Cost of Goods Sold:
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) refers to the cost of producing or acquiring the goods or services that a company sells. The cost of goods sold is shown on the income statement as a cost of sales and is subtracted from revenue to calculate gross profit.
Annual Turnover:
Annual turnover is the total value of goods sold or services provided by a business over a given period of time. The annual turnover is calculated by multiplying the average price of the goods or services sold by the total number of units sold during the year.
It is used to determine the overall financial performance of a business.Holding Cost:Holding cost is the cost of carrying inventory, including the cost of storing, insuring, and managing inventory. Holding costs are expressed as a percentage of the value of inventory held over a certain period of time.
The total annual cost for carrying inventory at V.F. Brands is calculated as follows:
Total Annual Cost = Cost of Goods Sold × Holding Cost × Annual Turnover / 100
As per the given values, COGS = $5,557 million
Annual turnover = 3.259Holding cost = 20% = 0.2
Substituting the values in the above formula, we get:
Total Annual Cost = 5,557 × 0.2 × 3.259 / 100= $3.62 million
Therefore, the total annual cost for carrying inventory at V.F.
Brands is 3.62 million (rounded to one decimal place).
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Suppose we want to know the impact of years of education on hourly wage (in dollars). Based on our sample, we estimate that wage
i =8+0.5 ducation i. a) Interpret β^0 and β^1 in this economic context. b) Do you think β 1^is biased? (Hint: think about what's in the error term). c) What is the predicted hourly wage for someone with only 9 years of education? d) Suppose Mickey and Minnie Mouse both have 16 years of education. We observed that Mickey is making $15 per hour and Minnie is making $21 per hour. Calculate the residuals for Mickey and Minnie. e) True or False: we should always drop observations that have missing data.
Interpretation of β^0 and β^1β^0 is the expected hourly wage of those who have zero years of education. β^1 is the change in hourly wage that comes with every additional year of education.
How to find?b) No, β1 is not biased. The error term is not a function of education. Because the error term includes all other factors that contribute to wage rates, it is likely that the error term is uncorrelated with education.
Therefore, the OLS estimates of β1 are consistent.
c) The predicted hourly wage for someone with only 9 years of education is as follows:
wage= 8 + 0.5 * 9
= 12.5 dollars per hour
d) Mickey's residual = 15 - (8 + 0.5 * 16)
= -3 dollars per hour.
Minnie's residual = 21 - (8 + 0.5 * 16)
= 5 dollars per hour
e) False, we should not always drop observations that have missing data.
If too many observations are deleted, there may be insufficient information to produce precise and reliable estimates. If we can figure out why certain data is missing, we can use various imputation techniques to complete the missing data.To know more on Wage visit:
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Correctly setting prices in the airline industry is challenging. United Airlines has in recent years begun competing with ultra-low cost carriers (ULCC5), airlines which offer limited services: no reserved seats, snacks, drinks, ability to carry on a bag, in-flight entertainment, seats that recline, leg room, and often, on-time arrivals. United's Basic Economy offers a similar level of service at a slightly lower price than normal economy class. In 2019, the company was able to upsell 60 to 70 percent of bookings from basic economy to a standard fare. They also make significant revenues on additional fees. When United introduced Basic Economy fares in 2016, it projected that between fees and upgrades, the program would earn an additional one billion dollars by 2020. To continue to survive, United Airlines will have to carefully manage their pricing process to meet the needs of all the classes of passengers that they serve. 1. Consider the issue of price elasticity for the two broad classes of United's customer base: leisure travelers and business travelers. Is the demand for air travel from each of these customer groups generally elastic or inelastic?
2. As seen above, competition is a big factor in United's pricing decisions. What other factors in the external environment should marketers consider in their flight scheduling and ticket pricing? 3. Consumers can be fickle. Assume competitors change their pricing strategies and consumers abandon United's Basic Economy class. What are three suggestions for ways United might adjust its offerings and pricing in order to gain long-term customer loyalty?
Consider the issue of price elasticity for the two broad classes of United's customer base: leisure travelers and business travelers.
Is the demand for air travel from each of these customer groups generally elastic or inelastic? Price elasticity refers to the extent to which demand for a product rises or falls in response to changes in its price. The concept of price elasticity applies to each class of United's customer base: leisure travelers and business travelers.
The demand for leisure travelers is generally elastic. Leisure travelers have more flexibility in their travel plans and are more sensitive to price changes. As a result, even minor price changes might persuade them to fly with a different airline or at a different time.
Business travelers, on the other hand, have inelastic demand. They're more time-sensitive and have a smaller price range. As a result, they are willing to pay more to arrive at their destination on time, hence they do not typically change airlines based on small price variations.
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Suppose the utility function for goods x and y is given Utility =U(x,y)=2x+y a. Suppose price of both x and y is $1. You have total $10 to spend, calculate the amount of goodx and y you are willing and able to buy? b. Suppose price of x changed to $4. Price of y and your disposable income remain the same: i. calculates the change in the amount of good x, that is caused by the substitution effect (the effect on consumption due to a change in price holding real income or utility constant). ii. calculate the change in the amount of good x, that is caused by the income effect (the effect on consumption due to a change in real income caused by a change in price).
(a) x = 10 - y
(b) Change in the amount of good x due to substitution effect = x - x1
(ii) Change in the amount of good x due to income effect = x - x2
a. To calculate the amount of good x and y you are willing and able to buy, you can use the budget constraint equation. In this case, the price of both x and y is $1, and you have a total of $10 to spend.
Let's assume you buy x units of good x and y units of good y. The budget constraint equation is given by:
1x + 1y = 10
Since the price of both goods is $1, we can rewrite the equation as:
x + y = 10
Now, we can solve this equation for x in terms of y:
x = 10 - y
b. i. To calculate the change in the amount of good x caused by the substitution effect, we need to compare the quantities demanded before and after the change in price.
Before the change in price, we had the equation:
x + y = 10
After the change in price, the price of x becomes $4, while the price of y and your disposable income remain the same. Let's assume you now buy x1 units of good x and y1 units of good y. The new budget constraint equation is given by:
4x1 + 1y1 = 10
Solving this equation for x1 in terms of y1:
x1 = (10 - y1)/4
To calculate the change in the amount of good x caused by the substitution effect, you can subtract x1 from x:
Change in the amount of good x due to substitution effect = x - x1
ii. To calculate the change in the amount of good x caused by the income effect, we need to compare the quantities demanded before and after the change in price.
