what are 3 modifications to pyruvate in the intermediate phase

Answer:

Simplified diagram of pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH.

Simplified diagram of pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate—three carbons—is converted to acetyl CoA, a two-carbon molecule attached to coenzyme A. A molecule of coenzyme A is a necessary reactant for this reaction, which releases a molecule of carbon dioxide and reduces a NAD+ to NADH.

In eukaryotes, this step takes place in the matrix, the innermost compartment of mitochondria. In prokaryotes, it happens in the cytoplasm. Overall, pyruvate oxidation converts pyruvate—a three-carbon molecule—into acetyl two-carbon molecule attached to Coenzyme A—producing an t, N, A, D, H, end text and releasing one carbon dioxide molecule in the process. Acetyl  C, o, A, end text acts as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration.

Pyruvate oxidation steps

Pyruvate is produced by glycolysis in the cytoplasm, but pyruvate oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (in eukaryotes). So, before the chemical reactions can begin, pyruvate must enter the mitochondrion, crossing its inner membrane and arriving at the matrix.

In the matrix, pyruvate is modified in a series of steps:

More detailed diagram of the mechanism of pyruvate oxidation.

1. A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide.

2. The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH.

3. The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.

More detailed diagram of the mechanism of pyruvate oxidation.

A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate and released as carbon dioxide.

The two-carbon molecule from the first step is oxidized, and NAD+ accepts the electrons to form NADH.

The oxidized two-carbon molecule, an acetyl group, is attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA.

Image credit: "Oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle: Figure 1" by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0

Step 1. A carboxyl group is snipped off of pyruvate and released as a molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a two-carbon molecule.

Step 2. The two-carbon molecule from step 1 is oxidized, and the electrons lost in the oxidation are picked up 2 \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text are generated from \text{NAD}^+NAD

Step 3. The oxidized two-carbon molecule—an acetyl group, highlighted in green—is attached to Coenzyme A (\text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text), an organic molecule derived from vitamin B5, to form acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text. Acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text is sometimes called a carrier molecule, and its job here is to carry the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle.

The steps above are carried out by a large enzyme complex called the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which consists of three interconnected enzymes and includes over 60 subunits. At a couple of stages, the reaction intermediates actually form covalent bonds to the enzyme complex—or, more specifically, to its cofactors. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an important target for regulation, as it controls the amount of acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text fed into the citric acid cycle^{1,2,3}

1,2,3

start superscript, 1, comma, 2, comma, 3, end superscript.

If we consider the two pyruvates that enter from glycolysis (for each glucose molecule), we can summarize pyruvate oxidation as follows:

Two molecules of pyruvate are converted into two molecules of acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text.

Two carbons are released as carbon dioxide—out of the six originally present in glucose.

2 \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text are generated from \text{NAD}^+NAD

+

start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript.

Why make acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text? Acetyl \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text serves as fuel for the citric acid cycle in the next stage of cellular respiration. The addition of \text{CoA}CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text helps activate the acetyl group, preparing it to undergo the necessary reactions to enter the citric acid cycle.

Explanation:

Ecosystem services
Define regulating services in your own words

Define providing services in your own words

Guys please help.I don’t have much time

What is a possible result of an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere?

When making yogurt, bacteria and milk are mixed together and set in a warm area. The container is sealed and no gasses are allowed to enter the container. After 24 hours the container is opened, and there is still no gas. Upon tasting the mixture there is a tart flavor. What type of respiration were the bacteria most likely carrying out?

A.
photosynthesis

B.
alcoholic fermentation

C.
lactic acid fermentation

D.
aerobic cellular respiration

China's economy is growing very quickly and requires a large amount of energy. Most of the energy consumed by the country comes from a nonrenewable energy source. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy source?
A
coal

B
hydroelectric

C
solar

D
wind


Fun fact ; I made this sentence while brushing my teeth , you can tell with how this sentence is lowercased and multiple typos

WILL BE MARKED BRAINLIEST AND PLUS 12 POINTS

Which detail from the passage best explain why plants photosynthesize?

TRUE or FALSE: When an enzyme becomes non-functional as a result of
a change in its environment, it is denatured. *
O True
O False

How many bases does one molecule of tRNA read at one time?

What do we use when changing units from one form to another?

when a raw, shell-less egg was placed in sugar solution the egg shrank the egg was brought back to its original size by placing it it water which process does the experiment demonstrate

To which planet do scientists compare Kepler-10b?

Which climate favors mechanical weathering?
O dry climate
O cold climate
O warm climate
O desert climate

Is bacteria a living thing

I just bombed this test and i have 1 retake left. please help!!

What can cause
carrying capacity to
change?

If you place a red blood cell in a solution and it swells, this means that: (Choose all correct answers)

the solution was hypertonic to the inside of the cell
the concentration of water was lower inside of the cell than outside
the concentration of water was higher inside of the cell than outside
the solution was hypotonic to the inside of the cell
the osmolarity of the solution was lower than inside the cell
the osmolarity of the solution was higher than inside the cell

calculate the average number of moose killed by one wolf in each territory

which of the following is true about nucleic acids

Bacteria that feed off of food in the human gut and provide essential nutrients to their host are an example of

Which event is caused by gravity

The following table describes five molecules that belong to the same class.

Molecule Function
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
Amylase an enzyme that breaks down starch
Immunoglobulin an antibody produced in response to an invading particle
Collagen the main structural component of connective tissues
Aquaporin transports water in and out of the cell

Which class of biomolecule do the molecules in the table belong to?

evaprotion is controlled by what in a plant

Which of the following is NOT a force?
Newton
Gravity
Friction
Inertia

Please Help!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Is this true or false
The process of change during an organism's life that results in a more complex organism is called growth.

What side do the vesicles enter in the Golgi apparatus?
A)the skinny side
B)the fat side
C)cis face
D)trans face

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of life?

ability to reproduce

oxygen usage

an organism consists of cells

use of energy and metabolic processes

Which of the following is an ecologist most likely to study?

What is another word for macromolecules?

Which kind of belly button is considered normal? * 1

innie

outie