When mixing and storing materials, volumetric flasks are utilized to determine volumes.
Volumetric flasks: what are they?A volumetric flask is a piece of plastic or glass lab equipment used to make solutions. It is applied to prepare a solution with a specific volume. Compared to beakers or Erlenmeyer flasks, volumetric flasks can be used to measure volumes significantly more precisely.
When is the best time to utilize a volumetric flask?When it's important to know the volume of the mixture being made exactly and properly, a volumetric flask is utilized. Similar to volumetric pipets, the size of a volumetric flask varies according to the solution volume that is being made.
To know more about volumetric flask visit :
https://brainly.com/question/15494897
#SPJ1
What is the identify of an element with 14 protons 14 neutrons and 14 electrons?
The element with 14 protons 14 neutrons and 14 electrons is Silicon
Protons and neutrons can both be found in the nucleus of an atom of any chemical element. These subatomic particles add up to give the atom's atomic mass. The characteristic that distinguishes isotopes of different elements from one another is their atomic mass.
Z, the atomic number, is 14 if there are 14 protons. Z being the quantity of large positively charged nuclear particles by definition. And Z establishes the atom's identity; if Z = 14,we can find on periodic table element that have atomic number 14 is silicon,
Therefore element with 14 protons 14 neutrons and 14 electrons is Silicon
Learn more about atomic number at https://brainly.com/question/1379579
#SPJ4
You have been given a transparent liquid that could be a solution or a colloid. What is the test you
can perform to confirm which type of mixture it is? What is the technical name for this test?
Answer: Filterability Test
Explanation: This involves filtering the liquid through a filter paper to see if the particles pass through or are retained on the paper. If the particles pass through, the liquid is likely a solution. If the particles are retained, the liquid is likely a colloid. The technical name for this test is the separation test.
Answer:
One way to determine whether a transparent liquid is a solution or a colloid is to use the Tyndall effect. The Tyndall effect, also known as the Tyndall scattering, is a phenomenon that occurs when a beam of light passes through a colloidal system (a mixture in which one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another). When this happens, the light is scattered by the particles in the colloidal mixture, causing the mixture to appear hazy or cloudy. In contrast, if the transparent liquid is a true solution (one in which the solute is completely dissolved in the solvent), the light will pass through it without being scattered, and the solution will appear clear.
To perform the Tyndall effect test, you would need a light source (such as a flashlight or a laser pointer) and a dark room or area. Place the transparent liquid in a clear container, and shine the light through it. If the light is scattered by the particles in the mixture, it will be visible as a bright beam or spot on the opposite side of the container. If the light passes through the mixture without being scattered, it will appear as a continuous, unbroken beam.
There are other tests that can be used to distinguish between solutions and colloids, such as the filterability test and the centrifugation test. However, the Tyndall effect test is one of the most straightforward and reliable methods for making this distinction.
Explanation:
How many planes of cleavage does this mineral have? Choose one: A. 0 B. 2 at 90° intersections C. 3 not at 90° intersections D. 1
The planes of cleavage that the mineral have is 1 as the mineral name is Muscovite mica.
The crystal lattice structure of a mineral affects its propensity to split or break along flat planar faces, or cleavage. These 2D surfaces, also known as cleavage planes, are produced by the alignment of atoms in the crystal structure or lattice through relatively weak connections.
The mineral depicted in the image is called "Muscovite mica," and it has layers that seem like flat sheets. Muscovite mica is far more likely to break along the layers because it only has weakly bonded potassium ions. There is just one ideal cleavage plane as a result. This cleavage is evident in the capacity to peel mica sheets.
Learn more about cleavage
brainly.com/question/10924382
#SPJ4
How many moles are in 10 g aspartame?
A substance has 0. 0152088 moles per 10 grammes. One can use the equation grams = weight / molar mass to determine this. The volume of one mole of a chemical is represented by its molar mass on the chemical elements.
You would take its weight (10g) and multiply it by the material's molar mass to determine the number of molecules within 10g of a substance. For instance, if the material is water, its molar mass is 18. 015 g/mol, meaning that 10 g is comparable to 0. 555 molecules of water.
