Answer:
14.12 w /m^2
Explanation:
Determine the heat transfer rate per unit surface area
First step : determine the thermal resistance of the composite wall considering all present forms of heat transfer
Rth = 1 / h₀ + Lp / Kp + Li / Ki + Lp / Kp + 1 / hi --------- ( 1 )
where : h₀ and hi = 5 W/m^2 , Li = 50 mm , Ki = 0.046 W/m.k, Lp = 3 mm,
Kp = 60 W/m.k
Insert values into equation 1 above
Rth = 1.487 m^2. K/W
Next : determine the heat gain per unit surface area ( heat transfer rate )
Q = ( To - Ti ) / Rth
= 21° C / 1.487
= 14.12 W/m^2
Before you can take a lesson exam, you must:
A. Complete all required laboratory exercises.
OB. Listen to all of the audio in the lesson.
C. Review all materials in the course Library.
D. None of these.
You must listen to all of the lesson's audio before you can take the exam. This is the appropriate assertion.
What purpose does a laboratory exercise serve?Students will be able to build deeper and longer lasting knowledge and a deeper comprehension of the scientific method through carefully planned laboratory exercises that emphasize inquiry-based or problem-based learning with attention to active learning under appropriate supervision.
What advantages does audio learning offer?Supporters of this method of learning assert that learning by ear enables one to be adaptable when carrying out a variety of jobs. This is due to the fact that information can be processed without the need of hands or eyes by simply listening to audio recordings.
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gearbox design calculation
Answer:Gearbox design calculations involve a variety of factors, including the type of gearbox, the size and type of gears, the torque and speed requirements, the materials used, and the environmental conditions. The calculations also involve the selection of the appropriate gear ratios, the selection of the appropriate bearings, and the selection of the appropriate lubrication system. Additionally, the calculations must take into account the safety and reliability of the gearbox.
Explanation:
Problem 6. Rods AC and BC are used to suspend the 200-kg mass. If each rod is made of a material for which the average normal stress can not exceed 150 MPa, determine the minimum required diameter of each rod to the nearest mm
The minimum required diameter should be 5 mm for each rod.
What is stress?In physics, stress describes the force acting on a material's unit area. A specific body can become deformed under stress. Strain is the term for the impact that stress has on the body. To restore an object to its original form and size, an opposing force known as a restoring force is produced inside the object. The symbol "σ" stands for stress, which is a tangible quantity. N/m2 is the stress unit in the SI system.
Strength is an object's capacity to withstand the applied stress to the fullest extent possible. Physics distinguishes between two types of stress: Tangential or Shearing Stress and Normal Stress based on the direction of the deforming forces that act on a body.
πd²[tex]_{min}[/tex]/4 = 1962/150
d[tex]_{min}[/tex] = [tex]$ \sqrt{\frac{4 \times 1962}{\Pi \times 150} }[/tex]
d[tex]_{min}[/tex] = 4.081
As, 4 < 4.081 < 5,
The minimum required diameter should be 5 mm for each rod.
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Find the weight W needed to hold the wall shown in Fig. P2.76 upright. The wall is 10 m wide.
The weight needed to hold the wall is equal to 14.9285 N.
What is force equilibrium?The force equilibrium can be described as the addition of the forces about x, y, and z-axis will be equal to zero and the sum of the moment also equal to zero.
Given, the width of the wall, b = 10 m
The height of the water, d = 4 m
The height of the wall, l = 7m
The area of the wall, A = bd = 10(4) = 40 m²
The expression of the centroid of the wall, [tex]\displaystyle \bar x = \frac{d}{2}[/tex]
[tex]\displaystyle \bar x = \frac{4}{2} = 2 m[/tex]
The hydrostatic force, F = ρgAx
F = (1000) (9.81) (40) (2)
F = 784,000 N
The expression for the moment of inertia: [tex]\displaystyle I_C =\frac{bd^3}{12}[/tex]
[tex]I_c = 10\times 4/12 = 53.34 m^4[/tex]
The relation of the center of the pressure gate can be written as:
[tex]\displaystyle \bar h = \bar x +\frac{I_C}{A\bar x}[/tex]
[tex]\bar h = 2 + \frac{53.34}{40\times 2} = 2.667 \; m[/tex]
The moment about point: l × W - F(d - h) = 0
Substitute the values in the above equation:
7 × W - 78400 (4 - 2.667) = 0
7 W = 78400 (4 - 2.667)
W = 14.92 kN
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Given that a fluid at rest is incapable of sustaining any shear stress, set up the relation between the surface traction on an arbitrarily oriented surface element and the pressure. From this, find the relation between the stress tensor and the pressure.
