about a project.
The "felt, feel found" strategy is one of those strategies and it involves calming the customer down by the salesperson telling them that they understand their apprehension and then offering alternatives that can be tried out before purchase.
Find out more on objection handling at https://brainly.com/question/14959495.
#SPJ1
The beginning merchandise inventory plus cost of goods sold equals the cost of goods available for sale during the period. True or false?.
The correct answer is false
The value of things in stock—whether they are finished products or raw materials that are prepared for sale—that are intended to be resold to consumers is referred to as merchandise inventory. Consider it as a holding account for stock that will shortly be sold. The most significant asset for ecommerce business owners is their inventory, which is recorded on the balance sheet of the company at the conclusion of each accounting period or fiscal year. Any items intended for resale, whether they are in route from the supplier, in the possession of the retailer, or housed in a warehouse or distribution center and waiting to be sold, are considered to be part of the merchandise inventory.
To know more about merchandise inventory refer to https://brainly.com/question/22234541
#SPJ4
the manager of the customer service division of a major consumer electronics company is interested in determining whether the customers who have purchased a blu-ray player made by the company over the past 12 months are satisfied with their products.
Values from a discrete variable are used.
Counting discrete variables takes a certain amount of time. You could, for instance, count the coins in your pocket. The money in your bank account is countable. You might also tally up the sums in each person's bank accounts. Although counting that final item can take some time, it is still a countable item.
Discrete variable examples include: Years of education, Total goals scored in a soccer match, How many red M&Ms are in a candy jar?, after ten coin tosses, the number of times a coin lands on heads, You can count the finite number of possible values for each of these variables. These are instances of discrete variable.
To learn more about Discrete variable here
https://brainly.com/question/13339063
#SPJ4
pete jackson purchased office equipment costing $3,000 for his business and paid immediately. record this transaction in the accounting equation by: multiple choice question. increasing equipment; increasing revenues increasing cash; increasing equipment increasing cash; increasing expenses decreasing cash; increasing equipment
Pete Jackson purchased office equipment costing $3,000 for his business and paid immediately. record this transaction in the accounting equation by: decrease cash, increase equipment.
When using the accounting equation, recording the acquisition of kit for cash would come with a rise to the (Cash/Equipment/Supplies) account and a decrease to the (Cash/Equipment/Supplies) account.
What's the proper definition of an asset Business activities change the amounts within the accounting equation. The purchase of an equipment would only lead to a rise in an asset (Equipment) and a decrease in another asset (Cash) within the same amount which might end in the identical total amount of assets, liabilities and equity, and can not affect the fundamental accounting equation.
In step with the business entity concept, a proprietor may include nonbusiness assets and liabilities expenses within the business entity's accounting records. Accountants call any endeavor that changes assets, liabilities, or owner's equity a transaction.
learn more about expenses: https://brainly.com/question/24814852
#SPJ4
a company has determined that it will need to hire 10 additional employees to accommodate its rapid growth. the human resource department is now looking at how it will hire new employees, train them, or reassign current employees. the human resource department is engaged in .
Human resource management recruitment is the systematic process of locating, identifying, shortlisting, interviewing, and selecting qualified individuals for specific employment opportunities inside a business.
What is Human Resource ?
Human resource management (HRM) is the practice of recruiting hiring deploying and managing personnel in a business. HRM is frequently abbreviated as "human resources" (HR)
Human Resources is in charge of five major responsibilities: compensation and employee benefits training and development compliance, and workplace safety
By efficiently managing the employee lifecycle, an HR department can help give organizational structure and the ability to meet business demands.
