The variable cells must be connected to the objective cell either directly or indirectly. A maximum of 200 variable cells can be specified.
Explain about the variable cells?Cells that hold variable data that can be adjusted to accomplish the goal are known as variable cells (also known as changing cells or adjustable cells in earlier versions). Excel Solver allows up to 200 variable cells to be specified.
Variables referred to by various scopes are implemented using Cell objects. The local variables of each stack frame that accesses the value of such a variable contain a reference to the cells from outer scopes that also use that variable. For each such variable, a cell object is generated to store the value.
Variables can be categorised into two categories: numeric and category. Then, for categorical variables, nominal or ordinal subcategories are created for both discrete and continuous variables.
To learn more about variable cells refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/27993463
#SPJ4
Can monthly mortgage increase?
Throughout the course of the loan, it's possible for the amount of your monthly mortgage payment to change numerous times.
Can your mortgage provider increase your payment? Your mortgage payment may increase, and that is a fact.This information might surprise you, particularly if your mortgage has a fixed rate.The amount of your monthly mortgage payment, however, may change numerous times during the course of the loan, which is the reality.The amount of your payment may increase if your bank thinks that there won't be enough money in your mortgage escrow account.You may be given the option by the bank to choose between paying back the debt in full up front or over the course of 12 months.Your mortgage payment may be reduced by refinancing to a cheaper interest rate, dropping your mortgage insurance, extending the term of your loan, looking around for a better homeowners insurance rate, or contesting your property taxes.
To learn more about mortgage refer
https://brainly.com/question/1318711
#SPJ4
list two reasons explaining why it’s important to request your 3 credit reports and review them regularly.
To check for errors, To monitor for identity theft are the two reasons exwhy it’s important to request your 3 credit reports and review them regularly.
What is a credit report?A credit report is a detailed record of an individual's credit history, including information on credit accounts, outstanding debts, payment history, and any late payments or defaults. It is used by financial institutions and lenders to determine an individual's creditworthiness when applying for loans or credit.
The two reasons:
To check for errors: Reviewing your credit reports regularly allows you to catch any errors or discrepancies that may be present. This can include incorrect information, such as wrong personal details, outstanding debts, or late payments that you did not make. By identifying and addressing these errors, you can prevent them from negatively impacting your credit score.
To monitor for identity theft: Reviewing your credit reports regularly also allows you to detect any suspicious activity that may indicate identity theft, such as unauthorized credit applications or accounts opened in your name. By identifying and addressing identity theft early, you can minimize the damage and prevent it from causing long-term financial harm.
To know more about Credit visit:
brainly.com/question/1475993
#SPJ4
The Fed can influence the volume of bank lending by ____________ bonds and thus injecting reserves into the system.
The volume of bank lending may be influenced by the Fed by making bond purchases and providing reserves to the system.
How does the Fed influence the reserves?Open-market operations are used by the Federal Reserve to either grow or reduce reserves. The Federal Reserve writes a check written on itself to purchase US Treasury securities in order to enhance reserves. The check is deposited in a bank by the seller of the treasury security, boosting the seller's deposit.
The Federal Reserve affects the availability of credit and money in the economy via its monetary policy instruments. It mostly does this through routine open market transactions. The amount (or supply) of reserves in the financial system changes as the Fed purchases or sells U.S. government securities.
To know more about Open-market operations, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14256204
#SPJ4
Firms decide how much to invest by comparing the rate of return on their projects with:
Question 1 options:
a) the before-tax rate of return.
b) their total profit.
c) the productivity of the workers assigned to the projects.
d) the interest rate
Firms decide how much to invest by comparing rate of return on their projects with productivity of workers assigned to the projects.
What is productivity?The effectiveness with which goods or services are produced is measured by productivity. The measure of productivity is commonly the ratio of total output to total input used in the production process, or output per unit of input, usually during a defined time period. It is common to find that the method inputs and outputs are integrated to create a ratio-style productivity indicator is the key factor contributing to variation in productivity measurements. How successfully firms and nations create is significantly influenced by productivity. A higher national production can boost living standards by making it easier for people to purchase goods and services, partake in leisure activities, improve their housing and education, and support social and environmental programmes.
To learn more about production, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12217386
#SPJ4
Select all that apply.