However, the formula moles = mass / molar weight can be used to determine the number of moles in an unit weight regardless of the substance. Therefore, there are 0. 0152088 mole in 10
To know more about Weight click here
brainly.com/question/10069252
#SPJ4
which 4 planets belong together? which 4 planets lumped together have the most similarities
Answer:
did you mean to add or attach a paper to this? We need more info to help
Explanation:
Answer:Mars, earth, Uranus and Jupiter
Explanation:
if a researcher wanted to temporarily denature a protein but wanted to be sure it would refold, which of the following methods or substances would be most appropriate
If a researcher wanted to the temporarily denature a protein but wanted to be sure it would refold, the method or the substances would be most appropriate is the urea.
The denature is defined as the process of the modification of the molecular structure of the protein. In this method it involves the breaking of the many weak linkage or the bonds in the protein molecules. It is responsible for highly ordered of the structure of the protein in the natural of state.
Thus, the urea is the appropriate substances , if the researcher wanted to the temporary denature the proteins.
To learn more about denature here
https://brainly.com/question/14580687
#SPJ4
Where do the 2 ATP produced in fermentation come from?
Glycolysis during fermentation only yields two ATP each glucose molecule, which is significantly less ATP than is produced during respiration.
What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?A collection of more than two atoms joined by chemical bonds is referred to as a molecule. The compound is a mixture made up of two or more distinct kinds of elements that are chemically combined in a predetermined ratio. Not every molecule is a compound. Molecules make up all chemicals.
Just how many atoms make up a molecule?According to the context, it term might or might not include ions that meet this requirement. A molecule is a collection of atoms that are held together by the attractive forces called as chemical bonds.
To know more about molecule visit:
https://brainly.com/question/19556990
#SPJ4
Describe what and how solids look like
What is the most common irony?
In literary classes, the three most popular types are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. When a speaker or narrator says something that contradicts what they mean, what they intend, or what the context necessitates, this is called verbal irony.
What is irony?One thing is expressed while another is meant in an ironic statement. For example, on a chilly, wet gray day, you would exclaim, "What a gorgeous day!" Alternatively, if you were suffering from a severe case of food sickness, you may respond, "Wow, I feel terrific today." "ffers points of view and ideas that are, at most, intriguing... However, it does not reach the truth." Ronagh and Souder are particularly concerned with scientific assertions that are not meant to be taken seriously.
Here,
The three most common varieties in literary studies are verbal irony, dramatic irony, and situational irony. Verbal irony occurs when a speaker or narrator says something that contradicts what they mean, what they intend, or what the context requires.
To know more about irony,
https://brainly.com/question/1695719
#SPJ4
I have 5mg of a powder chemical substance that I need to dissolve in a solvent with a 2g/L solubility. I ultimately need to give two doses of the chemical: 10ug/L and 100 ug/L. Ultimately, I must add between 5ul and 10ul of the stock solution. I can create up to 3 stock dilutions. How can I solve this problem? Please show all work so I can learn! Thank you.
We need to take 5ul of stock solution and add it to 5ul of diluent to achieve a final concentration of 100ug/L.
