a new species of frog has been discovered that has 20 different types of chromosomes. each frog body cell is diploid so there are a total of 40 chromosomes in each body cell. how many chromosomes will there be in the sperm produced by this species of frog?
A new species of frog has been discovered that has 20 different types of chromosomes. The sperm produced by this species of frog will have 10 chromosomes, as it is haploid.
How does a frog produce sperm?Frogs produce sperm in a process known as spermatogenesis which occurs in the testes. During spermatogenesis, a male frog's testes produce several types of sperm cells, including spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatids. The spermatogonia, which are the stem cells, divide and create primary spermatocytes, which are the precursor cells to spermatids. The primary spermatocytes then go on to divide and create secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes eventually develop into spermatids, which are immature sperm cells. The spermatids mature and become sperm cells, which are then released into the water, where they can fertilize female eggs to create new offspring.
What is the structure of chromosomes?Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of living cells. Chromosomes contain the genetic information that is passed from parent to offspring. Chromosomes consist of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. Two lengths of DNA, called sister chromatids, are joined together at the centromere and make up a chromosome. Each chromosome has a distinct size, shape and banding pattern. The DNA binds to the histone proteins in repeating units called nucleosomes, which are manipulated by a variety of enzymes to form patterns of genetic activity. Chromosomes also contain regions of repetitive sequences of DNA called repetitive elements or satellites, which do not encode proteins.
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the O gene is carried on which chromosome?
Answer: chromosome 9
Explanation:
george and eva are talking about the pondweed in their fish tank. to do this, they use a black bottle and a clear bottle. Into each bottle they put the same amount of water and pondweed. They measure the oxygen content of the water. They put both bottles next to a light. After a week they measure the oxygen content of the water again in each bottle. Here are their results:
1) oxygen level in water before experiment = 8 mg per litre
2)Oxygen level in black bottle after a week = 5 mg per litre
3) Oxygen level in clear bottle after a week = 10mg per litre.
Explain the results of the experiment by analysing the data and use this to explain why Eva is correct.
George: “If we shine light at the pondweed we can tell how fast it is photosynthesising. All we have to do is measure the change in oxygen level in water.
Eva: I don’t think that can be right. I think we need to know what happens to the oxygen level in the dark as well as in the light.
Answer:
The results of the experiment suggest that the pondweed photosynthesizes more in the clear bottle than in the black bottle. The clear bottle has a higher oxygen content, suggesting that the pondweed in the clear bottle produced more oxygen than the pondweed in the black bottle. Conversely, the black bottle has a lower oxygen content, indicating that the pondweed in the black bottle produced less oxygen.
Eva is correct because the experiment should also measure the oxygen levels in the dark. In the dark, photosynthesis cannot occur, so any change in oxygen levels can only be attributed to respiration. By measuring the oxygen levels in the dark, the experiment can determine the rate of respiration of the pondweed.
If the oxygen level decreases in the dark, this would suggest that respiration is occurring and that the pondweed is using oxygen. If the oxygen level remains constant in the dark, this would suggest that the pondweed is not respiring or photosynthesizing.
Therefore, Eva is correct because measuring oxygen levels only in the light does not provide a complete picture of the process of photosynthesis and respiration. By measuring oxygen levels in both the light and dark, the experiment can determine the rate of photosynthesis and respiration separately.
tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. what type of glia cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged area of the brain that is affected by the stroke
Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partly paralyzed on his right aspect. Microglia sort of glial cellular might you assume to discover in elevated numbers in the damaged location of the mind this is suffering from the stroke.
Microglia are a type of immune cells that are found in the brain and spinal cord. They make up about 10% of the total cells in the brain and are the first line of defense against injury or infection in the central nervous system. Microglia are derived from precursor cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the brain during development.
Microglia can perform a range of functions including phagocytosis, clearance of debris, and the release of cytokines and chemokines. They are also involved in synaptic pruning, which is the process of removing weak or unnecessary connections between neurons during brain development. Abnormal activation of microglia has been implicated in a range of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury.
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Complete Question: -
Tom's father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the damaged area of the brain that is affected by the stroke?
match the terms with the correct definitions.1. biological agent in a business setting, the operations, processes and relationships that are employed to control and direct the organization 2. globalization people, businesses, and governments of different nations interacting for trade purposes 3. governance a microorganism, such as bacteria, that can adversely affect human health 4. radon colorless, odorless radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer
1. Biological agent: A microorganism, such as bacteria, that can adversely affect human health2. Globalization: People, businesses, and governments of different nations interacting for trade purposes3. Governance: In a business setting, the operations, processes and relationships that are employed to control and direct the organization4. Radon: Colorless, odorless radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer. The correct definitions that match the given terms are listed above.