Which of the following skills are important for job interviews?
thinking
writing
listening
speaking
Answer : Select all got 100% on edge
Answer:
the answer is all of the above.
Explanation:
because you need all of these traits in order to do job interviews.
Success in job interviews depends on a combination of skills, including thinking, writing, listening, and speaking. Each of these skills contributes to your ability to effectively respond to interview questions, demonstrate your competency, and highlight your suitability for the role.
Explanation:All of the skills listed - thinking, writing, listening, and speaking - are indeed important skills for job interviews. Thinking skills are important in order to logically and effectively answer the questions your interviewer is asking. Writing skills can be crucial in interviews, particularly if you're asked to complete a task or test.
Listening skills are critical because they indicate how well you pay attention to instructions and tasks. And finally, speaking skills are necessary to effectively communicate your thoughts, experiences, and ideas.
Learn more about job interview skills here:https://brainly.com/question/34001263
#SPJ2
What is one way that technology can improve the distribution of goods workers can take Internet classes to gain new skills?
To learn new skills, employees might enroll in online courses. Automation makes it easier and more affordable to produce items. Workers for factories can be hired anywhere in the world.
A person who completes particular responsibilities for a company in exchange for regular payment is called an employee. a person who accepts a job as a paid employee from another or from a company, firm, etc. also known as personnel. An employer is a person, business, or other entity that hires workers and compensates them for their labor. Employees are those who are paid to perform labor. Employers provide workers a job. A person who has consented to be employed under the terms of an employment contract is said to be an employee. Your employment status will play a role in determining what obligations and rights you have at work.
Learn more about employees from
brainly.com/question/27953070
#SPJ4
If a corporation has an operating margin of profit of 9.50%, this means that for every $1 of revenue, the company has:
The firm had operating income of $. 095 for every $1 in revenue if its operating margin of profit was 9.50% ($. 095 / $1 = 9.50%).
The operational margin calculates the profit an organisation generates on each dollar of sales, after variable production expenses, such as labour and raw materials, but before interest or taxes. It is computed by dividing operational income by net sales for a business. The operational profit margin ratio reveals the profitability of your business. The higher the ratio, the more the profit your business realises from each dollar of sales. Divide operating income by net sales revenue to find your company's operating profit margin ratio.
To learn more about income click the link below:
brainly.com/question/29752143
#SPJ4
Write down the budget set and budget line in equations for the case without regulation on cigarettes amount.
Without regulation, the budget set for a consumer can be represented as x_1 + x_2 <= m and the budget line can be represented as x_1 = m - p_2 × x_2, where x_1 is the number of cigarettes purchased, x_2 is the number of other goods and services purchased, m is disposable income and p_2 is the price of other goods and services.
The budget set for a consumer without regulation on the number of cigarettes that can be purchased can be represented as an equation in the form of:
x_1 + x_2 <= m
Where x_1 represents the number of cigarettes purchased, x_2 represents the quantity of all other goods and services purchased, and m represents the consumer's disposable income.
The budget line for a consumer without regulation on the number of cigarettes that can be purchased can be represented as an equation in the form of:
x_1 = m - p_2 × x_2
Where x_1 represents the number of cigarettes purchased, x_2 represents the quantity of all other goods and services purchased, m represents the consumer's disposable income, and p_2 represents the price of all other goods and services.
This equation shows that the consumer can purchase any combination of cigarettes and other goods and services as long as they stay within their budget constraint (m).
To learn more about the budget at
https://brainly.com/question/15683430?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
What are the factors needed to consider in buying and selling products and services?
Cost, customers, positioning, competitors, and profit are the factors needed to consider in buying and selling products and services.
First and foremost you require to be financially informed. Before you incubate your pricing, bring out the costs concerned with streaming your business. Once you conclude your client, you require to appear at your positioning.
Also, look at what you're dealing with, are your prevalent customers buying high-end or low-end products and services? This data will help you decide if your cost is right, what position of service or eliminations you should be extending, and incipiently if you're targeting the right request. While you may be in business for the affection and to add value to the lives of others, you also necessitate adding valuation to your own.
To learn more about buying and Selling,
https://brainly.com/question/8713924
#SPJ4
the fourth industrial revolution is where advances in _______ are radically shifting the way we work, live, learn, and interact with each other.