How calculate the stock solution?To solve this problem, you will need to create a stock solution of the chemical substance and then dilute it to the desired concentrations. Here's one way you could approach it:
Create a stock solution by dissolving the 5mg of powder in a solvent with a 2g/L solubility. We know that the solubility of the substance is 2g/L, so we can use the formula:
Stock solution concentration = (mass of substance) / (volume of solvent)
In this case, the mass of the substance is 5mg and the volume of solvent is 1L. So, the stock solution concentration is:
5mg / (1L) = 5mg/L
Dilute the stock solution to the desired concentration for the first dose of 10ug/L. To do this, we can use the formula:
Desired concentration = (volume of stock solution) / (volume of diluent)
In this case, we want a final concentration of 10ug/L, so we'll let the volume of stock solution be x and the volume of diluent be (5ul-x). Then we can set up the equation:
10ug/L = (x) / (5ul-x)
Solving this equation:
x = 0.5ul
Therefore, we need to take 0.5ul of stock solution and add it to 5ul of diluent to achieve a final concentration of 10ug/L
Dilute the stock solution to the desired concentration for the second dose of 100ug/L. Using the same formula as before:
Desired concentration = (volume of stock solution) / (volume of diluent)
In this case, we want a final concentration of 100ug/L, so we'll let the volume of stock solution be y and the volume of diluent be (10ul-y). Then we can set up the equation:
100ug/L = (y) / (10ul-y)
Solving this equation:
y = 5ul
Therefore, we need to take 5ul of stock solution and add it to 5ul of diluent to achieve a final concentration of 100ug/L
So, you can create a stock solution by dissolving 5mg of powder in a solvent with 2g/L solubility and obtain a stock solution of 5mg/L. With this stock solution, you can create two dilutions, the first one is 10ug/L by adding 0.5ul of stock solution to 5ul of diluent, and the second one is 100ug/L by adding 5ul of stock solution to 5ul of diluent.
Learn more about stock solution in brainly.com/question/25256765
#SPJ1
Does a meter stick measure distance?
Inside the metric system, length as well as distance were two of the most significant metrics. Measurement of length and distance can be done in a variety of ways.
Using a metre stick is among the most popular methods for gauging these amounts.
A meterstick, meterstick, nor yardstick consists of either a straightedge as well as foldable ruler was using to measure length, and therefore is notably common inside the construction business. They frequently consist of wood as well as plastic, and their joints frequently consist of plastic as well as metal to allow for folding.
A metre stick is a highly helpful tool in science that is exactly one metre long. A metre stick can be used to gauge items and distances that are both less than as well as longer than one metre.
To know more about metre stick
https://brainly.com/question/13399673
#SPJ4
Which sample contains the greatest number of molecules?
A 4g of hydrogen
B 18 g of water
C 24 dm³ of oxygen
D 66 g of carbon dioxide
And why is the answer that way?
Answer:
4g of hydrogen
Explanation:
4g of hydrogen (molar mass 2) corresponds to 2 moles of molecules or 4N number of atoms where N is the Avogadro's number (6.023×10
23)
what is the mole fraction of ethanol c2h5oh in an aqueous solution in which the ethanol concentration is 4.6 molal
The mole fraction of ethanol, C2H5OH is 0.076 that can be calculated by using the density of water.
The mole fraction of any solution is described because the ratio of the quantity of moles of that is present withinside the technique to the entire quantity of moles of all of the additives of the solution. Molarity on the other hand is the ratio of moles to the volume.
Molecular mass of ethanol = 46g
The molarity of the solution is 4.6 molal=4 moles in 1L solution
Molecular mass of water =18g
Density of water = 1kg/m3 = 1000g/L
So, mass of water in 1 l solution = 1000g
So moles = 1000/18 = 55.55 moles
Thus, mole fraction of ethanol= 4.6/(4.6+55.6) =0.076
To learn more about mole fraction check the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/1601411
#SPJ4
How much water must be added to 516 mL of 0.191 M HCl to produce a 0.133 M solution? (Assume that the volumes are additive)
Answer:
225 mL of water must be added.
Explanation:
First we calculate how many HCl moles are there in 516 mL of a 0.191 M solution:
516 mL * 0.191 M = 98.556 mmol HClNow we use that number of moles (that remain constant during the dilution process) to calculate the final volume of the 0.133 M solution:
98.556 mmol / 0.133 M = 741 mLWe can calculate the volume of water required from the volume difference:
741 mL - 516 mL = 225 mL18) The vinegar was used to remove the shell form the raw egg. What other effect(s) did the vinegar have on the egg
The vinegar also caused the egg white to become more acidic, making it easier to separate from the yolk. Additionally, the vinegar helped preserve the egg by preventing bacteria from growing on the eggshell.