Using the original budget constraint equation:
x + y = 10
After the change in price, the price of x becomes $4, while the price of y and your disposable income remain the same. Let's assume you now buy x2 units of good x and y2 units of good y. The new budget constraint equation is given by:
4x2 + 1y2 = 10
Solving this equation for x2 in terms of y2:
x2 = (10 - y2)/4
To calculate the change in the amount of good x caused by the income effect, you can subtract x2 from x:
Change in the amount of good x due to income effect = x - x2
Remember, the substitution effect refers to the change in consumption due to a change in price, while the income effect refers to the change in consumption due to a change in real income caused by a change in price.
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My duties as an accountant with my organization included the signing of Local Purchase Orders (LPOs) for the purchase of stores. I was also to certify that the items ordered had been received by signing the Stores Received Voucher (SRV) after the storekeeper and internal auditor had signed their portions to that effect. (Until this incident, I accepted their word that stores had been received without any verification.)
It was getting to the end of the financial year and we had some balances left on some of our accounts. A decision was, therefore, taken to purchase some items for use. The items to be purchased were forty wheelbarrows, two hundred pieces each of pickaxes, spades, shovels, rakes and matchets.
After quotations had been received from bidders, an LPO was issued for the supply of these items. Three days later, the storekeeper brought me the Stores Received Voucher (SRV) to certify. He and the internal auditor had already signed their portions as having received the stores "in good condition". The invoices were, therefore, processed and payment was made to the supplier. Post-auditing had also been done and "confirmed" that the items were in stock.
About two months after this transaction, one of our regional accountants brought a payment voucher for processing for the purchase of three wheelbarrows, five each of spades, pickaxes, rakes and matchets for use at the Regional Office. I refused to authorise the processing of the voucher and directed the regional accountant to bring up a requisition for the supply of the items from our stores. This he did but when he presented it to the storekeeper, the stock level was said to be "NIL". I asked the storekeeper to no stock of those items in his store. There was also no record of the stores purchased two months earlier. He (the store-keeper) could not give me any explanation for the non-receipt of the stores purchased.
After the close of work that same day, I was at home, at about 7:00p.m., when a "delegation" came to see me. The "delegation" included the storekeeper, the
internal auditor, some senior staff members and the supplier. Their mission was to give me my portion of the cost of the goods that were supposed to have been supplied. The money (about GHc450,000), accowas to have been given to me some weeks earlier by the supplier but he travelled, hence his inability to give me my share until I detected the deal. I refused to take the money.
The impression I gathered at the meeting with the "delegation" was that this was a normal practice in most departments and that pursuing the matter would not even be in my interest. I, therefore, took the money. They thanked me for my "co-operation" and left. I assured them I would not report the conduct of the storekeeper and internal auditor.
1. Identify ten (10) issues involved in the case study.
2. Comment on the practice of rushing to spend unspent money before the end of the fiscal year.
3. What would be your position if the presentation had been done before you detected the fraud.
4. How will you handle this situation differently?
The issues involved in the case study are as follows:The accountant's duties included the signing of Local Purchase Orders (LPOs) for the purchase of stores. The certification of received items by signing the Stores Received Voucher (SRV) was part of the accountant's duties.
The accountant accepted their word that stores had been received without any verification.There were balances left on some accounts towards the end of the financial year. It was then decided to purchase some items for use. The items to be purchased were forty wheelbarrows, two hundred pieces each of pickaxes, spades, shovels, rakes and matchets.
An LPO was issued for the supply of these items after quotations had been received from bidders.If such a scenario were to happen again, the accountant should verify the received items before signing and certifying the Stores Received Voucher (SRV). The accountant should also reject any gift or financial gratification, and promptly report any fraudulent activity detected to the relevant authorities.
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Are governments and not-for-profits organizations required to prepare budgets? Use example of a government department to support your views.
Identify some essential components of the annual budget process for a state or local government. How long might the process take? Students can refer to the Government of Fiji or a local municipality like Suva City Council to discuss the process of budgeting.
Discussion at a local meeting of government finance officers centered on using a balanced scorecard to present information to the public on the government’s website. Describe the components of a balanced scorecard and provide an example of how each component is applicable in a government setting.
Question
Assuming the role of a consultant to the government of Fiji, you were given the task to develop a performance measurement tool to measure the performance of The Ministry of Health in its battle to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on your undergraduate studies at USP, you have learnt about the Balanced Scorecard and its potential to measure performance from more than one perspective. Hence you decided to propose this performance measurement tool.
Required:
Briefly describe the relevance of using BSC at the Ministry of Health.
Design a specific BSC for the Ministry of Health that it can use to measure its performance. The BSC must specify at least one objective, one Lag indicator and one lead indicator for each of the four perspectives.
Yes, governments and not-for-profit organizations are required to prepare budgets. For instance, in Fiji, the Ministry of Health is responsible for preparing an annual budget to finance its programs and services.
The essential components of the annual budget process for a state or local government. The process may take several months or even up to a year. For instance, the budget process for the Government of Fiji starts in July and ends in December.
For the Ministry of Health in Fiji, the relevance of using a balanced scorecard is to provide a framework for measuring its performance in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic from multiple perspectives. A balanced scorecard can help the Ministry of Health to align its resources, monitor progress toward its objectives, and improve communication with stakeholders.
Here is an example of a balanced scorecard for the Ministry of Health in Fiji :perspective: Financial Management Objective: To optimize the use of financial resources ag indicator: Percentage of budget spent on COVID-19 response lead indicator: Cost per case perspective: Customer Service Objective: To ensure quality healthcare services for COVID-19 patients Lag indicator: Patient satisfaction rate lead indicator: Percentage of COVID-19 cases resolved perspective.
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Compute a Predetermined Overhead Rate [LO2-1] Harris Fabrics computes its plantwide predetermined overhead rate annually on the basis of direct labor-hours. At the beginning of the year, it estimated that 44,000 direct labor-hours would be required for the period's estimated level of production. The company also estimated $597,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead cost for the coming period and variable manufacturing overhead of $2.00 per direct labor-hour. Harris's actual manufacturing overhead cost for the year was $768,434 and its actual total direct labor was 44,500 hours. Required: Compute the company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate for the year. (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) Exercise 2-2 (Algo) Apply Overhead Cost to Jobs [LO2-2] Luthan Company uses a plantwide predetermined overhead rate of $23.30 per direct labor-hour. This predetermined rate was based on a cost formula that estimated $279,600 of total manufacturing overhead cost for an estimated activity level of 12,000 direct laborhours. The company incurred actual total manufacturing overhead cost of $269,000 and 11,800 total direct labor-hours during the period. Required: Determine the amount of manufacturing overhead cost that would have been applied to all jobs during the period. Answer is complete but not entirely correct. Exercise 2-3 (Algo) Computing Total Job Costs and Unit Product Costs Using a Plantwide Predetermined Overhead Rate [LO2-3] Mickley Company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate is $19.00 per direct labor-hour and its direct labor wage rate is $10.00 per hour. The following informotion pertains to Job A.500: Required: 1. What is the total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A. 500 ? 2. If Job A.500 consists of 70 units, what is the unit product cost for this job? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Compute a Predetermined Overhead Rate: Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated total manufacturing overhead costs ÷ Estimated total amount of the allocation base.