The fourth industrial revolution is where advances in technology are radically shifting the way we work, live, learn, and interact with each other.
So, the correct answer is technology.
We are at the start of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, a new period that expands and builds on the effects of digitization in novel and unexpected ways. Technologies are emerging and having an impact on our lives in ways that suggest this is the case. Therefore, it is important to take some time to think about the specific changes we are going through and how we can ensure that they benefit the majority rather than a select few, both collectively and individually.
know more about revolution here
https://brainly.com/question/1291142#
#SPJ4
The rate of return on which of the following has a risk premium of 0%?
A. Long term corporate bonds
B. Large company stocks
C. US treasury bills
D. Intermediate term govt bonds
E. long term govt bonds
The rate of return on which US treasury bills has a risk premium of 0%.
The loss or gain of an investment over a specific time period, stated as a percentage of the investment's original cost, is known as the rate of return (ROR). A position has won money if the ROR is positive; otherwise, it has lost money. Any investment you make will have a return rate.
Subtract the investment's initial value from its ending value to determine the rate of return (remember to include dividends and interest). Divide this sum by the investment's initial cost, then multiply the result by 100. You will receive the ROR as a percentage as a result.
To know more about rate of return click here
brainly.com/question/24232401
#SPJ4
A manual warewashing sink is require red to be equipped with hot and cold water , detergent , a method to sanitize , and a?
A manual warewashing sink is essential for food preparation and cleaning. It must be equipped with hot and cold water, a detergent solution, a method of sanitizing, and a drain.
These components are essential for effective and hygienic cleaning. The detergent solution should be strong enough to remove food residues and other contaminants, while the sanitizing method should be able to kill any potential bacteria.
Hot water should be available for rinsing and to help dissolve the detergent. The drain should be large enough for all materials to be efficiently removed.
To ensure the highest level of hygiene, a manual warewashing sink needs to be equipped with both hot and cold water, as well as a detergent and a method of sanitization. By doing this, you can ensure that all dishes, utensils, and other items used in the kitchen are thoroughly and safely cleaned.
To learn more about sanitize, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/1570533
#SPJ4
This organization specializes in endoscopy issues and has established standards for the effective processing of flexible endoscopes. Voluntary or Regulatory?
This organization specializes in endoscopy issues and has established standards for the effective processing of flexible endoscopes is Voluntary.
A long, elastic tube known as an endoscope is inserted down your neck and into your esophageal during an endoscopic treatment. Your doctor can inspect your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
The first section of the small intestine uses a camera mounted on the end of an endoscope. For upper endoscopies, intermediate or heavy sedation is most frequently used; other options include no anesthesia, very light sedation, and general anesthesia.
Propofol, benzodiazepines, and narcotic anesthetics are a few that may be utilized to lessen discomfort and anxiety. Endoscopy is generally fairly safe, although there are a few possible side effects that could occur, such as Perforation (rip in the gut wall) (tear in the gut wall) a response to sedation Infection.
Learn more about Endoscopy here:
https://brainly.com/question/3522262
#SPJ4
Which of the following is not an opportunity for effective management in the supply chain?
O accurate "pull" data
O vendor-managed inventory
O bullwhip effect reduction
O local optimization
The correct answer to the given question about not an opportunity for effective management in supply chain is option d) Local Optimization.
A supply chain is a group of people and businesses responsible for producing a product and getting it to the consumer. The initial link in the chain are the suppliers of raw materials, and the last is the vehicle that transports the finished good to the client. The lower costs and increased productivity that result from an efficient supply network can be used to illustrate the significance of supply chain management. To reduce costs and keep up with competition, businesses improve their supply chains. The aspects of a supply chain include product development, marketing, operations, distribution, financing, and customer support. There are many worldwide supply chains in operation today.
To learn more about supply chain click here
brainly.com/question/29318233
#SPJ4
To be effective, analytical procedures performed near the end of the audit should be performed by:
A. The partner performing the quality review of the audit.
B. A beginning staff accountant who has had no other work related to the engagement.
C. A manager or partner who has a comprehensive knowledge of the client's business and industry.
D. The CPA firm's quality control manager.
Analytical procedures performed near the end of the audit should be performed by the partner performing the audit's quality review to be effective.