Answer:
Relation between the stress tensor and the pressure is attached below
Explanation:
Expressing the Relation between the surface traction on an arbitrarily oriented surface element
For an arbitrary element
net force can be represented as : P + dp/dx ( dx/2 ) - P + dp/dx ( dx/2 )
= dp/dx * dx
∴ The surface traction can be expressed as
= dp/dx * dxdydz + dp/dx * dxdydz
attached below is the remaining part of the solution
Question 1
(a) A conductor has a constant current of 2 A, how many electrons pass a fixed point on
the conductor in one 30 seconds?
(b) What is the total current of energy source supplying 40 C charge over 10 s? Given the
total energy of 1000 J as heat, compute the voltage drop across the terminal of the
energy source
(c) Calculate the equivalent resistance between points a and b of Figure 3. If the input
current at port ‘a’ is 2 A, what are the voltage supply and the total average power?
WHAT IS MEANT BY BJT AND FUNCTION OF BJT
Answer:
A Bipolar Junction Transistor, or BJT, is a solid-state device in which the current flow between two terminals (the collector and the emitter) is controlled by the amount of current that flows through a third terminal (the base).
The main basic function of a BJT is to amplify current it will allow BJTs are used as amplifiers or switches to produce wide applicability in electronic equipment include mobile phones, industrial control, television, and radio transmitters. There are two different types of BJTs are available, they are NPN and PNP.
Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 6 is 0.414. [Hint: Use the NaCl rock salt crystal structure, and assume that anions and cations are just touching along cube edges and across face diagonals.
According to the question, the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio is 8/1 = 0.414.
What is cation-to-anion radius ratio?
The cation-to-anion radius ratio is a measure of the relative sizes of cations and anions in a given compound. It is calculated by dividing the radius of the cation by the radius of the anion.
We will assume that the cation and anion are of equal size.
Let the radius of the cation and anion be r.
The distance between two adjacent cations/anions along a cube edge is 2r, so the length of the cube edge is 2r/2 = r.
The distance between two adjacent cations/anions across a cube face is sqrt(2)r, so the length of the cube face diagonal is sqrt(2)r/2 = r/sqrt(2).
The volume of the cube is (r/2)^3, so the total number of cations and anions inside the cube is (r/2)^3/(2r^3) = 1/8.
Therefore, the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio is 8/1 = 0.414.
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distinguish between the cis-acting regulatory elements referred to as promoters and enhancers.
Answer: ones on white chocolate and ones on a birthday cake
Explanation:
when using the route command at a command prompt, which entry indicates the default route?
Regardless of whether a default static route is set up, the "default-information originate" command is used to advertise a default route into OSPF.
Static routing is the practice of using a manually specified routing entry rather than information from traffic generated by dynamic routing. Although it isn't always the case, network administrators frequently manually configure static routes in addition to adding entries to a routing table. In contrast to dynamic routing, static routes have been fixed and remain the same despite network configuration changes. Static and dynamic routing are not mutually exclusive. A router often combines both dynamic routing and static routing to maximize routing efficiency and provide fall backs in the case that dynamic routing information cannot be transmitted. As a last-resort gateway or in stub networks, static routing may also be used.
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Tech A says that if you are unsure of what personal protective equipment (PPE) to use to perform a job, you should just use what is nearby. Tech B says that air tools are less likely to shock you than electrically powered tools. Who is correct
According to the question of personal protective equipment, tech B is correct.
What is personal protective equipment?