The estimated total manufacturing overhead costs are $597,000 + (44,000 × $2.00) = $685,000Therefore the estimated total amount of the allocation base is 44,000 direct labor hours.
The predetermined overhead rate is $685,000 ÷ 44,000 direct labor hours = $15.57 per direct labor hour. Exercise 2-2:Manufacturing overhead cost = Predetermined overhead rate × Actual direct labor hours. Therefore, Manufacturing overhead cost = $23.30 × 11,800 = $274,940
Exercise 2-3:1. Total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A. 500 = Direct materials + Direct labor + Manufacturing overhead costs. Total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A. 500 = $6,400 + ($1,350 + $1,050) + ($1,350 + $1,050)Therefore, Total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A. 500 = $10,850.
2. Unit product cost for this job = Total manufacturing cost assigned to the job ÷ Number of units produced. Therefore ,Unit product cost for this job = $10,850 ÷ 70 units = $154.86 per unit.
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2.1)which of the following is not normally be considered a principle of a modern tax system :
- EFFICENTCY
- raise revenue
equity
economic impact
2.2)an ideal tax system should conform to certain principles. which of the following statement is not generally regarded as a principle of an ideal tax ?
- it should raise as much money as possible for the government
- it should not be arbitrary it should be certain
- it should be fair to different individual and should reflect a person ability to pay
- it should be convenient in terms of timing and payment
The principle of "economic impact" is not normally considered a principle of a modern tax system, while efficiency, raising revenue, and equity are recognized as essential principles.
2.1) The principle of "economic impact" is not normally considered a principle of a modern tax system. The other three principles—efficiency, raising revenue, and equity—are widely recognized as essential principles for designing a modern tax system.
Efficiency refers to minimizing the economic distortions caused by taxation and ensuring that resources are allocated in the most productive way. A tax system should strive to minimize any negative effects on economic incentives, productivity, and economic growth.
Raising revenue is a fundamental purpose of taxation. A tax system should generate sufficient revenue to fund government activities and public goods, such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, and defense.
Equity, also known as fairness, implies that a tax system should distribute the tax burden in a just manner. It should be designed to ensure that individuals with different income levels or abilities to pay contribute proportionally to their income or wealth.
2.2) The statement that is not generally regarded as a principle of an ideal tax system is: "It should raise as much money as possible for the government." While raising revenue is an important principle, the primary objective of an ideal tax system is not simply to maximize government revenue.
An ideal tax system aims to strike a balance between revenue generation and other principles, such as efficiency, equity, and convenience. Maximizing revenue without considering the broader impacts on the economy, fairness, or administrative convenience can lead to unintended consequences and negative effects.
Instead, an ideal tax system should focus on achieving a fair distribution of the tax burden, promoting economic efficiency, minimizing distortionary effects, ensuring certainty and predictability, and providing convenience to taxpayers in terms of timing and payment options.
These principles collectively contribute to a well-designed and effective tax system that supports economic growth, social welfare, and public trust.
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Please read the short case study below, and answer Questions C4
Trans Move is a company providing logistical services for businesses to manage the supply chain. The services they provide include warehouse management, order fulfilment, distribution and shipping orders, and thus cover inbound flow, outbound flow, and return management. On top of transportation of freight, Trans Move also manages the distribution of freight for some clients. In some cases, Trans Move stores and manages a client's products in Trans Move's warehouses and decides when to ship the orders, as long as the order fulfilment meets the client's requirements.
Question C4
One client of Trans Move is a local supermarket, for which Trans Move provides freight transportation and delivery services, and one thing to negotiate in this relationship is the freight rate. In the class, we have discussed seven economic drivers that influence transportation rate. They include:
(1) Distance;
(2) Weight;
(3) Density;
(4) Stowability;
(5) Handling:
(6) Liability;
(7) Market condition.
From the above list, select two factors and discuss how each of them could impact determination of freight rate for Trans Move. At least one factor should be selected from (4) - (7).
From the list of the seven economic drivers that influence transportation rate, two factors that could impact the determination of the freight rate for Trans Move are:Stowability.
Stowability, which is the ease of loading and unloading the freight, could impact the determination of the freight rate for Trans Move. A product that requires extra space in the truck could be charged a higher rate as it would require more space compared to other products that are easily stowed.
Liability, which is the responsibility of the carrier for any damages to the freight, could also impact the determination of the freight rate for Trans Move. Therefore, liability is another economic driver that could impact the determination of freight rate for Trans Move.
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1. What are the key elements of Rent the Runway's business model? 2. How did the Rent the Runway's cofounders test the key hypotheses underlying their business model? Do you agree with their approach? Can you suggest different actions that the cofounders might have taken?
Rent the Runway's business model revolves around offering fashion-forward individuals the ability to rent high-end designer clothing and accessories for a fraction of the retail price. The key elements of Rent the Runway's business model include:
1. Rental Inventory: Rent the Runway curates a wide range of clothing and accessories from various designers to offer customers a diverse selection.
2. Subscription and Individual Rentals: Customers have the option to either subscribe to a monthly rental plan or rent items individually for specific occasions.
3. Convenient Delivery and Return: Rent the Runway provides delivery and return services to ensure a seamless and hassle-free experience for customers.
4. Dry Cleaning and Maintenance: Rent the Runway takes care of the cleaning and maintenance of the rented items, ensuring they are in good condition for the next customer.
To test the key hypotheses underlying their business model, the Rent the Runway cofounders adopted a lean startup approach. They initially launched a website with only a few dresses to gauge customer interest. As demand grew, they iteratively expanded their inventory and offerings based on customer feedback and demand.
Their approach of starting small and gradually scaling up based on customer feedback and data was a prudent way to validate their business model. However, alternative actions the cofounders could have taken include conducting market research to understand customer preferences and conducting focus groups or surveys to gather feedback before launching the website. These additional steps may have helped them fine-tune their offerings and identify potential challenges earlier in the process.
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Your parents will retire in 30 years. They currently have $210,000 saved, and they think they will need $800,000 at retirement. What annual interest rate must they earn to reach their goal, assuming they don't save any additional funds? Round your answer to two decimal places.