The correct matching is: Biological agent: A microorganism, such as bacteria, that can adversely affect human health. Globalization: People, businesses, and governments of different nations interacting for trade purposes. Governance: In a business setting, the operations, processes and relationships that are employed to control and direct the organization. Radon: Colorless, odorless radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer.
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which arteries leave directly from the aorta? 2. which veins lead directly back into the superior and inferior vena cava? 3. which arteries and veins are crucial to supplying the heart with oxygen? 4. which valves separate the atria from the ventricles? 5. what structure separates the right and left ventricles? station 2 6. what are you actually hearing when you listen to the heartbeat? 7. what is the pulse? 8. how can the pulse be felt at different parts of the body? 9. which pulse point had the strongest pulse? the weakest pulse? why do you think this happened? station 3 10.what type of cell is most abundant in blood tissue? 11.what is the purpose of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle? 12.how is the cellular structure of arteries versus veins different? station 4 13.what is blood pressure and how is it measured? 14.why is high blood pressure a health concern? station 5 15.what were the common causes
1. The coronary arteries are the arteries that leave directly from the aorta.
2. The superior and inferior vena cava are the veins that lead directly back into them.
3. The coronary arteries and veins are important in supplying the heart with oxygen.
4. The atrioventricular valves are what separates the atria from the ventricles.
5. The septum separates the right and left ventricles.
6. The sounds of the heart beating are what you hear.
7. The pulse is the rhythmic contraction of arteries that originates from the heart.
8. The pulse can be felt at different parts of the body, such as the carotid artery, the femoral artery, or the brachial artery.
9. The carotid pulse point had the strongest pulse, while the radial pulse point had the weakest pulse. This may be because the carotid artery is closer to the heart, whereas the radial artery is more distal.
10. Red blood cells are the most common type of cell in blood tissue.
11. Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle allow for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle fibers.
12. The cellular structure of arteries versus veins is distinct. Arteries are thicker and more elastic, while veins have a thinner wall and are more flexible.
13. Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries, and it is measured using a blood pressure cuff.
14. High blood pressure is a health concern because it can lead to heart disease, stroke, and other serious medical conditions.
15. The common causes of high blood pressure include genetics, lifestyle factors, such as obesity and lack of exercise, and underlying medical conditions, such as kidney disease or thyroid disorders.
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the activation of a common effector molecule in the cytoplasm by signals from a variety of unrelated receptors is called .
Answer is : convergence
Which of these digestive organs is not part of the alimentary canal?
A. The stomach
B. The esophagus
C. The mouth
D. The liver
Answer:
liver
Explanation:
Answer:
Which of these digestive organs is not part of the alimentary canal?
A. The stomach
B. The esophagus
C. The mouth
D. The liverExplanation:
You're welcome.
Predict A store owner has a problem with birds building nests on top of the store’s
outdoor sign. To scare the birds away, she places rubber snakes on top of the sign.
Predict how the birds will react to the rubber snakes. Use the terms habituated,
learn, negative effects, positive effects, and stimulus in your answer.
Answer:
The birds may initially be frightened by the rubber snakes due to the sudden presence of a new stimulus. However, if they do not encounter any negative effects, such as being attacked or injured by the snakes, they may quickly habituate to their presence and no longer see them as a threat. This means that the birds may learn that the rubber snakes are not a danger and may continue to build their nests on the sign, ignoring the presence of the snakes. Therefore, the use of rubber snakes may have no positive effects in deterring the birds from building their nests, but rather may be ineffective or even have negative effects if the birds become habituated to them.
Explanation:
This is what I think hope it helps.
Estuaries are often called __________ __________ because many species of fish and wildlife rely on estuaries' sheltered waters as spawning places for their young.
Estuaries are often called "nurseries of the sea" because many species of fish and wildlife rely on estuaries' sheltered waters as spawning places for their young.
The species of fish and wildlife that rely on estuaries for their survival vary depending on the region's location and type of estuary. The species of fish and wildlife found in estuaries include oysters, crabs, and clams, as well as migratory birds, marine mammals, and numerous species of fish.