Steps of the hiring process :-
Opening the Requisition : Recruiters should set deadline expectations and draw out a hiring process map when opening a requisition. Deadlines help recruiting managers stay focused on the job, and a process map shows them what they should focus on at each stage.Screening the Candidates: While recruiting managers aren't as involved in the screening process, they do have control over which prospects are chosen for interviews.Candidates' Interviews: After recruiters have evaluated and recommended individuals, the next advising engagement with a hiring manager will most likely occur during the interviewing phase. Choosing the Best: Recruiters have less power when it comes to candidate selection, but they can still serve as an advisor to their hiring manager. They can add the most value by assisting in hiring.Learn more about Human Resource from here
https://brainly.com/question/14419086
#SPJ4
Word count - 243 words
identify a correct statement about employee benefits offered by employers that generally are not required to be offered such as dental, medical, pension, and profit-sharing plans. multiple choice question.
"They are offered as an effort to attract and retain superior personnel" is a correct statement about employee benefits offered by employers that generally are not required to be offered such as dental, medical, pension, and profit-sharing plans.
This is further explained below.
What are employee benefits?Generally, In addition to their regular earnings or salaries, workers are sometimes given other forms of non-monetary remuneration, which are referred to as employee benefits and benefits in kind respectively.
In conclusion, "Salary packaging" or "salary exchange" arrangements are terms that are often used to describe situations in which an employee trades part or all of their earnings for another benefit of some kind.
Read more about employee benefits
https://brainly.com/question/18114583
#SPJ1
1a. how does gail demonstrate that she is a business ally? how does gail demonstrate that she is a business ally?
The right response is d) By understanding the financial issues that impact the company
Business partnerships resemble unions in many ways. To make their partnership successful, both parties contribute a contribution to the table and work together. Denisa Mindruta, Mahka Moeen, and Rajshree Agarwal have looked at the relationships between biopharmaceutical companies. They learn that financial assistance only goes so far and that investing in research capacity increases the attractiveness of businesses. When alliances are formed, companies are sorted top-down according to research quality, with the best researchers becoming allies. Bringing together businesses is Business Ally. It is a virtual platform that enables you to meet all of your company demands independently is a business ally
To know more about business ally refer to https://brainly.com/question/2134724
#SPJ4
the u.s. internal revenue service taxes the taxable income of corporations as well as the taxable investment income of the firms’ shareholders.
The US internal revenue service taxes the taxable income of corporations as well as the taxable investment income of the firms’ shareholders' double taxation of dividends.
Revenue is the entire quantity of income generated by means of the sale of products or services related to the organization's number one operations. Revenue, additionally known as gross income, is regularly known as the "top line" as it sits at the pinnacle of the income declaration. Profits, or net earnings, are an agency's general profits or income.
In accounting, revenue is the entire quantity of profits generated by using the sale of goods and services related to the primary operations of the business. commercial sales will also be known as income or as turnover. Some corporations get hold of sales from interest, royalties, or different expenses.
Whilst comparing sales vs income you have to understand that “sales” refers to the total amount of cash a company generates before getting rid of any fees. “income”, then again, is equal to sales minus the fees of doing commercial enterprise, which include depreciation, hobby, taxes, and other expenses.
Learn more about revenue here https://brainly.com/question/16232387
#SPJ4
check my workcheck my work button is now enableditem 1 north trails cinema, incorporated, operates movies and food concession counters throughout the united states. its income statement for the quarter ended june 30, 2019, reported the following (accounts are listed alphabetically in thousands): admissions revenue $ 490,100 concessions expenses 39,700 concessions revenue 311,500 film rental expenses 255,850 income tax expense 41,600 office expenses 255,400 rent expense 85,800 salaries and wages expense 74,000 net income (loss) ? required: solve for the missing amount by preparing an income statement for the quarter ended june 30, 2019. (enter your answers in thousands.)
The Net Income for the quarter is give as: $90,850. See the attached for more explanation.
What is an Income Statement?An income statement summarizes a company's sales, costs, and profitability over time. It is sometimes referred to as a profit-and-loss (P&L) or earnings statement.
It displays your revenue from the sale of goods or services expenditures to produce income and run your company
It is important to note that when there is a short fall between expense and income, it is referred to as Net Loss. The net financial position is derived by removing the sum of all expenses from the sum of all income streams.