They must earn an annual interest rate of 4.03% to reach their retirement goal.
To calculate the required annual interest rate, we can use the future value formula for compound interest:
FV = PV * (1 + r)^n
Where:
FV = Future value
PV = Present value (current savings)
r = Annual interest rate
n = Number of years
Given:
PV = $210,000
FV = $800,000
n = 30 years
We need to solve for r. Rearranging the formula, we have:
r = (FV / PV)^(1/n) - 1
Substituting the given values:
r = ($800,000 / $210,000)^(1/30) - 1
Using a calculator, we find:
r ≈ 0.0403
Converting this to a percentage, we get:
r ≈ 4.03%
In order to reach their retirement goal of $800,000 in 30 years with their current savings of $210,000, your parents must earn an annual interest rate of approximately 4.03%. It's important to note that achieving a specific interest rate is subject to market conditions and investment choices.
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Interpret and discuss section 24 and 25 of the MCA 2007
The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2007 defines the framework that permits people to make choices for themselves or people with mental incapacity to be taken care of in their best interests.
The act was brought into force in 2007 and applies to England and Wales.Section 24 of the Mental Capacity Act 2007 deals with the appointment of deputies for property and affairs and health and welfare. This section gives authority to the Court of Protection to appoint a deputy when it is in the best interests of a person who is not capable of making decisions for themselves. It states that deputies for personal welfare should act in the best interests of the person who lacks capacity.Section 25 of the MCA 2007 deals with the payment and remuneration of deputies. It allows the Court of Protection to authorize payment of a reasonable amount of remuneration for the deputy or for any other persons that have been involved in any way with the deputyship arrangements.Interpretation of Section 24 and 25 of the MCA 2007; Section 24 of the MCA 2007 gives the court the power to appoint deputies for people who are incapable of making decisions for themselves. The Court of Protection may appoint a deputy when it is in the person's best interests, and the deputy is required to act in their best interests. The deputy should always encourage and support the person to make their own decisions whenever possible.
Section 25 of the MCA 2007 outlines the financial remuneration of the deputy for their work in the form of payment. The payment amount is usually authorized by the Court of Protection and is reasonable.
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You're prepared to make monthly payments of $330, beginning at the end of this month, into an account that pays 9.8 percent interest compounded monthly. How many payments will you have made when your account balance reaches $33,000 ? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.)
You will have made approximately 148.53 payments when your account balance reaches $33,000. Rounding this to two decimal places, the final answer is 148.53 payments.
To determine the number of payments required to reach a balance of $33,000, we need to use the future value of an annuity formula.
The formula for the future value of an annuity is:
FV = P * ((1 + r)^n - 1) / r
Where:
FV = future value of the annuity
P = monthly payment
r = interest rate per period (in this case, 9.8% divided by 12 months)
n = number of periods
In this case, we have:
FV = $33,000
P = $330
r = 9.8% / 12 = 0.98% (in decimal form)
n = number of payments
Now we can plug in the values and solve for n:
$33,000 = $330 * ((1 + 0.098/12)^n - 1) / (0.098/12)
Simplifying the equation, we get:
100 = ((1 + 0.008166)^n - 1) / 0.008166
To solve for n, we can use logarithms:
log((1 + 0.008166)^n - 1) / 0.008166 = log(100)
n * log(1 + 0.008166) = log(100) * 0.008166
n = log(100) * 0.008166 / log(1 + 0.008166)
Calculating this, we find:
n ≈ 148.53
Therefore, you will have made approximately 148.53 payments when your account balance reaches $33,000. Rounding this to two decimal places, the final answer is 148.53 payments.
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In the US, health insurance is most often provided through employers. Examine this practice. Discuss the positives and negatives of this practice. Please cite a source to support your thoughts.
Employer-provided health insurance in the United States offers advantages such as group rates, ease of access, and reduced prices. However, it also has disadvantages like limited choice and employment-related risks, which can impact coverage and affordability.
In the United States, the majority of health insurance is provided through employers. This practice has both positive and negative aspects. The advantages of this method include Group rates: Insurance companies can offer lower group rates to employers with a significant number of workers.
Because of the reduced cost, workers who might not otherwise be able to afford insurance are more likely to do so. Additionally, the employer often covers a large portion of the premium, making the insurance even more affordable for the employee.
Ease of access: With the company arranging for insurance coverage, employees do not have to put in extra effort or worry about locating and enrolling in an insurance plan. The workers are already included in the company's group policy. This makes the insurance sign-up procedure much easier and faster. Reduced price: Employers with a large number of employees can often negotiate reduced prices with insurers.
Companies may be able to obtain insurance for their employees at a lower cost than the employees could get on their own. The disadvantages of this practice are - No choice: Employees are limited to the insurance plans that their employer has selected. They do not have the opportunity to browse for the best prices, coverage options, and insurers. This can be especially troublesome for employees who want coverage for particular services not included in their employer's health insurance policy.
Employment-related risks: Changing employment may also result in losing health insurance coverage. This puts employees at risk, particularly if they are required to deal with a pre-existing condition. People who are between jobs or those who work for small businesses may find it difficult to obtain affordable coverage if they are not part of an employer-based plan.
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8. Which of the following type of business is difficult to set up CSR? I. Public Company II. Private Company III. Sole Trader A. I only B. III only C. II स.III D. I, II\& III
The correct answer is D. I, II & III.
All types of businesses, including public companies, private companies, and sole traders, may face challenges when setting up Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a program or activity of a company that is integrated in the business model whereby a company monitors and ensures its compliance to the law, ethical, environmental, societal, national and international standards. It is normative in nature. It may be proactive or reactive.
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Please name specific documents, tasks, and/or forms you will require customers to complete so that you may correctly bill for your services.
2- As you identify factors of your billing process, indicate what happens to each document or form. Does it get signed? By who? How are these distributed, explain who gets what copies and why?
3-Lastly, will you be charging deposits, if so for what and how much? Will you be invoicing prior, during or after the events? Why are deposits used in catering contracts?
As a catering business owner, the documents, tasks, and forms that you will require customers to complete to bill for your services include a contract, a menu selection form, a rental agreement, and an event timeline. Additionally, you will also need to collect relevant customer information such as their name, address, and phone number to keep track of your clientele.
When you identify factors of your billing process, each document or form will be signed by both you (the caterer) and the customer. The contract, which outlines the terms and conditions of the event, will be signed by both parties, as well as the menu selection form, which outlines the chosen dishes. The rental agreement, which details any rented equipment or spaces, will also need to be signed by both parties. The event timeline, which outlines the schedule of the event, can be signed solely by you.