Estuaries are an important ecosystem that provides food, shelter, and protection for a diverse range of marine life. They are also essential in regulating water quality and controlling the effects of pollutants in marine and coastal environments. Therefore, the protection and preservation of estuaries is essential to maintaining the health of marine and coastal ecosystems.
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Pollutants only affect specific areas and do not spread through the watershed.truefalse
False. Pollutants can affect specific areas, but they can also spread through the watershed.
Watersheds are interconnected systems where water and pollutants can flow downstream, potentially affecting many areas. Pollutants can be carried by runoff, groundwater, or atmospheric deposition, and can be transported long distances through the watershed. Additionally, some pollutants can accumulate in sediment or biota, leading to the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain. Therefore, it is important to manage pollutants in watersheds on a holistic basis, taking into account the interconnected nature of these systems and the potential for pollutants to travel and impact downstream areas. Proper management practices such as source control, treatment, and monitoring can help mitigate the spread of pollutants throughout the watershed.
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The ability of a particular gene to determine phenotype can be altered by. A) environmental factors. B) gender. C) other genes
The ability of a particular gene to determine phenotype can be altered by environmental factors. Option A is correct.
A gene is a unit of heredity that is passed down from parents to children and determines the characteristics of the offspring.
A phenotype is the set of physical and behavioral characteristics that result from the expression of an individual's genes as well as environmental factors. The combination of genes and environment determines the phenotype of an individual.
For example, the genes responsible for eye color might determine that a person's eyes are blue, but environmental factors like exposure to sunlight or a diet rich in certain nutrients might also affect the final eye color.
Environmental factors can influence the expression of genes and modify the phenotype of an individual.
For example, exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants might damage or alter the DNA sequence of a gene, affecting its ability to produce a functional protein. Alternatively, environmental factors might alter the way that a gene is expressed without affecting the DNA sequence itself.
Thus, the ability of a particular gene to determine phenotype can be altered by environmental factors. The correct answer is option A.
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which of the physiological parameters in the body are most likely to vary from normal homeostatic levels during heavy exercise? select all that apply.
Several physiological parameters are likely to vary from normal homeostatic levels during heavy exercise. The parameters that are most likely to vary from normal homeostatic levels during heavy exercise include:
Heart rate.Blood pressure.Respiration rate.Body temperature.Blood glucose levelsThese parameters are likely to vary from normal homeostatic levels because of the increased demand for oxygen and energy by the body during heavy exercise. The increased demand for oxygen and energy requires the body to increase the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and other organs. This increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients results in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature, and blood glucose levels. This increased demand also results in the release of adrenaline and other hormones that help to increase energy production and improve muscle function.
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A watershed is the area of land where all of the water drains off and eventually combines at a central point. as water runs off it picks up different types of surface pollution left over from agricultural, industrial, commercial, and other types of human activity. why does the pollution in a watershed have such a heavy impact on its inhabitants? responses a. as the water runs towards its central point, it picks up more pollution and becomes more concentratedb. as the water combines and the pollutants becomes less concentratedc. pollution does not affect the inhabitants of a watershed d. the species that inhabit the watershed need pollution in order to survive
The correct answer is (a) as the water runs towards its central point, it picks up more pollution and becomes more concentrated.
As water runs off the land in a watershed, it picks up pollutants such as chemicals, nutrients, and sediment from agricultural, industrial, and other human activities. As the water flows towards a central point, such as a lake or river, the pollutants become more concentrated. This can lead to harmful effects on the aquatic ecosystem, including the death of fish and other aquatic organisms, and the contamination of drinking water sources. Additionally, the pollution can also have negative impacts on human health and the local economy, particularly in areas that rely on fishing or tourism. Therefore, it is important to manage and reduce pollution in watersheds to protect the health of the ecosystem and its inhabitants.
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mutations can occur with a single nucleotide change. the misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from
Mutations can occur with a single nucleotide change. The misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from amino acid substitution.
A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence that results in a modified gene product or a modified regulatory element. A mutation is a permanent alteration to the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
A mutation can occur in any part of the DNA sequence. A mutation can occur with a single nucleotide change. The misfolding of the hemoglobin protein results from amino acid substitution. Misfolding is a term used to describe the folding of a protein molecule into an incorrect three-dimensional structure.