What exactly is vouching?The examination of documentation proving and substantiating a financial transaction by an auditor is known as "vouching," which is a technical term. The goal of vouching, an auditing technique, is to demonstrate the legitimacy of the transactions listed in the main books of accounts. This process's main task is to confirm an entry made in the books of accounts with the relevant documentary evidence and the authority supporting the entry. It also entails ensuring that the amount specified in the voucher has been posted to the correct account, which will reveal the nature of the transaction when it appears in the final statements of the account. Vouching does not include valuation.
During the course of an audit, auditors employ analytical procedures. The most important aspect of carrying out procedures is vouching for all data supporting various ratios.
To know more about vouching visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29456112
#SPJ4
The discount rate is referred to by all of the following alternative names except the.
O cutoff rate
O hurdle rate
O required rate of return
O accounting rate of return
Except for the accounting rate of return, all of the following alternate names are used to refer to the discount rate.
In a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, the discount rate is the interest rate that is used to calculate the present value of future cash flows. This aids in determining whether the cash flows from a project or investment will be more valuable than the capital expenditure required to fund it in the present. It's either the expected rate of return for investors or the cost of borrowing money. The corporation will compute NPV using a discount rate of 12% if shareholders anticipate a return of that amount. The company may utilize 4% as the discount rate if it pays 4% interest on its debt. Usually, the rate is decided by the CFO's office. The discount rate is the desired rate of return for an investor.
Learn more about discount rate from
brainly.com/question/9841818
#SPJ4
The Pounds R Us Company produces weight lifting equipment. It has a long-term debt ratio [LTD/(LTD+Equity)] of .65 and a current ratio of 1.2. Current liabilities are $800, sales are $4000, the profit margin is 7%, and ROE is 25%. What is the $ amount of current assets?
$960 is the amount of current assets when current liabilities is $800 and current ratio is 1.2.
What type of asset is equity?On a company's financial accounts, equity is neither an asset nor a liability. Equity is the result of deducting obligations from assets. The balance sheet of a corporation shows equity. As it determines the position of any business owner, equity is a valuable asset to a company. Net worth, stockholders equity, and capital are other names for it. Equity may be determined by: Assets – Liabilities equal equity. Equity can be applied to a single asset, such a piece of real estate, or to a company by deducting liabilities from assets. The $100,000 difference, for instance, is equity if a homeowner has a house worth $400,000 but owes $300,000 on the mortgage.
Current ratio = Current Assets / Current liabilities
Current assets= 800*1.2= $960.
To know more about assets visit :
brainly.com/question/14404094
#SPJ4
Maurice finds a dream home on the lake. He wants to buy it but is unsure whether he can get a loan. He signs a contract with the seller that he will buy the home provided that he can get a loan. Maurice also includes a contractual clause in the contract with the seller that if he loses his job before the date the purchase contract is signed, the seller will release him from any obligation. After getting a loan and buying the home, Maurice decided that he wanted new windows. He entered into a contract with a window contractor. The window contractor visited the home, but Maurice was always gone. The contractor made several attempts to reach Maurice, but Maurice would not return phone calls and made no attempt to assist the contractor with installation.
The provision that Maurice did not have to buy the house unless he was able to get a loan is referred to as which of the following?
A. A condition subsequent
B. A condition precedent
C. A bona fide condition
D. A condition concurrent
Answer:
B. A condition precedent
Explanation:
A condition precedent refers to an event i.e. needed prior something else would arise. It is an event that must arrise until its non-occurence would be excused prior performing under a contract treated to be due i.e. prior any type of contractual duty would be existed
So according to the given situation, it is a condition precedent
Therefore the option b is correct
if a producer is not able to expand its plant capacity immediately, it is____
Factory expansion requires huge investments, and it takes time for all companies to make such investments. If producers cannot expand their factories, they will take short-term action.
The plant capacity is the saturation point. The maximum force a plant can produce. Fixed costs are constant costs. It does not change with the level of production of goods and services. Gross cost of production corresponds to variable cost of production. In the long run, all costs will fluctuate. Because in the long run you have enough time to convert all fixed inputs to variable inputs.