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is any equipment, clothing, or device designed for use on the body to protect the wearer from injury or infection. This can include items such as gloves, safety glasses, protective clothing, hard hats, respirators, and face masks. Proper use of PPE is important to help reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous materials and environments, as well as the spread of infection. PPE is most effective when used in combination with other safety measures, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, and good hygiene practices.
Air tools are powered by compressed air and are considered to be safer than electrically powered tools because they are not connected to an electrical source.
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When operating near an uncontrolled airport, which frequency should the remote-pilot use to monitor air traffic
The frequency the remote-pilot should use to monitor air traffic near an uncontrolled airport is the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF).
What is air traffic?
Air traffic is the movement of aircrafts such as planes and helicopters in a certain area. This may include both civilian and military aircrafts. Air traffic is managed by air traffic controllers who are responsible for ensuring the safety of aircrafts by providing directions and instructions on the ground and in the air. They also inform pilots about the current weather conditions and ensure the proper separation of aircrafts from each other. Air traffic controllers must constantly monitor the positions and movements of aircrafts in their airspace and keep track of all the data related to their flight paths.
The CTAF is a frequency used by pilots and air traffic control to exchange information about aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport.
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An engineer follows the rigorous design procedure for end plate connections according to the ASD method. So far it has been determined that the thickness of the end plate is 0.5 in. while its ultimate tensile strength is 100 kips. Four holes which are 0.875 in. in diameter are to be drilled into the plate to accommodate bolts. From these values, what is the factored bearing deformation strength per bolt
Answer:
105 kips
Explanation:
Determine the factored bearing deformation strength per bolt
we can determine this using the relationship below
Bearing deformation strength = C * Area * Fl --------- ( 1 )
Fl = factored load = 100 kips
Area ( bearing area ) = diameter of bolt * thickness of end plate
= 0.875 * 0.5 = 0.4375 in^2
C = 2.4 ( constant for bolt holes not drilled at edges )
back to equation 1
2.4 * 0.4375 * 100
= 105 kips
A child accidentally runs into the street in front of an approaching vehicle. The vehicle is traveling at 40 mi/h. Assuming the road is level, at what distance must the driver first see the child to stop just in time? a) 153.7 ft b) 300.3 ft c) 318.8 ft d) 146.7 ft
Assuming the road is level, the driver must see the child at 300.3 ft to stop just in time. Hence, option C) is the correct answer.
What is the distance needed to stop?The distance travelled between the moment the body decides to stop a moving vehicle and the moment the vehicle comes to a complete stop is known as the stopping distance. The stopping distance, indicated by the letter d, is dependent on a number of variables, including as the road's surface and the driver's reflexes.
What is the frictional stopping distance?The distance the car travels before coming to a halt is known as the stopping distance. It is depending on the vehicle's speed as well as the amount of road-to-wheel friction.
Briefing:Deceleration rate is considered 11.2 ft/s²
a = 11.2 ft/s²
= 1^2/2 = (40 mi/h×5280 ft/1 mi×1 h/3600 s)²/22×11.2=240.07 ft
Stopping distance would be:
= 240.07+ 60.23 ft = 300.3 ft
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find the capacitance reactance of a 0.1 micro frequency capacitor 50Hz and at 200Hz
Complete Question:
Find the capacitive reactance of a 0.1 microfarad capacitor with frequency 50Hz and at 200Hz.
Answer:
I. Capacitive reactance = 31826.86 Ohms.
II. Capacitive reactance = 7956.72 Ohms.
Explanation:
Given the following data;
Capacitance = 0.1 uF = 0.0000001 Farad
Frequency = 50 Hz and 200 Hz
To find the capacitive reactance;
Mathematically, the capacitive reactance of an electronic circuit is given by the formula;
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{2 \pi fc} [/tex]
Where;
Xc is capacitive reactance.f is the frequency.c is the capacitance.Substituting into the formula, we have;
I. At frequency, f = 50 Hz
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{2 * 3.142 * 50 * 0.0000001} [/tex]
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{314.2 * 0.0000001} [/tex]
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{0.00003142} [/tex]
[tex]X_{c} = 31826.86[/tex]
II. At frequency, f = 200 Hz
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{2 * 3.142 * 200 * 0.0000001} [/tex]
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{1256.8 * 0.0000001} [/tex]
[tex] X_{c} = \frac {1}{0.00012568} [/tex]
[tex]X_{c} = 7956.72[/tex]
You are designing a highway to AASHTO guidelines on rolling terrain where the design speed will be 65 mi/h. At one section, a 1.25% grade and a -2.25% grade must be connected with an equal-tangent vertical curve. Determine the minimum length of curve to meet SSD requirements
The minimum length of the curve meeting the SSD requirements is 643.72 ft.
What is SSD?
The Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) is the smallest sight distance that is accessible to a driver on a highway at any location long enough to allow the driver to safely stop a vehicle driving at design speed without colliding with any other obstruction.It is a crucial component in traffic engineering.The formula for SSD is given as, [tex]SSD=vt+\frac{v^{2} }{2g(f \pm \frac{n}{100}) }[/tex]From the given question, we have the grades, [tex]g_{1}=+1.25%[/tex], [tex]g_{2}=-2.25%[/tex], and the design speed, [tex]v=65[/tex] mi/h
So, [tex]SSD=vt+\frac{v^{2} }{2g(f \pm \frac{n}{100}) }\\\implies SSD=1.47(65)(2.5)+\frac{65^{2} }{30(0.347826 \pm \frac{1.25}{100}) }\\\implies SSD=630'[/tex]
The length of the vertical curve is given as, [tex]L=2(SSD)-\frac{2158}{A}[/tex]
When SSD>L, we have\
[tex]L=2(630)-\frac{2158}{-2.25-1.25}\\\implies L=1876.57 ft[/tex]
When SSD<L, we have
[tex]L=\frac{A(SSD)^{2} }{2158} \\\implies L=\frac{(-2.25-1.25)(630)^{2} }{2158} \\\implies L=643.72 ft[/tex]
Hence, the minimum length of the vertical curve is 643.721 ft.
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The standard overload protection for a 2 hp, 115 V, single phase motor has a nameplate rating of 21.50 A shall not be rated greater than __________________ amperes.
The standard overload protection for a 2 hp, 115 V, single phase motor has a nameplate rating of 21.50 A shall not be rated greater than 21.50 A amperes.
What is motor?
Motor is an electro-mechanical device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is widely used in industrial and domestic applications to produce rotational motion for machines. Motors are available in a variety of sizes and types, ranging from small DC motors to large AC synchronous motors. Motors are used to power a wide range of machines, from small fans and pumps to large industrial machines such as elevators, cranes, and conveyors. Motors can be powered by electricity, batteries, or fuel, and can be used to move objects in different directions. Motor control systems can be used to control the speed and direction of a motor, allowing for precise and efficient control of a machine. Motors are essential components of modern machines and are used in a wide variety of devices such as electric vehicles, robots, and home appliances.
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true or false : an attempt to pass a non-variable argument into a reference variable parameter will cause an error.
Answer: true
Explanation:
what's the difference between programming paradigms ?
Answer:
Programming paradigms are different approaches to programming. Each paradigm is concerned with the way code is written, structured, and organized. The main paradigms are procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logical. Each of these has its own set of rules and principles that guide how code is written and executed. Procedural programming focuses on implementing algorithms and breaking tasks down into smaller steps. Object-oriented programming focuses on breaking tasks down into objects and classes. Functional programming focuses on writing code that is easy to read and maintain. Logical programming focuses on using logic to solve problems.
Explanation:
Hope It Help You
Answer:
A programming paradigm is a style or approach to programming, characterized by the way in which the programmer writes the code. There are several different programming paradigms, including:
Explanation:
Imperative programming: This is the most traditional style of programming, in which the programmer writes code that specifies a series of steps to be carried out in order to solve a problem. Imperative programming languages include C, C++, and Java.
Object-oriented programming: In this style of programming, the programmer writes code in the form of objects, which are self-contained units that combine data and behavior. Object-oriented programming languages include Java, Python, and C#.