Misfolding occurs when a protein does not fold correctly into its normal, biologically functional state. Misfolding of proteins is linked to a variety of diseases. Hemoglobin is a protein that is crucial for the transport of oxygen in the body. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells of mammals.
Hemoglobinopathy is a term used to describe diseases caused by mutations in the hemoglobin gene. These illnesses can have a variety of consequences, ranging from minor symptoms to serious, life-threatening illnesses.
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for your botany lab report, you need to sketch guard cells in a leaf section. how can you identify them?
On the pore size of the per guard cell, there is a thin cuticle to the side. The light side of the cell grows like a balloon when water enters it, drawing the thick side with it to form a crescent; The set of crescents forms the pore's slot.
Gas diffusion is controlled by guard cells, pairs of epidermal cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pores. Like other types of plant cells, guard cells are surrounded by a three-dimensional extracellular network of wall polymers based on polysaccharides.
Another type of plant single-cell model known as guard cells are used to investigate the early signal transduction and stress tolerance mechanisms of plants. In the leaf epidermis, guard cells are surrounded by stomatal pores. Monitor cells individually to control the deluge and efflux of CO2 and water from leaves.
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in bacterial transformation what is the purpose of heat shock that is placing bacterial cells into 42
The purpose of heat shock in bacterial transformation is to make the bacterial cells: more permeable to genetic material, such as DNA.
This process is achieved by increasing the temperature of the bacterial cells to 42°C for a brief period of time, which allows the bacteria to take up foreign DNA. After the heat shock, the temperature is rapidly lowered, which helps the bacteria to keep the foreign DNA within its cells.
By doing this, the foreign DNA can then be integrated into the bacterial genome and the bacteria can express the new genetic information. This process is a critical step in genetic engineering and is used to study the functions of genes and other cellular processes.
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between cell divisions the dna in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out; in this for it is called
The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out between cell divisions, and in this form, it is referred to as chromatin.
Chromatin is composed of DNA, which is wrapped around histone proteins and further compacted into structures called nucleosomes. In this form, the DNA is more organized, making it easier to access and regulate. Chromatin is organized into loops and domains, which allow certain genes to be expressed while others are silenced.
During the cell cycle, the chromatin undergoes a process called "chromatin remodeling". This is a complex series of biochemical processes that change the shape and structure of the chromatin, as well as its transcriptional and regulatory properties. This process is essential for the successful progression of the cell cycle. As chromatin is remodeled, it can form different shapes and forms, including euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the chromatin that is loosely packed, allowing for the expression of genes, while heterochromatin is highly condensed and usually inactive. As the cell progresses through the cell cycle, the chromatin changes, allowing for the expression of certain genes and the repression of others. Ultimately, this allows the cell to produce the proteins and molecules it needs for growth and development.
In summary, between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out. This is known as chromatin and is composed of DNA wrapped around histone proteins and further compacted into nucleosomes.
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if chemical reactions will eventually reach an equilibrium state, what is the purpose of enzymes in a biological system?
Enzymes play an important role in a biological system because they help to speed up chemical reactions so that equilibrium can be reached more quickly.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in a reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction. This means that enzymes can help chemical reactions to occur more quickly, making it possible for equilibrium to be reached faster than without the enzyme present.
For example, in digestion, enzymes like amylase and lipase break down the macromolecules in food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed in the digestive system.
Without enzymes, it would take much longer for these macromolecules to break down, preventing equilibrium from being reached.
Enzymes are also important for metabolic processes like glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport, which are all necessary for organisms to produce the energy they need to live.
By lowering the activation energy needed to start these metabolic processes, enzymes allow these processes to occur quickly, allowing for equilibrium to be reached in a reasonable amount of time.
Overall, enzymes are important for helping chemical reactions to reach equilibrium faster in a biological system. By lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction, enzymes enable metabolic processes to occur quickly and efficiently, making equilibrium more easily attainable.
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Why can you say that all calico cats are females?
Answer: Hope this helps also love this question
im cat person lol
Explanation:
It's a fact that almost all calico cats are female because of the unique chromosomal makeup that determines the color variations in their coats.
The sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine whether a cat will be male or female. Each cat has a pair of sex chromosomes with the possible combinations of XX (female) and XY (male). The X chromosome also carries the coding gene for the black and orange colors in a calico's coat.
Female calico cats have two X chromosomes, and therefore have two chromosomes with color code. Only if the cat gets one orange-coded X and one black-coded X, will she be calico, expressing both black and orange coloration.