Therefore, total costs correspond to variable costs in the long run. Finally, marginal cost increases as production increases because the marginal product of labor decreases. Capacity factor: It is the ratio of the energy actually produced to the maximum energy that could have been produced in a given time period. The plant capacity factory gives the inverse capacity of the plant.
Know more about investments here:
https://brainly.com/question/15353704
#SPJ4
A commercial property has a depreciable basis of $2,225,000. Using the straight-line method, what is the allowable annual depreciation for the property
A commercial real estate has a depreciable base of $2,225,000. Using the straight-line technique, the permissible annual amortization for the building is 57051.28.
In accounting, depreciation refers to two facets of the same concept: initially, the actual decrease in fair value of an asset, like the decline in value of industrial machinery every year as it is used and wears, and second, the allocation of a original cost of the asset to periods in which the investments are used in accounting statements. Thus, depreciation is the drop in asset value as well as the mechanism used to redistribute, or "write down," the cost of a physical commodity throughout its usable life period. Long-term assets are depreciated by businesses for tax and accounting purposes. The drop in asset value affects the financial statement of a firm or corporation, as well as the method of depreciation.
Learn more about method here
https://brainly.com/question/29741213
#SPJ4
What are 4 business environments?
1. International business environment: This type of business environment is characterized by the presence of many countries and cultures as well as different economic, political and legal systems.
2. Domestic business environment: This type of business environment is characterized by a single country and culture, as well as a uniform set of economic, political and legal systems.
3. Regulatory business environment: This type of business environment is characterized by the presence of many government regulations, both domestic and international.
4. Competitive business environment: This type of business environment is characterized by the presence of multiple competitors. Companies must develop strategies to differentiate themselves in order to gain market share and remain competitive.
To know more about business environment click here
https://brainly.com/question/28962722
#SPJ4
What can I spend my discretionary income on?
Discretionary income is money left over after paying taxes and other necessary expenses. It can be used to purchase things that are not essential but are desirable or necessary for a comfortable lifestyle.
Examples of things to spend your discretionary income on include entertainment such as going to the cinema or dinner; travel such as taking leave; or luxury items such as designer clothes or a new television. You can also use discretionary income to save for a specific goal, such as a down payment on a house or car, or investing in shares. It can also be used to pay off debt or donate to charity. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to how to use discretionary income because everyone has different financial goals and needs.
To know more about discretionary income click here
https://brainly.com/question/29627808
#SPJ4
Small explanation about autocratic leadership
Answer:
Autocratic leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions with limited input from stakeholders.
Explanation:
It is often described as a style with ultimate authority and power over others. This type of leadership is typically used to establish centralized control and to achieve desired results. It is characterized by highly structured environments, clearly defined rules and processes, and the leader making all major decisions on their own.
A method of financing life insurance which is best suited for individuals who are in higher tax brackets is known as:
A method of financing life insurance which is best suited for individuals who are in higher tax brackets is known as MEC (Modified Endowment Contracts).
What do you mean by tax?A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on a taxpayer by a state or state equivalent function such as a state. Local governments are charged with financing various public expenditures. Delinquency, tax evasion and tax evasion are punishable. Taxes consist of direct or indirect taxes and can be paid in cash or in labor equivalents. Most countries have tax systems that pay for public, common, or agreed-upon national needs and government functions. Some collect tax on a percentage of annual personal income, but most tax based on annual income.
To learn more about tax
https://brainly.com/question/12770964
#SPJ4
In testing the goodwill at an audit client in the retail industry, an auditor may seek to determine whether the account balance had been impaired. Such impairment procedures would be designed to test which financial statement assertion?
Existence.
Completeness.
Presentation and Disclosure.
Valuation.
Option D is correct. An auditor may try to ascertain whether the account balance has been harmed when evaluating the goodwill at a retail audit client.
What is Valuation Of Goodwill?Despite not being tangible or observable, goodwill is a real asset that may be bought, sold, and transferred. Some examples of goodwill include the value of a company's brand name, strong customer base, useful customer associations, positive employee associations, and any patents or proprietary technology.
The valuer's assumption is used to determine the goodwill valuation. In contrast to new businesses, a successful company builds a reputation within the sector, gains the trust of its customers, and has more extensive commercial connections. All of these factors have a role in determining how well the company is seen, and the financial value that a consumer is willing to spend is referred to as goodwill.