What is bacteria?Bacteria are microscopic organisms that exist virtually everywhere in nature. They range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 micrometers and can be found in soil, water, air, and even inside other organisms. Bacteria can reproduce rapidly, and some species can form biofilms that make them resistant to antibiotics. Bacteria can have beneficial roles in food production, soil fertility, and human and animal health. They can also cause diseases, such as cholera, meningitis, and tuberculosis. Bacteria are able to adapt quickly to changing environments and can become resistant to antibiotics.
To learn more about bacteria
https://brainly.com/question/28683092
#SPJ4
If 0.40 mole of H2 and 0.15 mole of O2 were to react as completely as possible to produce H2O, what mass of reactant would remain
The remaining mass of hydrogen that is present in the reaction is 0.20 grams.
The balanced chemical reaction can be depicted as follows:
2H2+O2---->2H2O
1 mole of Oxygen reacts with 2 moles of Hydrogen in order to produce two moles of water i.e., H2O.
0.15 moles of O2 reacts with 2 * 0.15 = 0.30 moles of H2
The moles of H2 are given i.e., 0.40 moles.
So remaining = 0.40 moles - 0.30 moles = 0.10 moles
Thus, the mass of H2 can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles with the molar mass that is expressed as follows:
Mass = moles * molar mass
Molar mass of H2= 2 g/mol
Mass of H2 remained in the reaction = 0.10 moles * 2 g/mole = 0.20 grams.
To learn more about number of moles check the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/28037816
#SPJ4
The rate law for the reaction2NOBr
The rate constant of the reaction is 0.56 M⁻¹s⁻¹. The time required to change the concentration of the reactant from 0.900 to 0.100 M is 15.87s.
What is the half-life period of a reaction?The half-life of a reaction can be defined as the time needed for a reactant to reach one-half of its initial concentration. For a 1st-order reaction, the half-life is independent of concentration and constant with time.
The half-life period of the second-order reaction can be written as:
[tex]\displaystyle t_{1/2} =\frac{1}{k[A]_o}[/tex]
Given the half-life of the reaction = 2.00 s
The initial concentration of [NOBr]₀ = 0.900 M
The rate constant of the reaction, k = 1/2 ×0.900 = 0.56 M⁻¹s⁻¹
The time required to change concentration from 0.900 to 0.100 M is:
[tex]\displaystyle kt =\frac{1}{[A]} -\frac{1}{[A]_o}[/tex]
0.56 ×t = 1/0.1 -1/0.9
t = 15.87 s
Learn more about half-life period, here:
https://brainly.com/question/1851154
#SPJ1
What will be the pH of solution after sodium acetate solution in the middle or the last column reacts with the specified concentration of HCl
The pH of the final solution will be less than 7, but closer to 7 if the initial concentration of sodium acetate is high and the concentration of HCl is low.
The pH of a solution after a reaction with a strong acid like HCl will depend on the concentration of the acid and the concentration of the acetate ions (CH3COO-) in the sodium acetate solution. Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) is a weak base, and when it reacts with HCl, it forms acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The equation for this reaction is: CH3COONa + HCl → CH3COOH + NaClThe pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) in the solution, so the pH of the solution after the reaction will depend on the concentration of H3O+ ions and the concentration of acetate ions. If the reaction is done in aqueous solution, the acetic acid formed will dissociate to form H3O+ and acetate ions. The acetate ions will neutralize some of the H3O+ ions, thus decreasing the overall acidity of the solution. The pH of the final solution will be less than 7, but closer to 7 if the initial concentration of sodium acetate is high and the concentration of HCl is low. It's important to note that without knowing the initial concentration of sodium acetate and the volume of the solutions it is not possible to determine the final pH.
Learn more about strong acid here:
https://brainly.com/question/12811944
#SPJ4
reaction between yellow solid and water
Answer:
A precipitate is formed as a result of a double displacement reaction. Explanation: When two substances (can be aqueous or liquids) in solution ...
A
Choose the correct symbol to
compare these numbers.
-4 [?] 0.589
A. <
B. >
C. =
Hello there!
Answer:
A. <
Explanation:
You should remember that all negative numbers are smaller then positive numbers. For example, -10 < 7 or -9479 < 1
-4 is a negative integer
0.598 is a positive number
So -4 < 0.598 (negative < positive)
Record your evidence about the Moon's appearance
changing because the position of the Moon changes.