These documents will be distributed to the customer for their records, with copies being kept by the caterer as well. The contract and rental agreement will also be distributed to any third-party vendors, such as rental companies, that are involved in the event. This is done to ensure everyone involved is on the same page regarding the details of the event.
Catering businesses commonly charge deposits as a way to secure their services and to cover any potential costs in the event of a cancellation. The amount of the deposit will depend on the size and scope of the event, but typically ranges from 10-50% of the total cost. Invoicing is typically done prior to the event, with a final invoice being sent after the event has taken place.
Deposits are used in catering contracts to protect the caterer's business interests and to ensure that they can provide the best possible service to their clients.
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What can organizations (at Starbucks and within the industry in general) do to encourage engagement while controlling labor costs?
In today's business world, employee engagement has become a critical part of driving productivity and profitability. However, at the same time, it is also essential for organizations to control labor costs. The challenge, therefore, is to strike a balance between these two objectives.
One approach that companies can use to encourage engagement is to offer flexible work arrangements. This could include the option for employees to work remotely or to work on flexible schedules. By providing these kinds of flexible working arrangements, employees can have greater autonomy and control over their work schedules, which can help them to feel more engaged and committed to their work.
Another approach that Starbucks and other companies can take is to invest in employee training and development. By providing employees with opportunities to develop new skills and knowledge, organizations can help to keep their employees engaged and motivated. At the same time, this can also help to control labor costs by improving productivity and reducing the need for additional staff.
Overall, there are many steps that organizations, including Starbucks and those in the industry more broadly, can take to encourage employee engagement while also controlling labor costs. By taking a holistic approach and investing in flexible work arrangements, training and development, and a positive workplace culture, organizations can create an engaged and motivated workforce that drives productivity and profitability.
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You have saved $4,000 for a down payment on a new car. The largest monthly payment you can afford is $500. The loan will have a 12% APR based ondmonth payments. What is the most expensive car you can afford if you finance it for 48 months? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $ What is the most expensive car you can afford if you finance it for 60 months? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest cent. $
For a 48-month financing term, the most expensive car you can afford is approximately $19,285.71. For a 60-month financing term, the most expensive car you can afford is roughly $23,550.00.
To determine the most expensive car you can afford, we'll need to calculate the loan amount based on the down payment and monthly payment you can afford, taking into account the APR and loan term. First, calculate the loan amount for a 48-month financing term: Loan Amount = Car Price - Down Payment. The largest monthly payment you can afford is $500, so over 48 months, the total amount you can pay is Total Payment = Monthly Payment * Number of Months, Total Payment = $500 * 48 = $24,000. Now, we'll use the total payment and the APR to calculate the loan amount using the loan formula: Loan Amount = Total Payment / (1 + (APR * Loan Term / 12)), Loan Amount = $24,000 / (1 + (0.12 * 48 / 12)) = $19,285.71. We calculate the loan amount using the loan formula by considering the largest monthly payment you can afford, the total payment over the loan term, and the APR. This loan represents the maximum car price you can afford while staying within your budget and payment constraints. Now let's calculate the most expensive car you can afford for a 60-month financing term: Total Payment = Monthly Payment * Number of Months. Total Payment = $500 * 60 = $30,000, Loan Amount = Total Payment / (1 + (APR * Loan Term / 12)), Loan Amount = $30,000 / (1 + (0.12 * 60 / 12)) = $23,550.00. Extending the loan term to 60 months increases the total payment due to the longer duration. We calculate the new loan amount based on the increased total payment using the same loan formula. The higher loan amount allows you to afford a slightly more expensive car than the 48-month financing term, but it also means paying more interest over the extended loan period.
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what are sourcing consequences of limited compliance with the ordering process? (pick all that apply) invoices without purchasing order reduced spend visibility making it hard to set and implement good sourcing strategy contracts not being used question 8 developing a decision matrix happens in which process? strategic sourhting ordering cycle supplier
Question: What Are Sourcing Consequences Of Limited Compliance With The Ordering Process? (Pick All That Apply) Invoices Without Purchasing Order Reduced Spend Visibility Making It Hard To Set And Implement Good Sourcing Strategy Contracts Not Being Used QUESTION 8 Developing A Decision Matrix Happens In Which Process? Strategic Sourhting Ordering Cycle Supplier

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What are sourcing consequences of limited compliance with the ordering process? (pick all that apply) Invoices without purchasing order Reduced spend visibility making it hard to set and implement good sourcing strategy Contracts not being used QUESTION 8 Developing a decision matrix happens in which process? Strategic sourhting Ordering cycle Supplier relationship management QUESTION 9 It is important to analyze existing spend because (select all that apply) It shows us what business needs are It informs us about current buying It enables us to gage the size of improvement opportunities
The consequences of limited compliance with the ordering process are Invoices without purchasing order, Reduced spend visibility making it hard to set and implement good sourcing strategy, and Contracts not being used.
Analyzing existing spend is important because it shows us what business needs are, informs us about current buying and enables us to gage the size of improvement opportunities. Sourcing is an important aspect of business operations management. It includes searching for the right suppliers, setting the right pricing strategies, quality assurance, and contracts.
Supplier relationship management is focused on managing relationships with suppliers to ensure that the organization is getting the best possible quality and price for the products or services.Analyzing existing spend is important because it shows us what business needs are, informs us about current buying, and enables us to gage the size of improvement opportunities.
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a
Of the Big Five, ________ best predicts job performance and ___________ best predicts organizational commitment.
Extraversion/openness
Agreeableness/extraversion
Conscientiousness, conscientiousness
b
HofstedeÕs model of what values are held in different cultures was originally based onÊ
Anthropologist Margaret MeadÕs book ÒContinuities in Cultural EvolutionÓ
Surveys of 88,000 IBM employees from 72 different countries
c
The value in diversity approach to understanding the relationship between diversity and team performance suggests
Multiple teams competing to solve the same problem work harder and this ultimately leads to better problem-solving
Team membersÕ diverse perspectives and knowledge leads to better problem-solving
d
An example of deep-level diversity in teams is
When team members turn out to have different goals in mind for the team
When the gender mix in a team is not balanced
a. The correct option is ' Of the Big Five, Conscientiousness best predicts job performance and conscientiousness best predicts organizational commitment' is Conscientiousness, conscientiousness.
b. The correct option is ' Hofstede's model of what values are held in different cultures was originally based on' surveys of 88,000 IBM employees from 72 different countries.
c. The correct option is ' The value in diversity approach to understanding the relationship between diversity and team performance suggests' that Team members diverse perspectives and knowledge leads to better problem-solving.
d. The correct option is ' An example of deep-level diversity in teams is' when team members turn out to have different goals in mind for the team.
a. The individuals who are organized, responsible, and reliable tend to perform better in their job roles and it also leads to be organizational commitment.
b. This model identified five cultural dimensions, including power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term vs. short-term orientation.
c. The value in diversity approach suggests that team members with different backgrounds and perspectives can bring unique ideas and knowledge to the team. This can lead to better problem-solving and decision-making, as well as increased creativity and innovation.
d. Deep-level diversity refers to differences in attitudes, values, and goals that are not immediately apparent. This type of diversity can lead to conflicts and misunderstandings within a team, and it is important for team members to be aware of and manage these differences in order to work effectively together.