We can say that all calico cats are females because the majority of calico cats are female.
It is not accurate to say that all calico cats are females. However, the majority of calico cats are female. The reason behind it is that the calico coloration is linked to a specific gene on the X chromosome. Since female cats have two X chromosomes, they can inherit two copies of the gene and thus have a higher chance of expressing the calico pattern.
On the other hand, male cats have only one X chromosome, and the calico gene is typically suppressed by the dominant non-calico gene on the other chromosome. However, there are rare cases where male calico cats can exist, but they are extremely rare. These males are usually sterile and have an additional genetic abnormality. Therefore, it is not appropriate to generalize that all calico cats are females, but most of them are.
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Below is a picture of the codon wheel.
Explain how to use this wheel to determine
the amino acid that codes for the RNA triplet
"CAC"
The first nucleotide of the RNA triplet "CAC" is "C", so you would look for the "C" on the outermost circle.
What is the Codon Wheel?The codon wheel is a circular table that helps to determine the amino acid that is encoded by a particular RNA triplet, also known as a codon.
The wheel is divided into three concentric circles, with the first and second circles representing the first and second nucleotide positions of the codon, and the third circle representing the third nucleotide position of the codon.
To use the codon wheel, you need to locate the first nucleotide of the codon on the outermost circle of the wheel.
How to determine the amino acid that codes for the RNA triplet "CAC"In this case, the first nucleotide of the RNA triplet "CAC" is "C", so you would look for the "C" on the outermost circle. Once you have located the first nucleotide, you need to follow the circle inward to find the second nucleotide.
In this case, the second nucleotide of the RNA triplet "CAC" is "A", so you would follow the "C" circle inward to the "A" circle.
Finally, you need to locate the third nucleotide on the innermost circle of the wheel. In this case, the third nucleotide of the RNA triplet "CAC" is also "C", so you would look for the "C" on the innermost circle.
The amino acid that is encoded by this codon is located in the center of the wheel, and in this case, the amino acid that is encoded by the RNA triplet "CAC" is histidine (His).
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(c) Based on the sequence analyses of the three mitochondrial genes, scientists hypothesize that the La Plata river dolphin is more closely related to the Amazon river dolphin than to the Chinese river dolphin: Evaluate this hypothesis by describing the sequence data that would support this hypothesis_ B I 4 | = E /10000 Word Limit (d) Molecular data indicate that river dolphins do not form a monophyletic group. Explain why these animals nevertheless have morphological similarities: B I 4 | = E 10000 Word Li;
(c) To evaluate the hypothesis that the La Plata River dolphin is more closely related to the Amazon River dolphin than to the Chinese River dolphin, we should look at the sequence data from the three mitochondrial genes.
The data that would support this hypothesis would include higher sequence similarity, shared mutations, and phylogenetic analysis.
(d) River dolphins may not form a monophyletic group based on molecular data, but they still have morphological similarities due to convergent evolution.
(c) To evaluate the hypothesis that the La Plata river dolphin is more closely related to the Amazon river dolphin than to the Chinese river dolphin, scientists would need to examine the sequence data of the mitochondrial genes from all three species.
They would look for similarities and differences in the nucleotide sequences of the genes, specifically in regions that are highly conserved across different species.
If the sequence data shows that the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genes are more similar between the La Plata and Amazon river dolphins than between the La Plata and Chinese river dolphins, this would support the hypothesis that the former two are more closely related. This would suggest that the La Plata and Amazon river dolphins shared a common ancestor more recently than either of them did with the Chinese river dolphin.
However, if the sequence data shows that the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genes are more similar between the La Plata and Chinese river dolphins than between the La Plata and Amazon river dolphins, this would refute the hypothesis. This would suggest that the La Plata and Chinese river dolphins are more closely related to each other and shared a more recent common ancestor than either of them did with the Amazon river dolphin.
(d) Molecular data indicate that river dolphins do not form a monophyletic group, meaning that they do not share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other cetaceans.
However, these animals do have morphological similarities, such as the presence of a long, slender snout, small eyes, and a flexible neck.
This could be explained by convergent evolution, where two distantly related species evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures. In the case of river dolphins, they share a similar aquatic environment with similar prey and predators, which could have led to the evolution of similar morphological traits. Additionally, river dolphins may have inherited some morphological traits from their common ancestor with other cetaceans, but have also undergone independent evolution of these traits in response to their unique environment. Therefore, although molecular data suggests that river dolphins are not closely related to each other, their morphological similarities may be a result of convergent evolution and inheritance from a common ancestor.