The three main parts of an income statement is:
RevenueExpenses; and Profit.Learn more about Net Income:
https://brainly.com/question/15530787
#SPJ1
Freedom of ensures that entrepreneurs and private businesses are free to obtain and use economic resources to produce their choice of goods and services.
Freedom ensures that entrepreneurs and private businesses are free to obtain and use economic resources to produce their choice of goods and services freedom of enterprise.
Entrepreneurial freedom means that entrepreneurs and businesses have the freedom to procure and use resources, manufacture products of their choice, and sell those products in markets of their choice. Capital resources are described as resources in the form of infrastructure, machines, and tools that enable the processing of inputs.
A market economy requires little government intervention and allows private property to direct all business decisions related to the company's operations. This type of economic resource leads to increased efficiency, productivity, and innovation. Review of the world population. "Market Economy 2022.
Learn more about the economic resources at
https://brainly.com/question/11983306
#SPJ4
why is accounting important? multiple choice accounting information impacts all of us. accounting information impacts businesses only. accounting is important only to those who are majoring in accounting.
Accounting is essential because a) accounting information impacts all of us.
What is accounting information?Accounting information includes the cost, managerial, and financial information provided through the accounting process, which enables investors, management, the government, and other stakeholders to arrive at informed decisions.
Some of the characteristics of accounting information include:
RelevanceTimelinessVerifiabilityComparabilityUnderstandabilityRepresentational faithfulness.Looking at the above characteristics of accounting information, we can appreciate that accounting provides reports to various users regarding the economic activities, performance, and position of a business entity.
Thus, accounting is essential to society because it provides accounting information that impacts everyone.
Learn more about accounting information at https://brainly.com/question/17031135
#SPJ1
What should the West be doing to keep healthy economies? What are their options?
To keep healthy economies, the West should consider a range of options, including increasing investment in education and infrastructure, promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, implementing sound fiscal policies, and pursuing free trade agreements.
These measures can help to boost productivity, create jobs, and enhance competitiveness in a globalized economy.
One key area of focus should be education and skills training. Investing in education and vocational training can help to develop a skilled workforce that is better equipped to meet the demands of the modern economy. Additionally, infrastructure investments can help to enhance connectivity, reduce transportation costs, and improve access to markets.
Innovation and entrepreneurship are also critical drivers of economic growth. The West should prioritize policies that encourage and support new business creation, research and development, and the adoption of new technologies.
Finally, sound fiscal policies, including responsible debt management and balanced budgets, are essential for maintaining economic stability and growth. Pursuing free trade agreements can also help to boost international trade and investment, while promoting competition and innovation. By implementing these measures, the West can create a strong foundation for long-term economic success and prosperity.
For more such questions on, investment :
https://brainly.com/question/30894716
#SPJ11
which pdp plan is designed for customers who are receiving extra help and need basic protection? quizlet
Secure Rx PDA plan is designed for customers who are receiving extra help and need basic protection. Secure Rx is a blockchain-based architecture for an electronic prescription system that tracks opioid use. Secure Rx is a cloud-based, third-generation prescription printing program. Prescriptions printed on plain paper can easily be enhanced with fraud-resistant, anti-tamper protection.
Every printed Secure Rx meets or exceeds CMS requirements. Under fault conditions, the protection devices must operate within a certain time frame. The most frequent approach for validating circuit disconnection is to do an earth fault loop impedance test, albeit this may raise the risk of coming into touch with live items accidentally.
To learn more about protection, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/17536354
#SPJ4
as monitors, managers are constantly scanning the environment for information, talking with liaison contacts and subordinates, and receiving unsolicited information.
True. As monitors, managers constantly scan the environment for information, talking with liaison contacts and subordinates, and receiving unsolicited information.
A manager's responsibility as a process and activity monitor is to constantly scan and supervise the flow of information into the company. Managers must collect, analyze, store, and distribute a wide range of information. As a result, they are information resource centers, frequently storing large amounts of data in their own heads, quickly transitioning from gathering to disseminator roles.