Help please…
Answer:
A solar eclipse .
It is one that occurs when the moon gets between the Earth and the Sun and it casts its shadow over the Earth. A solar eclipse only happens during the phase of new moon when the moon is indirect blockage of sun rays from reaching the earth thus causing a full shadow of the moon to fall on the Earth’s surface.
2 A lunar eclipse can only occur when there is a full moon. An eclipse of the moon happens only at full moon and only when the moon passes through some portion of the Earth’s shadow. The shadow in made of a two cone-shaped components, one which is nested inside the other.
3. Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon's surface. There are three categories of lunar eclipse according to the blockage of the sun rays. In a penumbral lunar eclipse, the moon passes through Earth’s penumbral shadow. The partial lunar eclipse occurs when a portion of the moon passes through Earth’s umbral shadow. The total lunar eclipse happens when the entire moon passes through Earth’s umbral shadow.
4.When an object in space comes between the sun and earth. It is one that occurs when the moon gets between the Earth and the Sun and it casts its shadow over the Earth. A solar eclipse only happens during the phase of new moon when the moon is indirect blockage of sun rays from reaching the earth thus causing a full shadow of the moon to fall on the Earth’s surface.
5.A total lunar eclipse. In this type of lunar eclipse, the events are clearly visible and striking to view because the Moon surface appear red in color. During the occurrence of the lunar eclipse events, 35% of the entire eclipse is total eclipse.
6. Wide, dark areas and strange spots and ridges –Galileo described the surface of the moon as being uneven and rough. In addition to that, he described the surface as crowded with depressions and bulges. In his original sketches, the long shadows cast by craters were represented by dark sided of the moon sketch.
7. Waxing gibbous .During the cycle of the moon, it undergoes several phases; new moon-new crescent-first quarter-waxing gibbous-full moon-waning gibbous-last quarter-old crescent-new moon. The new moon phase cannot be seen because the part receiving sun rays in then pointed away from the earth. The rest of the phases are visible from the earth.
8. New moon .
During the cycle of the moon, it undergoes several phases; new moon-new crescent-first quarter-waxing gibbous-full moon-waning gibbous-last quarter-old crescent-new moon. The new moon phase cannot be seen because the part receiving sun rays in then pointed away from the earth. The rest of the phases are visible from the earth.
9. Because the Southern Hemisphere has more direct sunlight .During the winter months, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, thus it receive sunrays at an angle thus it experiences the cold weather. At this period, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Explanation:
The moon is the earth's closed satellite and it gets light from the sun. The moon has several phases that are seen within 27 days cycle.
There are 6-7 phases of the moon that is the new moon, the first quarter, the full moon, secondary phases like the waning and waxing crescent, the waxing and waning gibbous. The new moon starts with the moon coming in between the sun and the earth. Then comes the waning crescent phase between the new moon and the quarter. The first quarter is a half-moon, 90 degrees east of the sun. The waxing gibbous is between the first quarter and full moon. The full is when sun illumination is 100% and again waning gibbous descends back to last quarter or the 3rd quarter.Hence as the earth changes its position the moon also revolves in a similar manner.
Learn more about the evidence about the Moon's appearance changing because the position of the Moon changes.
brainly.in/question/28774997.
PLEASE HELP me create a fictional video game using at least 2 of the ecological roles. (roles to choose from: decomposer, detritivore, pollinator, and seed disperser) (PLS TYPE IT OUT, PLS PLS)
what to include:
-Your characters (include creative names)
-An explanation of how the game is played
-The story of the game
-How the game is won/lost
-Connect the definition of of the two roles with the game and/or how the game is won.
Write a paragraph with at least 7-10 sentences.