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Fill-In The Blank: Replication, RNA, and Transcription
DNA Structure Word Bank: You can use a term more than once.
Backbone DNA ligase cytosine deoxyribose DNA DNA polymerase
double helix hydrogen helicase nitrogenous base nucleotides 5’ to 3’ Okasaki fragments protein parent strands purines making proteins
3’ to 5’ pyrimidines ribose RNA 2 identical
single strand storing thymine uracil lagging strand
leading strand nucleus cytoplasm mRNA RNA Polymerase
DNA must replicate as part of cell division. The enzyme that causes DNA to unwind is called (1) helicase. It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs, separating the double helix into two _(2)______________________. Each of these parent strands serves as a template for new DNA. The enzyme that connects complementary bases of free nucleotides is called (3)________________________. The new complementary strands are made in the (4)_______________direction. Thus, the parent strand is read in the (5) ___________direction. The (6) _________________is made in one continuous strand and follows in the same direction as helicase. The (7) ____________ is created in pieces, called (8) ____________. To connect these pieces, (9) __________ is used to insert the missing nucleotides. The end result is (10) ______________ copies of the original DNA molecule. This entire process takes place in the (11) _________________.
Ribose nucleic acid, (12)__________________ for short, is composed of the same subunits as DNA, except that the thymine bases are replaced with (13)______________________ bases and the sugar backbone is composed of a (14)______________________ sugar. RNA forms a (15)____________________________ structure. While DNA is responsible for (16)______________________ the genetic code, RNA uses the genetic code for _(17)_______________________________.
The process of transcription occurs in the _(18)____________. The purpose of this process is to copy a specific code in the DNA (called a gene) into (19)___________. Transcription begins when an enzyme called (20)_____________ opens DNA and reads the DNA in a (21) ______________ direction. As it does so, it creates an mRNA strand in the (22)___________ direction. When this process is completed, mRNA will eventually leave the (23)__________. MRNA will carry the DNA code on how to make a specific (24) ________
DNA must replicate as part of cell division. The enzyme that causes DNA to unwind is called helicase.
It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogenous base pairs, separating the double helix into two single strands.
Each of these parent strands serves as a template for new DNA. The enzyme that connects complementary bases of free nucleotides is called DNA polymerase.
The new complementary strands are made in the 5' to 3' direction.
Thus, the parent strand is read in the 3' to 5' direction.
the leading strand is made in one continuous strand and follows in the same direction as helicase.
The lagging strand is created in pieces, called Okazaki fragments.
To connect these pieces, DNA ligase is used to insert the missing nucleotides.
The end result is 2 identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
This entire process takes place in the nucleus.
Ribose nucleic acid, RNA for short, is composed of the same subunits as DNA, except that the thymine bases are replaced with uracil bases and the sugar backbone is composed of a ribose sugar.
RNA forms a single-stranded structure.
While DNA is responsible for storing the genetic code, RNA uses the genetic code for making proteins.
The process of transcription occurs in the nucleus.
The purpose of this process is to copy a specific code in the DNA (called a gene) into mRNA.
Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase opens DNA and reads the DNA in a 3' to 5' direction.
As it does so, it creates an mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction.
When this process is completed, mRNA will eventually leave the nucleus.
MRNA will carry the DNA code on how to make a specific protein.
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if an increase in extracellular potassium would depolarize a neuron, what would be the effect of the increased potassium?
The effect of an increased potassium would change the membrane potential to a less negative value at the extracellular compartment of the neuron.
What is neuron depolarisation?Neuron depolarisation is defined as the event that occurs in the neurons which is initiated by the opening of sodium ion channels within the plasma membrane.
Increased extracellular potassium levels result in depolarization of the membrane potentials of cells due to the increase in the equilibrium potential of potassium.
Therefore, the effect of increased potassium at the extracellular compartment of the neuron will lead to a change of the membrane potential to a less negative value.
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some strains of streptococcus have a toxin on their surface call streptolysin-s. when a white blood cell attacks these bacteria, what happens?
When a white blood cell attacks Streptococcus bacteria that have a toxin on their surface called Streptolysin-S, it causes the cell to burst, which can lead to cell lysis.