Functional programming: In functional programming, the programmer writes code in the form of functions, which are self-contained units that take input and produce output, without modifying any external state. Functional programming languages include Haskell, Lisp, and ML.
Logic programming: In this style of programming, the programmer writes code in the form of logical statements, and the language's runtime system is responsible for finding a solution that satisfies all of the statements. Logic programming languages include Prolog and Mercury.
Declarative programming: In declarative programming, the programmer specifies what the desired result should be, rather than how to achieve it. The language's runtime system is responsible for finding a way to produce the desired result. Declarative programming languages include SQL and regular expressions.
Why is it so important that you need to know when calculate a bevel gear two (2) different numbers of gear teeth are to be know?
It is important to know the number of teeth on the two gears when calculating a bevel gear because the number of teeth determines the gear ratio, which in turn determines the torque and speed at which the gears will operate.
How to calculate the gear ratio?The gear ratio is calculated by dividing the number of teeth on the driving gear by the number of teeth on the driven gear.
If the number of teeth is not known, it would be impossible to accurately calculate the gear ratio and determine the performance of the gear set.
Additionally, the number of teeth also affects the meshing pattern and the contact ratio between gear teeth, which is also important to the gear's performance.
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the the rectangular components of acceleration for a particle are ax = 3t and ay= (30-10t) where a is in m/ s^2 . if the particles start from rest at the origin. find the radius of curvature of the path at the instant 2 second
Answer:
i like icecream
Explanation:
what was the main source of radio exposure for indie rock in the 1990s?
Answer: The main source of radio exposure for indie rock in the 1990s was college radio.
Explanation: College radio stations were especially important for indie rock bands, as they provided an alternative to the mainstream music played on commercial radio stations. College radio stations provided indie rock bands with a platform to reach a wider audience, and many of these bands gained a large following as a result. College radio stations also provided an outlet for independent labels to promote their music, which allowed indie rock to gain more exposure.
disc type parking brake mechanically applies the brake pads againts the disc rotor when the actuating lever causes the check balls to ride up the ball ramp
Disc-type automotive braking systems mechanically apply the brake pads against the disc rotor when the actuator causes the control balls to move up the ball ramp.
Automotive disc braking systems are a safe and reliable form of braking. They are designed to stop the vehicle quickly and safely. These braking systems work by applying pressure from the brake discs to the brake discs mounted on the wheel axle.
This in turn causes the discs to press against the brake calipers, which in turn are applied to the discs. This action results in safe and reliable braking.
These braking systems also have a mechanical parking function, which is activated by the actuator lever. When the lever is activated, the control balls are moved up the ball ramp, which causes the brake discs to be applied to the rotor to ensure safe braking.
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Me in a good way what is 16÷ 4743
Answer:
0.00337339236
Answer:
Hey there! 16 divided by 4743 is approximately equal to 0.003366. This means that if you take 16 and divide it by 4743, the result will be a number that is very close to 0.003366. This division problem can be written as the fraction 16/4743, or as the decimal 0.003366.
________________________________________________________
What are some common mistakes to avoid when solving division problems?Some common mistakes to avoid when solving division problems include forgetting to carry the remainder, failing to check for divisibility, and mixing up the order of the dividend and the divisor. It is also important to pay attention to the units of measurement and to ensure that the units in the dividend and the divisor are compatible.
What are some strategies for solving division problems with large numbers?Some strategies for solving division problems with large numbers include using place value to break down the numbers into smaller units, using long division or a calculator to perform the division, and using estimation to check the reasonableness of the answer. It can also be helpful to use mental math techniques, such as rounding, to simplify the division problem. Other strategies might include using division to find the prime factorization of a number or to identify common factors or multiples.