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3. Using the rule of 72 , how long will it take for the dollar's purchasing power to double at the rate of \( 4 \% \) ? a. \( 2.9 \) years b. \( 11.6 \) years c. 12 years d. \( \sim 18 \) years
12 years long will it take for the dollar's purchasing power to double at the rate of 4%.
A dollar's purchasing power in a particular year, let's say, expressed in dollars of the base year, is equal to 100/P, where P is the price index for that year. when a result, by definition, a dollar loses purchasing power when prices rise. The worth of a currency is determined by how many goods or services one unit of that currency can be used to purchase.
Inflation may cause it to deteriorate over time. This is due to the fact that you may acquire fewer items or services as a result of increased pricing. The power of the dollar offers you a lot of advantages and few downsides. A strong dollar indicates low interest rates. When the dollar is high, demand for U.S.
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It would take approximately 18 years for the dollar's purchasing power to double at a rate of 4%.
The rule of 72 tells us how long it would take for an investment to double in value.
The formula is as follows:
Time = 72 / interest rate
In this case, we are trying to find out how long it would take for the purchasing power of the dollar to double at a rate of 4%. Therefore, we can plug in the interest rate of 4 in the formula above:
Time = 72 / 4
Time = 18
Therefore, it would take approximately 18 years for the dollar's purchasing power to double at a rate of 4%.Note: The correct option is D. 18 years.
I will elaborate further that the purchasing power of money is the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of money. When prices rise, the purchasing power of money declines, meaning that one needs more money to purchase the same amount of goods and services. With inflation, the purchasing power of money decreases over time, so a dollar today will not be worth the same in the future.
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Which of the following are typical Treasury bill maturities? Check all that apply. 10 weeks 13 weeks 15 weeks 40 weeks Which of the following are characteristics of Treasury bills? Check all that apply. Activity in their secondary market is low. They are virtually free of credit (default) risk. Common investors in these securities are households, firms, and financial institutions. Their typical matunties are 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 1 year. Which of the following are typical Treasury bill maturities? Check all that apply. 10 weeks 13 weeks 15 weeks 40 weeks Which of the following are characteristics of Treasury bills? Check all that apply. Activity in their secondany market is low. They are virtually free of credit (default) risk. Common investors in these securitins are households, firms, and financial instutuons. Their typical maturties are 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 1 year. Suppose Gilberto requires a 6 percent annualized return on a 26-week Treasury bill with a $10,000 pa is: ㄴ6,054.25 48,543.69 $8,737.87 $9,701.74
The value of the Treasury bill is $9,708.74, which is closest to $9,701.74.
The following are typical Treasury bill maturities: 10 weeks, 13 weeks, 15 weeks, and 40 weeks are the four Treasury bill maturities. Treasury bills are short-term debt instruments issued by the United States government. The terms range from a few days to a year. For example, 13-week and 26-week Treasury bills are frequently issued by the United States Treasury.
Characteristics of Treasury bills are
:These are the following characteristics of Treasury bills:They are virtually free of credit (default) risk.
They're a highly liquid investment with a minimum purchase of $100.They're issued at a discount from face value and mature at face value.They're non-interest-bearing securities, which means that investors earn a return by purchasing them at a discount and then holding them until maturity.
They are primarily bought by large institutional investors, government entities, and wealthy individuals.Their activity in the secondary market is low.Typical maturities for Treasury bills are 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 1 year.Suppose Gilberto requires a 6 percent annualized return on a 26-week Treasury bill with a $10,000 par value. Therefore, the formula to compute the price of the Treasury bill would be:P = 10000/ (1+0.06*26/52)= 10000/ (1.03)= $9,708.74
Therefore, the value of the Treasury bill is $9,708.74, which is closest to $9,701.74.
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The correct answer is $9,701.74.
To determine the correct answer, let's analyze each question and option one by one:
Question 1: Which of the following are typical Treasury bill maturities? Check all that apply.
Options:
10 weeks
13 weeks
15 weeks
40 weeks
Correct answer: 10 weeks, 13 weeks
Explanation: Typical Treasury bill maturities include 10 weeks and 13 weeks. These short-term maturities are commonly used for Treasury bills.
Question 2: Which of the following are characteristics of Treasury bills? Check all that apply.
Options:
Activity in their secondary market is low.
They are virtually free of credit (default) risk.
Common investors in these securities are households, firms, and financial institutions.
Their typical maturities are 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, and 1 year.
Thus, Activity in their secondary market is low, they are virtually free of credit (default) risk.
Treasury bills have low activity in their secondary market, meaning they are not frequently traded compared to other securities. They are also virtually free of credit risk, as they are backed by the government. The other options are incorrect because the typical maturities listed do not match the commonly accepted maturities for Treasury bills.
Question 3: Suppose Gilberto requires a 6 percent annualized return on a 26-week Treasury bill with a $10,000 par value. What is the price Gilberto should be willing to pay for this Treasury bill?
Options:
$6,054.25
$48,543.69
$8,737.87
$9,701.74
Hence the correct answer is $9,701.74.
To calculate the price Gilberto should be willing to pay for the Treasury bill, we need to use the formula:
Price = Par Value / (1 + (Annualized Yield * Time / Number of Periods))
Plugging in the values:
Par Value = $10,000
Annualized Yield = 6% or 0.06
Time = 26 weeks or 0.5 years
Number of Periods = 1
Price = $10,000 / (1 + (0.06 * 0.5 / 1)) = $9,701.74
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A. Sneha borrows Rs. 100000 for her new business at a monthly interest of 1.25 per cent. The loan is to be repaid in 12 equal monthly installments, payable at the end of each month. Prepare the loan amortization schedule.
B. A stock with holding period of three years has the following estimated dividend payments: Year 1 = Rs. 1.10; Year 2 = Rs. 1.25 and Year 3 = Rs. 1.50. The estimated sale price of Rs.57, three years from now. Required rate of return is 15%. What is the present value of this stock?