What is Streptococcus?
Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, sphere-shaped bacteria that grows in pairs or chains. It is a common pathogen that can cause a variety of infections in humans, including strep throat, pneumonia, and skin infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most well-known strains of Streptococcus bacteria.
What is streptolysin-S?
Streptolysin-S is a toxin produced by some strains of Streptococcus bacteria that causes red blood cells to burst. This toxin is found on the surface of some Streptococcus bacteria and is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of certain diseases caused by these bacteria, such as scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome.
Streptolysin-S is also involved in the destruction of white blood cells that are involved in the immune response to Streptococcus infections. When a white blood cell attacks these bacteria, it causes the cell to burst, which can lead to cell lysis.
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circles of dna that are apart from the chromosome and that are found in many bacteria and archaea are called multiple choice question. capsids. nucleoids. envelopes. plasmids.
The circles of DNA that are found in many bacteria and archaea, and are apart from the chromosome, are called nucleoids.
Nucleoids are irregularly shaped, defined regions that are observed in bacteria and archaea that lack a nucleus. The chromosomal DNA in these prokaryotic cells is aggregated and compacted into a structure known as a nucleoid.
The nucleoid is not bounded by a membrane, although it is bordered by a peripheral region of cytoplasmic proteins. A chromosome is a long, linear DNA molecule that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones.
Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and they contain the genetic information that is passed down from one generation to the next. The number of chromosomes in a given species is usually constant, and it varies from one species to the next.
Humans, have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells, while dogs have 78 chromosomes in their somatic cells. Envelopes are the external layers that enclose some viruses.
Enveloped viruses are distinct from non-enveloped viruses, which lack an outer lipid bilayer. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell's plasma membrane during the budding process, and it is studded with viral glycoproteins that are essential for infectivity.
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where is the only time that both velocity and acceleration are 0?
Explanation:
actually velocity is directly proportional to acceleration so when velocity is constant then acc is also constant
chromatin immunoprecipitation and dna sequencing (chip-seq) can be used to identify regions of the genome that can indicate promoters, enhancers, and transcription factor-binding motifs. chip-seq is an example of:
Chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) can be used to identify regions of the genome that can indicate promoters, enhancers, and transcription factor-binding motifs. ChIP-seq is an example of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS).
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a term that refers to technologies that allow researchers to sequence millions of small fragments of DNA at the same time.
ChIP-seq is an example of NGS, which combines the power of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with next-generation sequencing to map the genome-wide binding sites of proteins, such as transcription factors, histones, and polymerases, that interact with DNA.
ChIP-seq enables researchers to determine which parts of the genome are bound by a protein of interest, making it an effective tool for identifying promoters, enhancers, and other regulatory elements.
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what is the correct order in the energy flow in trophic levels? group of answer choices omnivores->autotrophs->decomposers->omnivores->carnivores decomposers->autotrophs->carnivores->herbivores->omnivores autotrophs->herbivores->omnivores->carnivores->decomposers herbivores->omnivores->autotrophs->carnivores->decomposers
The correct order in the energy flow in trophic levels is autotrophs->herbivores->omnivores->carnivores->decomposers. The correct option is c. This order represents the food chain concept where one organism is the food of another, and the cycle continues from there. Here, the food chain starts with autotrophs or producers, which are organisms that can prepare their own food using sunlight or chemicals.
They are followed by
herbivores, which are primary consumers that feed on plants.
Omnivores come next, which are organisms that feed on both plants and animals.
Carnivores follow, which are organisms that feed on other animals, and the cycle ends with
decomposers, which break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients into the soil.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer, i.e., autotrophs->herbivores->omnivores->carnivores->decomposers.
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An asteroid lacks all of the following except Select one: a. An atmosphere. B. Internal heat. C. A spherical shape. D. Gravity
An asteroid lacks all of the following except a spherical shape it is a tiny, stony object called an asteroid that circles the Sun.
Asteroids do not have a spherical form as planets do because they do not have enough gravity to pull themselves into a more rounded shape. Others have a more uneven and fractured shape as a result of impacts with other asteroids or other celestial bodies, while other asteroids have a more rounded appearance.
Asteroids don't have an atmosphere or internal heat, thus they don't have a barrier to keep them safe or a source of energy to keep them warm. Despite these drawbacks, asteroids are of great scientific importance because they shed light on the creation and development of our solar system.
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