The design of a concrete mix requires 1173 kg/m3 of gravel in dry condition, 582 kg/m3 of sand in dry condition, and 157 kg/m3 of free water. The gravel available at the site has a moisture content of 0.9% and absorption of 1.5%, and the available sand has a moisture content of 1.2 and absorption of 1.5%. What are the masses of gravel, sand, and water per cubic meter that should be used at the job site
Answer:
- the weight of the gravel is 1183.56 kg/m³
- the weight of sand is 588.98 kg/m³
- the weight of water is 165.784 kg/m³
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
mixture content of the gravel = 1173 kg/m³
sand content = 582 kg/m³
free water content = 157 kg/m³
moist of gravel = 0.9%
absorption of gravel = 1.5%
moist of sand = 1.2%
absorption of sand = 1.5%
masses of gravel, sand, and water per cubic meter that should be used at the job site ?
To get the weight of moist gravel, we use the following equation;
Weight of moist gravel = content of gravel × ( 1 + moist of gravel )
we substitute
Weight of moist gravel = 1173 × ( 1 + 0.9%)
Weight of moist gravel = 1173 × ( 1 + 0.009)
Weight of moist gravel = 1173 × 1.009
Weight of moist gravel = 1183.56 kg/m³
Therefore, the weight of the gravel is 1183.56 kg/m³
To get weight of the sand, we use the following formula;
Weight of sand = sand content × ( 1 + moist of sand )
we substitute
Weight of sand = 582 × ( 1 + 1.2% )
Weight of sand = 582 × ( 1 + 0.012 )
Weight of sand = 582 × 1.012
Weight of sand = 588.98 kg/m³
Therefore, the weight of sand is 588.98 kg/m³
To get the weight of mix water ; we use the following equation;
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = water content - gravel content( moist of gravel - absorption of gravel) - sand content( moist of sand - absorption of sand )
so we substitute
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = 157 - 1173( 0.9% - 1.5%) - 582( 1.2% - 1.5% )
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = 157 - 1173( 0.009 - 0.015) - 582( 0.012 - 0.015 )
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = 157 - 1173( -0.006 ) - 582( -0.003 )
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = 157 + 7.038 + 1.746
[tex]Mix-Water_{weight[/tex] = 165.784 kg/m³
Therefore, the weight of water is 165.784 kg/m³
La viscosidad de un liquido es igual a 0.04 N s/m^2 . Este valor en Dinas s/cm^2 se encuentra en el literal
Answer:
0.4 Dinas*s/cm^2
Explanation:
Tenemos una viscosidad:
V = 0.04 N*s/m^2
Y queremos reescribir esto en Dinas*s/cm^2
Primero transformemos la unidad del denominador, es decir, tenemos que pasar de 1/m^2 a 1/cm^2
Para ello, usamos que:
1m = 100cm
entonces:
(1m/100cm) = 1
Si elevamos ambos lados al cuadrado, obtenemos:
(1m/100cm)^2 = 1
Ahora podemos multiplicar el valor de la viscosidad por esto (que es igual a 1)
V = 0.04 N*s/m^2*((1m/100cm)^2 = 0.00004 N*s/cm^2
Ahora debemos convertir de Newtons a Dinas
Sabemos que:
1 N = 100,000 dinas
1 = (100,000 dinas/1N)
Entonces, de vuelta podemos multiplicar nuestra viscosidad por (100,000 dinas/1N), que es igual a 1 (asi que no cambia el valor, solo sirve para cambiar las unidades)
0.00004 N*s/cm^2 = (100,000 dinas/1N)*(0.00004 N*s/cm^2)
= (100,000 dinas)*(0.00004 s/cm^2)
= 0.4 Dinas*s/cm^2
6. She folded the clean towel and put in the closet.
A Mass Noun
C. Count Noun
B. Collective Noun
D. Possessive Noun
Can you answer this!!!
Answer:
C. Count Noun
Explanation:
raw sugar cane is taken into a process to create sugar, which is essentially sucrose. the raw cane is approximately 16% sucrose, 63% water, and the rest fiber by mass. juice from the cane is extracted by passing the cane through a series of crushers. about 5% extra mass of water is added to the sugar cane prior to this step to help in the extraction process. the crushed cane and liquid juice is sent to a filter press that creates a cake that contains 4% of the weight of the cane juice, which has a composition similar to the overall non-fiber content of the raw cane. the filtrate is sent to an evaporator where enough water is evaporated to obtain a pale yellow juice that is 41% water. a
The next step in the process is to purify the juice. This is done by adding calcium hydroxide which removes impurities and non-sucrose components. The juice is then heated and concentrated in vacuum pans.