Customers who purchase a business in hopes of making super-profits do it in the name of kindness. Goodwill therefore only applies to companies that generate super-profits, not to those that generate normal losses or profits.
To know more about valuation of goodwill visit:
https://brainly.com/question/22428604
#SPJ4
Which of the following steps is necessary to ensure that a master schedule is valid?
A. worker scheduling
B. order promising
C. inventory counting
D. order booking
E. rough-cut capacity planning
Rough-cut capacity planning steps is necessary to ensure that a master schedule is valid.
What is Rough cut capacity?
Rough cut capacity planning is a method of determining the total available capacity of a manufacturing facility. This type of capacity planning is typically used in the early stages of production planning, when a company is trying to determine how much output it can handle and the resources it will need to meet that output. It is an estimate of capacity that does not take into account any adjustments for efficiency or other factors.
What is a Master schedule?
A master schedule is a detailed timetable of the activities and resources required to complete a project. It is used to coordinate the efforts of the project team and ensure that tasks are completed on time and within budget. The master schedule outlines the timeline, tasks, resources, and milestones of the project.
Therefore the correct option is E. rough-cut capacity planning.
To know more about Rough cut Capcity,
https://brainly.com/question/24281112
#SPJ4
other things the same, an increase in the price level makes the dollars people hold worth ____
Learn concepts like "Other things the same," "increase in the price level makes," and other related terms by studying with Quizlet and memorising flashcards.
What is another word increase?
Increase has a number of popular synonyms, including augment, enlarge, and multiply. While all of these verbs indicate "to make or become greater," "increasing" denotes progressive expansion in size, amount, or intensity when used in the passive. When employed in the active, however, it could also suggest simple addition rather than progressive growth. Increase means to grow or increase in size, quantity, or any other way, like in Our revenue will rise as demand rises. /nkris/ B1. to (make something) increase in size or quantity.
Know more about flashcards visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15418113
#SPJ4
Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.
The expansion of empires and the growth of industrial capitalism have greatly increased global exchanges.
Corporations in developed countries benefited from imperialist power over the rest of the world, especially by encouraging colonized and dependent territories to concentrate on exporting goods.
Commodities are often raw materials or agricultural products such as oil, gold, wheat and coffee, but also include capitalism processed products such as steel and textiles.
Commodities are bought and sold on commodity markets where prices are determined by supply and demand. Commodity prices tend to fluctuate due to factors such as changes in demand, weather and political events.
Know more about Commodities here:
https://brainly.com/question/23132703
#SPJ4
Which of the following IS one of the factors that determine a company's credit rating? a. The percentage of the net income the company allocates in the prior two years to paying back loans outstanding b. The company's average return on shareholders' equity over the most recent three years c. The size of a company's annual interest payments on debt d. The company's dividend payout ratio o Its debt-to-equity ratic
Payment history, age of credit history, amount owed, amount owed and how it is used, industry risk, and company size are used to calculate business credit scores. So option E( debt-to-equity ratio) is correct.
How do credit scores work?A credit score is a numerical expression used to quantify a person's creditworthiness. It is based on a level examination of their credit files. The main component of a credit score is a credit report, which is normally obtained from credit agencies. Despite the fact that ranges differ based on the credit scoring model, generally speaking, credit scores between 580 and 669 are regarded as fair, 670 to 739 as good, 740 to 799 as very good, and 800 and up as exceptional.
To know more about credit scores.visit:
https://brainly.com/question/25668115
#SPJ4
What is the greatest challenge that organic farmers face?
One of the biggest challenges organic farmers face is lack of access to resources and markets. Many organic farmers are small, family businesses and lack the capital to invest in the necessary resources and infrastructure to be successful.
In addition, organic farmers often face high costs associated with obtaining organic certification, which can be a barrier to entering the organic market. Organic farmers also face an uphill battle competing with large industrial farms that have access to economies of scale and access to larger, more lucrative markets. These challenges can make it difficult for organic farmers to remain competitive and successful, and can limit their ability to access the resources necessary to grow their operations.
To know more about organic farmers click here
https://brainly.com/question/30023447
#SPJ4