As monitors, managers constantly scan the environment for information, talking with liaison contacts and subordinates, and receiving unsolicited information. This information is passed down orally as gossip, speculation, or hearsay. Managers direct privileged information to subordinates who would not otherwise have access to it. Managers must decide not only who should obtain such information.
To learn more about managerial information roles: brainly.com/question/28125864
#SPJ4
what is the purpose of money? it makes trading goods and services more efficient. it gives the government a way to track consumer habits. it provides the society a national symbol of pride. it keeps the nation from experiencing a depression.
The purpose of money makes trading goods and services more efficient.
Money is the recognized and used medium of exchange for all business dealings in a certain economy. Prior to the invention of money, bartering served as the primary medium of transaction.
However, it was challenging to estimate the worth of the objects that would be swapped. Money establishes a standard for prices based on the market value of the product, which improves the efficiency of trading such commodities and services.
The primary purpose of money is to serve as a medium of exchange for transactions. Without money, all transactions would have to be made through direct exchange of one commodity or service for another, or barter.
Learn more about money here:
https://brainly.com/question/22984856
#SPJ4
The american society for quality has a two part definition of quality. One perspective on quality is a product or service free from deficiencies; the product performs as intended. This is the ____________ perspective on quality.
The American Society for Quality defines quality in two parts. One definition of quality is a product or service that is devoid of flaws and functions as planned. This is the quality conformance viewpoint.
The capacity of a product, service, or process to fulfill particular design requirements established by the manufacturer is referred to as conformance quality.
It determines how close a product, service, or process comes to matching design standards.
Market, technology, labor, materials, cost, and management are the primary elements that might influence the quality of compliance of a product, service, or process.
To learn more about conformance of quality: brainly.com/question/14615134
#SPJ4
calculator for calculate optimus’ required rate of return on equity using the capital asset pricing model (capm)
You can determine the expected return of your asset or investment by using the Capital Asset Pricing Model calculator or CAPM formula, which takes into account the level of inherent risk.
One of the fundamental financial models, the CAPM model (Capital Asset Pricing Model), is used to determine the optimal necessary rate of return for a financial asset or investment. Since the "beta" parameter, which is the most frequently used financial measure by academic researchers and practitioners, is the foundation of the CAPM model and given that it is typically used to financial assets (securities), we shall get a little more understanding of its purpose.
To learn more about capital asset pricing model here
https://brainly.com/question/28023916
#SPJ4
donor a gave the nonprofit a cash gift of $40,000 in june, telling the nonprofit the gift could not be used until the next fiscal year.
Net assets with donor restrictions are to be journalized as:
Dr Cash A/c 40,000
Cr Contribution revenue A/c 40,000
A restricted fund contains some amount of money which a donor has decreed that it can be used only for a specific purpose.
If the money is temporarily restricted, any excess will become unrestricted once the purpose is fulfilled. If the money is permanently restricted then it should be kept intact in the form of an endowment which is usually in perpetuity, and only the interest earned by investing the endowment could be spent in service of the purpose.
To know more about restricted funds here:
https://brainly.com/question/15232909
#SPJ4
in addition to independent auditors that audit financial statements, there are several other types of auditors. independent auditors generally perform financial statement audits; internal auditors perform operational audits; and governmental auditors (e.g. irs auditors) generally perform compliance audits.
Independent-Audit Financial Statements / Financial Statement Auditors
Audit the Company they work for / Internal Auditors
Report to Congress or Municipal Governments / Governmental Auditors
Enforce Federal Tax Laws only / IRS Auditors
Who are auditors?
A company's efficiency is monitored by auditors, who evaluate its financial activities. They are responsible for monitoring cash flow from start to finish and making sure that an organization's funds are correctly accounted for.
An auditor's primary responsibility in the case of public firms is to assess the conformity of financial statements with widely accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In order to fulfill this need, auditors examine financial information, operational aspects of a business, and accounting data while taking thorough notes on each step of the process, known as an audit trail.