BTW ILL GIVE BRAINLIEST OR WHATEVER ITS CALLED!! PLEASE HELP MEE! DESPERATE! IVE BEEN STARING AT THE SCREEN AND CRYING LOLZ <3
Answer:
GOT YOU
Explanation:
Jotun (pollinator)
Norse(decomposer)
Its a point and click adventure game. Where you only have specific actions you can do with your mouse. The basic options are Inspect for notes or Pollinate pollinate the right plants to escape. Your goal and how to win is go through each level picking up the plants to pollinate leave the level. The only way to lose is if you are unable to find the right plants by a set amount of time. The story is your wife has been taken prisoner by Norse and you are alerted by this from a note. You go to a location and find a tower once you walk in the doors shut behind you and a screen appears saying "Get out of the room and to the top of the tower in an hour or she dies. Jotun escapes and gets to the top of the tower to find out his wife died long ago and Norse has been using her for food.
Seismic station A is 5000 kilometers from the epicenter. What is the difference between the arrival time of the first P-wave and the arrival time of the first S-wave recorded at this station?
2 minutes 20 seconds
6 minutes 40 seconds
8 minutes 20 seconds
15 minutes 00 second
Answer:
6 min 40 sec
Explanation:
Hope this helps you :)
The difference between the arrival time of the first P-wave and the arrival time of the first S-wave recorded at the station will be 6 minutes 40 seconds.
What are Body waves ?P waves move the fastest and arrive first from the earthquake. Rock oscillates perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation in S or shear waves.
In rock, S waves move at approximately 60% the speed of P waves, and the S wave always comes after the P wave. Sound waves, for example, are P waves with a high enough frequency to be heard with your ear.
Wiggling or shaking a rope that is tied down at one or both ends is an example of a S wave.
Both P and S waves propagate outward from an earthquake focal point within the ground.
The waves are frequently observed as independent arrivals on seismographs located at great distances from the earthquake. The direct P wave arrives first because its course takes it through faster moving, denser rocks deeper in the ground.
Because they pass through deeper, lower velocity rocks, the PP (one bounce) and PPP (two bounces) waves move more slowly than the straight P. After the P waves, the various S waves arrive.
To conclude with we can say that Seismic waves or body waves are elastic waves created when the earth's crust is disturbed. The wave is classified into two types body waves and surface waves. The P and S - waves that move through the ground are body waves.
Learn more about Body waves here:
https://brainly.com/question/19468474
#SPJ2
On the locating the epicenter exploration what city was near the epicenter?
A)Rio de Janeiro
B) Buenos Aires
C)Valparaiso
D)Lima
13 POINTS!! Helpp
What is the E0cell? Mg 2+|Mg and Ci2|Ci
The E0cell for the halfcell that we have in the question is 3.73 V.
What is the cell potential?We have to know that the cell potential as we know it has to do with the electrical potential that is involved when we have the oxidation or the reduction of a given specie. In the case of what we have here, we have the cells that are composed of magnesium and chlorine and we want to find the electrode potential of the cells.
We must note that the basis that we can be able to use to find the electrode potential of the cell is the standard hydrogen electrode which has been assigned the value of about 0.00 V and all of the other cell potentials that we have can now be measured against this standard that has been fixed.
We have;
Magnesium half cell= -2.37 V
Chlorine half cell = + 1.36 V
Then we have;
E0cell = + 1.36 - (-2.37)
= 3.73 V
Learn more about cell potential:https://brainly.com/question/1313684
#SPJ1
Desiré was investigating a chemical reaction.When she heated it up, she found that sulfuric acid changed into water. She made the following atomic-scale model to show what she thinks happened. Do you think this is a complete model of what happened during the chemical reaction?
Answer:
no it is not a complete model
What are the six physical properties associated with hazard recognition of hazardous materials/chemicals
The six physical properties associated with hazard recognition of hazardous materials/chemicals are Flammability, Reactivity, Toxicity, Corrosivity, Physical hazards, Health hazards are explained below with details.
1. Flammability: The ability of a material to catch fire and burn easily.
2. Reactivity: The ability of a material to chemically react with other materials, including the potential for explosions or release of toxic gases.
3. Toxicity: The ability of a material to cause harm or death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin.
4. Corrosivity: The ability of a material to eat away at or damage other materials, including metals and human tissue.
5. Physical hazards: The potential of a material to cause harm through physical means, such as pressure, impact, or friction.