C. XYZ deposited some amount in a bank for 7.5 years at the rate of 6% p.a. simple interest. XYZ received Rs 1,01,500 at the end of term. Compute initial deposit of XYZ.
D. In what time will Rs 85000 amount to Rs 157675 at 4.5% p.a.?
E. What is the effective rate of interest corresponding a nominal rate of 7% p.a. convertible quarterly?
The correct answer is A. Loan amortization, B. Present value of the stock, C. Initial deposit, D. Time calculation, E. Effective interest rate.
A. Loan amortization schedule for Sneha's business loan:
Month Opening Balance Installment Interest Principal Closing Balance
1 Rs. 100,000 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 1,250 Rs. 7,770 Rs. 92,230
2 Rs. 92,230 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 1,151 Rs. 7,869 Rs. 84,361
3 Rs. 84,361 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 1,054 Rs. 7,966 Rs. 76,395
4 Rs. 76,395 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 957 Rs. 8,063 Rs. 68,332
5 Rs. 68,332 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 857 Rs. 8,163 Rs. 60,169
6 Rs. 60,169 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 757 Rs. 8,263 Rs. 51,906
7 Rs. 51,906 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 655 Rs. 8,365 Rs. 43,541
8 Rs. 43,541 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 551 Rs. 8,469 Rs. 35,072
9 Rs. 35,072 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 446 Rs. 8,574 Rs. 26,498
10 Rs. 26,498 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 338 Rs. 8,682 Rs. 17,816
11 Rs. 17,816 Rs. 9,020 Rs. 227 Rs. 8,793 Rs. 9,023
12 Rs. 9,023 Rs. 9,023 Rs. 113 Rs. 8,910 Rs. 0
B. Present value of the stock:
PV = (Rs. 1.10 / (1 + 0.15)^1) + (Rs. 1.25 / (1 + 0.15)^2) + (Rs. 1.50 / (1 + 0.15)^3) + (Rs. 57 / (1 + 0.15)^3)
C. Initial deposit by XYZ:
Initial deposit = (Rs. 1,01,500 * 100) / (6 * 7.5)
D. Time taken to amount to Rs. 157,675 at 4.5% p.a.:
Time = log(Rs. 157,675 / Rs. 85,000) / log(1 + (4.5 / 100))
E. Effective rate of interest with a nominal rate of 7% p.a. convertible quarterly:
Effective rate = (1 + (0.07 / 4))^4 - 1
Note: These calculations provide approximate results, and the actual values may vary slightly based on rounding and compounding methods used.
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Lamar & Co Company makes and sells two types of shoes, Plain and Fancy. Data concerning these products are as follows:
Plain Fancy
Unit selling price $20.00 $35.00
Variable cost per unit 12.00 24.50
40% of the unit sales are Plain, and annual fixed expenses are $47,500.
The weighted-average unit contribution margin is:
A.
$17.00
B.
$9.50
C.
$9.00
D.
$9.25
The weighted-average unit contribution margin of Lamar & Co Company is $9.25.
What is weighted-average unit contribution margin?
The weighted-average unit contribution margin is the overall contribution margin, divided by the total number of units. The contribution margin is the revenue minus the variable costs that are associated with the production of goods or services.
Solution:
Given that 40% of the unit sales are Plain, the remaining 60% will be Fancy. The unit selling price and variable cost per unit for Plain are $20.00 and $12.00, respectively, while those for Fancy are $35.00 and $24.50, respectively.
The total contribution margin for Plain is:
CMPlain = $20.00 - $12.00 = $8.00
And the total contribution margin for Fancy is:
CMFancy = $35.00 - $24.50 = $10.50
Now let's calculate the weighted-average contribution margin per unit as follows:
Weighted-average CM = ((40/100) x $8.00) + ((60/100) x $10.50) = $3.2 + $6.3 = $9.5
Therefore, the weighted-average unit contribution margin is $9.50.
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The difference between the benefits that the customer gains from owning andiar using a product and the costs of obla/sing the product. Select one: True False The Technical Account Manager is irvolved in marketing analysis, planning, implementation, and control activities. Select one: False Marketing offerings include: 1. Tangible and intangible Products 2. Services 3. Experience Select one: True False What are examples of ONLINE Marketing (4 out of 5 ). Select one or more: a. Blogging b. Social Media c. Webinar d. Cold Callings e. Email
The statement "The difference between the benefits that the customer gains from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product" is describing the customer value proposition, and it is true.
The Technical Account Manager is not involved in marketing analysis, planning, implementation, and control activities, so the statement is false.
Marketing offerings include tangible and intangible products, services, and experiences, so the statement is true.
Examples of online marketing include blogging, social media, webinars, and email, so options (a), (b), (c), and (e) are correct. The incorrect option is (d) Cold Callings, which is not an online marketing method.
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Describe what Temporary and Permanent Accounts are. How are they different? For a Small Business Company what are examples of temporary and permanent accounts?
Describe how the two accounts are treated differently in the closing period entries. Why?
Temporary accounts are those accounts that are used to record the transactions for a specific time frame. They are opened at the start of an accounting period and then closed at the end of the same accounting period.
On the other hand, Permanent accounts are accounts that continue to exist beyond the current accounting period. They are not closed at the end of each accounting period. Instead, their balances are carried forward to the next period. Some examples of temporary accounts include sales revenue, expenses, gains, losses, and dividends. Examples of permanent accounts include assets, liabilities, and equity.
For a small business, examples of temporary accounts include sales revenue, rent expenses, wages expenses, office supplies expenses, and advertising expenses. Examples of permanent accounts include cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, building, land, and equity.
During the closing period entries, temporary accounts are closed to zero balance. This is done to prepare the accounts for the next accounting period. Permanent accounts are not closed, and their balances are carried forward to the next accounting period.
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Job-related inequality has historically always been a problem, but according to Richard Miech it could diminish over time. He postulates that disability, race and sex discrimination is inefficient in a competitive world because it calls for only men to occupy better positions in working industries. Majority of men earn a higher salary than women, disabled people or minority races who have same education, experience and abilities. Non-discriminating employers can gain an edge in the competitive market by hiring disadvantaged and disabled people, women and minorities, thereby reducing job-related inequality. This plan, if taken on by employers, could perpetuate over time to other employers in which job-related inequality could decrease nationally. However, her theories and research suggests that job-related inequality is increasing and will continue to do so.