Learn more about auditors
https://brainly.com/question/24317218
#SPJ4
delegate tasks so that a subordinate can see a project or assignment through to completion; allow time to get the task done.
Answer:
well if you look here it three times two times four times six
the total book value of wtc’s equity is $10 million, and book value per share is $20. the stock has a market-to-book ratio of 1.5, and the cost of equity is 15%. the firm’s bonds have a face value of $7 million and sell at a price of 110% of face value. the yield to maturity on the bonds is 6%, and the firm’s tax rate is 21%. what is the company’s wacc?
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of company is - 12.06%.
Debt market value (D) = 1.1*$7m = $7.7m
Equity market value (E) =1.5* $10m = $15m
Sum of equity and debt value (V) = $22.7
Current tax (Tc) = 0.21
Equity cost (Re) = 0.15
Debt cost (Rd) = 0.10
WACC = [(E/V) x Re] + [(D/V) x Rd x (1 - Tc)]
= [15/22.7*0.15] + [7.7/22.7*0.10*(1-0.21)]
= 0.099 + 0.2765
= 0.12665*100
= 12.66%
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a measure of the average costs that businesses incur when financing capital assets. Long-term liabilities and debts such as preferred and common stocks and bonds that companies pay to shareholders and capital investors are examples of capital costs. The WACC, as opposed to measuring capital costs, takes the weighted average of each source of capital for which a company is liable.
Learn more about weighted average cost of capital (WACC) here:
https://brainly.com/question/28042295
#SPJ4
comparing the life of a company president or ceo with a dishwasher or taxi driver shows us glaring examples of .
Comparing the life of a company president or CEO with a dishwasher or taxi driver shows us glaring examples of social inequality.
A taxi driver is a person whose job is to carry passengers to their destinations in exchange for payment. A taxi driver is a licensed professional who drives customers to their places of choice in a taxi cab. They receive a fare for moving people, which varies with the length of the taxi cab ride.
A good driver smoothly steers, brakes, changes gears, and accelerates. Additionally, smooth driving puts much less strain on a car's mechanical components, preventing unneeded and inconvenient failures. Taxi drivers should practice defensive driving while they are on the road.
Learn more about taxi drivers here:
https://brainly.com/question/23936041
#SPJ4
what accounting tool gives a snapshot of your business's financial standing at a single point in time?
A Balance Sheet provides a snapshot of a firm's financial position at a specific point in time.
A Balance Sheet could be a financial tool and a book of accounts that has two sides: an assets side and a liabilities side. And either side of a Balance Sheet always matches. All the transactions that passed off in an exceedingly fiscal year are recorded on the Balance Sheet. The transactions of revenue nature come in the assets side and therefore the transactions of expenditure nature or capital nature enter the liabilities side. Any update or omission not recorded within the Balance Sheet or any transaction that can't be recorded within the Balance Sheet must be within the Notes To Accounts.
A Balance Sheet provides a snapshot of a firm's financial position at a specific point in time.
To learn more about Balance Sheets, visit the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/1113933
#SPJ4
emma has decided that she needs to assess the risk and return of buying an extended warranty for her new laptop for school. which of these practical questions should she ask herself to assess the risk? select three options.will the warranty cover the cost of any physical damage?should i buy a different model?would it be better for me to buy a desktop computer?is the cost of re
The practical questions should she ask herself to assess the risk are-
Will the warranty cover the cost of any physical damage?Is the price of the replacement item less than the price of the warranty?Does the warranty, at an additional cost, make the laptop profitable?What is Risk?Risk refers to a situation in which an individual recognizes an element of danger or harm that damages the value of an object. This risk can be avoided by taking preventive measures.
The above-mentioned question she should ask her before buying her a new laptop will help her to assess the risk and prevent any kind of trouble.
She should only buy the laptop if the warranty covers all the elements otherwise she should move to some other options available.