6. Health hazards: The potential of a material to cause harm to human health, including acute and chronic effects.
These are the six physical properties associated with hazard recognition of hazardous material.
To know more about physical properties please refer: https://brainly.com/question/1935242
#SPJ4
Would you expect metals to have high ionization energies or low ionization energies? Support your answer by relating ionization energy to the formatation of ions.
Answer:
Explanation:
Would you expect metals to have high ionization energies or low ionization energies? Support your answer by relating ionization energy to the formulation of ions.
By natural process, elements individually gain or lose electrons by the path of least resistance to form an element with a Noble Gas electron configuration. That is, elements containing less than 4 electrons (Groups IA through Groups IIIA and include the Transition Elements) tend to lose electrons and become positive cations. Elements containing 4 or more valence electrons generally tend to gain electrons forming negative anions. In general, the elements forming cations are collectively ‘The Metal Elements’ and the elements forming anions are collectively ‘The Nonmetal Elements’.
The chart following the explanation text shows metals in blue, metalloids in green and nonmetals in yellow. In general, metals tend to lose electrons, nonmetals tend to gain electrons and metalloids sometimes gain and sometimes lose depending upon the compound of interest.
(see chart at end of explanation)*
Trends in ionization energy depend upon three factors, 1. Atomic and Ionic Radii, 2. The amount of energy needed (gain/endothermic process) to remove electrons from the element’s electronic structure and 3. ‘Electron Affinity’ an energy term describing the amount of energy lost (exothermic process) when an electron is added into the valence shell of an element.
Atomic and Ionic radii of metals tend to decrease with increasing atomic number. That is, in a given series the 1st element would have the largest atomic and ionic radii and sequentially decrease through the smaller radii as atomic number increases. In order of increasing atomic number the following 1st ionization energies (removal of 1st electron) are known for the listed metallic elements of series 2 of the periodic table:
Li + 520Kj/mole => Li⁺ + eˉ (valence electron is farther away from nucleus than the next two elements in series.)
Be + 900Kj/mole => Be⁺ + eˉ (electronic orbital structure is more stable for the 1st 2eˉs)
B + 801Kj/mole => B⁺ + eˉ (electron orbital structure is less stable (easier to remove) for 3rd electron requiring a lower ΔEᵢ.)
In the series, the elements are increasing in proton and electron number resulting in smaller radii and stronger attractive electrostatic forces (stronger bond) between the nucleus and electron cloud. Relating this trend to the 1st ionization energy values shown above, the larger radii requires lower ionization energies as the valence electron is farther from the nucleus with a weaker bond than subsequent elements in the same series.
In a more fundamental context, consider Lithium (Li) with its 1 valence electron. By path of least resistance concept (see 1st sentence), would it be more reasonable for lithium to gain 7 electrons to achieve a Noble Gas configuration (i.e., Ne) or lose 1 electron to achieve the Noble Gas configuration (i.e., He)? By natural path of least resistance, Li would tend to lose its one valence electron forming the cation Li⁺. Of course, with a little thought, gaining 7 electrons would be improbable as lithium has only 3 protons (+); certainly not enough attractive force to hold 8 electrons (1e⁻ + 7e⁻ gained).
A 250mL sample of oxygen is collected over water at 30 C and 850 torr pressure. What is the pressure of the dry gas alone?
Answer:
[tex]p_O=818.2torr[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello there!
In this case, according to the given equation, it is possible to calculate the mass of oxygen by using the Dalton's law, considering that the total pressure is 850 torr and the vapor pressure of water at 30°C is 31.8 torr:
[tex]P_T=p_O+p_{H_2O}[/tex]
Thus, we solve for the pressure of oxygen as follows:
[tex]p_O=P_T-p_{H_2O}\\\\p_O=850torr-31.8torr\\\\p_O=818.2torr[/tex]
Best regards!
how to go from grams to atoms?
Answer:
U could use the formula
Explanation:
To calculate the number of atoms in a sample, divide its weight in grams by the amu atomic mass from the periodic table, then multiply the result by Avogadro's number: 6.02 x 10^23