In two pages, express your views on the workplace diversity by explaining the following:
Whether you agree/disagree with principles of establishing quotas for appointment of certain groups of employees? Elaborate further on why you agree or disagree with the statement and validate your answer with practical examples.
The idea of workplace diversity has been around for years and has become a contentious issue in the workplace today. It is about valuing the differences in people, ensuring equal opportunities and rights to all employees regardless of their gender, race, age, or disability.
To support my opinion, one example can be taken from the United States. In the past, many African Americans, women, and people with disabilities were denied jobs and were not given an equal opportunity to succeed in their careers. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed to help end discrimination in the workplace. Since then, many companies have implemented quotas to ensure that a diverse workforce is maintained.
However, it should not be the only approach used, and employers should also consider other methods such as mentorship programs, employee training, and outreach programs to achieve diversity. Companies that prioritize diversity in their hiring process will have a competitive edge in the market and will attract top talent from different backgrounds.
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Read the attached paper, and answer the following questions:
3. Describe the different environments of Sport Obermeyer and Campbell Soup Company.
Article: What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product.pdf Download What is the Right Supply Chain for Your Product.pdf
"The article is attached you can look up the name online and download it. I tried attaching it but there is no option for that here"
Sport Obermeyer needs to optimize its supply chain to ensure that it meets its production deadlines and minimize inventory costs. Campbell Soup Company requires a stable supply of raw materials to produce its products, and any disruption in the supply chain can have a significant impact on their production schedules.
Sport Obermeyer and Campbell Soup Company are two companies that operate in different environments. In this article, we will discuss the different environments of Sport Obermeyer and Campbell Soup Company.
Sport Obermeyer is a winter sports gear company. The company has a complex supply chain because they manufacture their products offshore and ship them to the United States. Furthermore, their products require a high level of customization. The company's products need to be designed six months before the winter season, and there is a limited window for producing their products.
Their inventory cannot be stored for long, and there is a high risk of the products becoming outdated before the winter season starts. Therefore, Sport Obermeyer needs to optimize its supply chain to ensure that it meets its production deadlines and minimize inventory costs.
Campbell Soup Company, on the other hand, operates in a different environment. The company produces canned soups and other processed foods that have a long shelf life. Unlike Sport Obermeyer, the Campbell Soup Company has a simpler supply chain because it does not require customization.
The company's inventory has a long shelf life, and they can produce their products at any time of the year. However, the Campbell Soup Company faces a different challenge because of their dependence on raw materials. The company requires a stable supply of raw materials to produce its products, and any disruption in the supply chain can have a significant impact on their production schedules.
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Employee Benefits and Compensation Jan22 Y3 S2 Zanele and Pravesh are sales consultants at Mzansi Furniture, selling office furniture to various clients. They are each paid a salary of R20,000 per month, regardless of the value of the sales that they make within a particular month. Zanele and Pravesh are upset, as they do not believe the process for determining their monthly salary is fair. They argue that their monthly pay should not be a set salary but should rather be dependent on their performance and the value of the sales they make within each particular month. This is an example of equity. A. external B. internal C. individual D. procedural
The type of equity exemplified in Zanele and Pravesh's argument is C. Individual equity.
Individual equity refers to the concept of compensating individuals based on their individual contributions and performance. In the scenario described, Zanele and Pravesh believe that their monthly pay should be determined by their performance and the value of sales they generate each month. They argue that their compensation should be aligned with their individual contributions to the company. This aligns with the principle of individual equity, as they are advocating for a compensation structure that rewards their individual efforts and achievements rather than a fixed salary unrelated to their performance.
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_____________ discipline sets forth clear but general steps that must be completed for all infractions.
Question 1 options:
Regimented
Organizational
Progressive
Sequential
The discipline that sets forth clear but general steps that must be completed for all infractions is called progressive discipline. Progressive discipline is a step-by-step approach to corrective action that is designed to be preventative and corrective.
When an employee violates company rules or policies, the disciplinary procedure commences. The first level of the disciplinary procedure is usually a verbal warning or counseling by the employee's immediate supervisor. If the employee repeats the infraction, a written warning is issued, followed by more serious disciplinary action such as suspension or termination if the behavior does not improve. Progressive discipline is used as a way to help employees understand the rules, provide a fair and consistent approach to discipline, and prevent any legal action against the company. Furthermore, the use of progressive discipline is important because it helps employees improve and maintain their job performance, and protects the employer's interests and reputation.
In conclusion, progressive discipline is a step-by-step approach that all infractions must go through for employees to correct their performance or behavior problems. It is important because it helps employees improve their job performance and maintain a safe and productive work environment.
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A transaction will only happen if and only if the price is between:
The buyer’s value and the buyer’s outside option
The buyer’s value and the seller’s outside option
The buyer’s value and the seller’s cost of production
The buyer’s outside option and the seller’s outside option
The buyer’s outside option and the seller’s cost of production
A transaction will only happen if and only if the price is between the buyer's value and the seller's outside option.
Let's break down the options to understand why this is the correct answer:
- Option 1: The buyer's value and the buyer's outside option. This option doesn't make sense because the buyer's outside option is not directly related to the transaction. The buyer's outside option refers to an alternative choice the buyer has if the transaction doesn't occur, and it is not directly involved in determining the price of the transaction.
- Option 2: The buyer's value and the seller's outside option. This is the correct answer. The buyer's value represents the maximum amount the buyer is willing to pay for the item or service. The seller's outside option refers to an alternative choice the seller has if the transaction doesn't occur. For a transaction to happen, the price needs to fall between the buyer's value and the seller's outside option. This ensures that both the buyer and seller find the transaction mutually beneficial.
- Option 3: The buyer's value and the seller's cost of production. This option doesn't capture the buyer's perspective accurately. The buyer's value is the maximum price the buyer is willing to pay, whereas the seller's cost of production is the cost incurred by the seller to produce the item or service. The transaction price is determined by the buyer's value, not the seller's cost of production.
- Option 4: The buyer's outside option and the seller's outside option. The buyer's outside option is not directly involved in determining the price of the transaction. It refers to an alternative choice the buyer has if the transaction doesn't occur. The seller's outside option also refers to an alternative choice the seller has if the transaction doesn't occur. However, the price of the transaction is determined by the buyer's value and the seller's outside option, not the outside options of both parties.
- Option 5: The buyer's outside option and the seller's cost of production. The buyer's outside option is not directly involved in determining the price of the transaction. The seller's cost of production refers to the cost incurred by the seller to produce the item or service. The transaction price is determined by the buyer's value, not the seller's cost of production.
Therefore, the correct answer is: The transaction will only happen if and only if the price is between the buyer's value and the seller's outside option.
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