Learn more about risk, here:
https://brainly.com/question/27754423
#SPJ4
The incomplete question is-
Emma has decided that she needs to assess the risk and return of buying an extended warranty for her new laptop for school. Which of these practical questions should she ask herself to assess the risk?A. Will the warranty cover the cost for any physical damage?B. Will the laptop likely have technical issues?C. Should I buy a different model?D. Would it be better for me to buy a desktop computer?E. Is the cost of replacement less than the cost of the warranty?F. Is this the best laptop available?G. Is the laptop worth the extra expense of the warranty?
the roof of a property cost $10,000. the economic life of the roof is 20 years. assuming the straight-line method of depreciation, what is the depreciated value of the roof after 3 years?
The depreciated value of the roof after 3 years is $8,500.
What is the depreciated value of the roof?Depreciation is the method used to expense the cost of an asset. The straight-line method allocates the same depreciation expense for each of the useful life of the asset.
Straight line depreciation expense = (Cost of asset - Salvage value) / useful life
$10,000 / 20 = $500
Depreciation expense in 3 years = $500 x 3 = $1,500
Depreciated value = $10,000 - $1,500 = $8,500
To learn more about straight line depreciation, please check: https://brainly.com/question/6982430
#SPJ1
what are the major waves of change that are part of the challenges of managing a business in the new competitive landscape? (choose every correct answer.)
what are the major waves of change that are part of the challenges of managing a business in the new competitive landscape?
1. The importance of knowledge and ideas
2. Globalization
3. Technological change
4. Collaboration across organizational boundaries
What is new competitive landscape?
The technology revolution and growing globalization have mainly contributed to the development of a new competitive landscape. Firms are experiencing strategic discontinuities that are changing the nature of competition.
Therefore,
1. The importance of knowledge and ideas
2. Globalization
3. Technological change
4. Collaboration across organizational boundaries
To learn more about new competitive landscape from the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/14618457
#SPJ4
the following list shows the selling prices of 8 houses in a certain town. house price house price a $302,100 e $275,800 b $275,800 f $295,000 c $305,400 g $281,900 d $250,600 h $284,700 what is the median selling price of the houses in the list?
The median selling price of the house is $283,300.
What is the median selling price?Median can be described as the number that occurs in the middle of a set of numbers that are arranged either in ascending or descending order
Median is a measure of central tendency. Other measures of central tendency are mean and mode.
The prices arranged in ascending order is: $250,600, $275,800, $275,800, $281,900, $284,700, $295,000, $302,100, $305,400.
The median price is : ($281,900, $284,700) / 2 = $283,300
To learn more about median, please check: https://brainly.com/question/14746682
#SPJ1
business process blank attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvements accordingly.
Business process improvement aims to comprehend and evaluate the existing procedure so that performance can be improved accordingly.
The correct option is C.
Business process improvement(BPI):Business process improvement (BPI) is an exercise wherein enterprise leaders examine their business processes to find areas where they can boost their accuracy, efficacy, and efficiency, and then make adjustments within the processes to achieve these improvements.
What is a good illustration of process improvement?One of the best cases of process improvement initiatives focuses on waste. You can speed up production and deliver higher-quality results specifically by locating and eliminating wasteful areas within your processes. Utilizing Lean principles is one of the effective ways to reduce waste.
To know more about Business process improvement visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14979506
#SPJ4
I understand that the question you are looking for is:
What attempts to understand and measure the current process, and make performance improvements accordingly?
a. Customer facing process
b. Business process reengineering
c. Business process improvement
d. Business process management
there is some concern that increased use of could prompt the need for legislation protecting employee privacy rights.
There is some concern that increased use of electronic databases could prompt the need for legislation protecting employee privacy rights.
An electronic database is a computer-based collection also listing of the information. Through this the information can be searched in a fast and easy manner.
Electronic databases held organized collections of data, or information, which is thus stored in a computer in a readable form. So sometimes, the increased use of electronic databases might probably prompt the need for legislation which protects employee privacy rights.
Hence, the electronic databases can make it easier to search, query, filter and retrieve required data.
To learn more about legislation here:
https://brainly.com/question/13672467
#SPJ4