What is vacuum?
Vacuum is an empty space devoid of matter. It is a space that is completely void of any matter, including molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles. It has zero pressure and is a state of matter considered to be more rare than a gas, liquid, or solid. Vacuums can be generated artificially in a laboratory setting or can occur naturally in the absence of air or other gasses. Vacuum environments are used in many scientific and industrial applications and are especially important in the field of physics, where they are used to study the behavior of matter on a microscopic scale.
This process drives off the water and forms a thick syrup containing 85-95% sucrose. The syrup is then seeded with sugar crystals and further heated in a process called inversion. Finally, the sugar is packaged for sale or further processed into other forms of sugar such as brown sugar, powdered sugar, and so on.
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Significance of a research report
Explanation:
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
(1) to build knowledge and facilitate efficient learning, (2) to understand various issues, (3) to know the truth and prove lies, and (4) to seek opportunities among others
A BOD test is run using 30 mL of wastewater and 270 mL of dilution water. The initial DO of the mixture is 9.0 mg/L. On day 5 the DO in the bottle measured 4 mg/L. After 30 days, the DO in the bottle measured 2 mg/L, and after 50 days, the DO in the bottle still measured 2 mg/L. At the beginning of the test, we added a nitrification inhibitor so we can assume that nitrification is not occurring, so only the carbonaceous BOD is being measured.
a) What is the BODs of the wastewater?
b) What is the ultimate carbonaceous BOD?
c) How much BOD remains after 5 days?
d) Based on the data above, estimate the reaction rate constant k (1/day).
Answer:
Explanation:
From the given information:
The BOD of the wastewater can be determined by using the formula:
[tex]BOD _5 = \dfrac{DO_i-DO_f}{\dfrac{V_s}{V_b}}[/tex]
where;
[tex]BOD _5 =[/tex]biochemical oxygen demand = ???
[tex]DO_i=[/tex] initial dissolved oxygen = 9 mg/L
[tex]DO_f=[/tex] final dissolved oxygen = 4 mg/L
[tex]V_b =[/tex] sample of the bottle, which is normally 300 mL
[tex]V_s[/tex] = sample volume = 30 mL
[tex]BOD _5 = \dfrac{9-4}{\dfrac{30}{300}}[/tex]
[tex]BOD _5 = \dfrac{5}{\dfrac{1}{10}}[/tex]
[tex]BOD _5 = 5\times{\dfrac{10}{1}}[/tex]
[tex]\mathbf{BOD _5 = 50 \ mg/L}[/tex]
The ultimate Carbonaceous BOD is estimated from the formula:
[tex]y_t = L_o-L_t \\ \\ y_t = L_o-L_oe^{-kt} \\ \\ y_t = L_o (1-e^{-kt})[/tex]
Making [tex]L_o[/tex] the subject, we have:
[tex]L_o = \dfrac{y_t}{(1-e^{-kt}} \\ \\ L_o = \dfrac{50}{1 - e^{-0.25*5}}[/tex]
[tex]L_o[/tex] = 70 mg/L
c) The BOD left over after five days = [tex]L_oe^{-kt}[/tex]
= [tex]70 \times e^{-0.25 *5}[/tex]
= 20 mg/L
d) The reaction constant rate is estimated as follows:
Recall that:
[tex]\mathbf{BOD _5 = 50 \ mg/L}[/tex]
Since DO measure 2 mg/L;
After 30 days, [tex]BOD_{30} = (9-2) \times 10 = 70 \ mg/L[/tex]
Therefore, the reaction rate constant is:
[tex]\dfrac{50 \ mg/L}{70 \ mg/L} =\dfrac{1-e^{-k*5}}{1-e^{-k*30}} \\ \\ 50 (1-e^{-k*30}) = 70 (1-e^{-k*5}) \\ \\ K = 0.25 /day[/tex]