what contributes to antigenic shift in influenza viruses?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The particular structure of the influenza virus genome and function of its viral proteins enable antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

Answer 2

Answer:

Between worldwide outbreaks, known as pandemics, influenza viruses undergo constant, rapid evolution (a process called antigenic drift ), which is driven by mutations in the genes encoding antigen proteins.

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains. The term is often applied specifically to influenza, as that is the best-known example, but the process is also known to occur with other viruses, such as visna virus in sheep. Antigenic shift is a specific case of reassortment or viral shift that confers a phenotypic change.

Explanation:


Related Questions

what is the main component of plasma

Answers

Answer:Albumin

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. It constitutes more than half of the blood's volume and consists mostly of water that contains dissolved salts (electrolytes) and proteins. The major protein in plasma is albumin.

Explanation:

Helped by none other than the #QUEEN herself aka #DRIPPQUEENMO

100 pt questions biol​

Answers

Answer:

1. Cellular  

2. Photosynthesis

3. Photosynthesis

4. Cellular

Explanation: B.

Answer:

Office Equipment & Supplies. Orchestrated by CDW. To ensure your business operates smoothly, you need a steady supply of office basics. Whether it's a ...

Explanation:

Plzzz help Why are females in control of sexual selection and the evolution of males?

Answers

Answer:

What i can say is that WE ARE NOT.

Explanation:

Sexual selection is mostly our choices bc we have the uterus and body parts to produce babies. Some men take advantage of that hence rapxe. The evolution of males is sometimes in our control bc we are trying to teach them not to rapxe.

which two layers of the atmosphere are responsible for the majority of solar radiation absorption?

Answers

Answer:

The stratosphere and thermosphere.

Explanation:

the stratosphere and the thermosphere

Which structure separates an animal cell from its surrounding environment? (1 point) 1 Golgi apparatus 2 plasma membrane 3 nuclear membrane 4 central vacuole​

Answers

Answer:

2) plasma membrane

Explanation:

The structure that separates the cell from its surrounding is plasma membrane, the correct option is 2.

What is plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane, also renowned as the cell membrane, is the membrane located outside all cells that distinguishes the cell's interior from its surroundings.

A cell wall is attached to the plasma membrane on the outer of the plasma membrane of bacterial and plant cells.

The semi-fluid living matter in the cell is called protoplasm or in other words simply plasm. This living matter, or one can say plasm, is contained within the plasma membrane, a biological membrane.

Lipids which are phospholipids and cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrate groups attached to some of the lipids as well as proteins are the primary components of the plasma membrane.

A phospholipid is a sort of lipid that is created by glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate-linked head group.

Thus, the correct option is 2.

For more details regarding plasma membrane, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/14727404

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how plants and animals get the matter they need to survive.

Answers

Answer:

Plants are able to use the energy from sunlight to produce sugars, which are a source of energy and matter. On the other hand, an animal cannot make its own food, so it eats plants and other animals.

Explanation:

The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from
A. oxygen.

B. water.

C. the sun.

D. chemicals.

Answers

Answer:

sun but am not so sure about it

Do convection currents exist in Earth's crust?

Answers

Answer:

yes convection currents occur in earth's crust I hope this helps

yes convection exsists on earths crust.

Which two words best describe the Sun? Select one:
A)planet and gases
B)star and rocky
C) star and gases
D)planet and rocky

Answers

Answer:

I'm pretty sure it would be c

Explanation:

because it is a star so it definitely is not a or d and I don't think it is rocky soooo

How can the appearance of white baby rabbits be explained when the mother has white fur, and the father has black fur?

Answers

Answer:

white fur is dominant and the mother is WW

Explanation:

W=white fur

w=Black fur

WILL PICK BRAINEST

As the population of a city recently grew , so did the number of cars and industries in the area. The local news started to post air quality warnings. What most likely caused the need for air quality warnings?

a-AS the population grew, more people wanted to know about air quality.
b-The removal of trees led to increased soil erosion
c-The level of carbon monoxide increased as people heated their homes.
d-More cars and industry led to increased carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.

Answers

I believe it's answer D.

What substances are in water, and where do they come from?

Answers

Answer:

Hydrogen and Oxygen

Explanation:

They are found in the atmosphere or they exist in gaseous, liquid or solid form

What are the five main phases of the cell cycle? What are the main events in each?

Answers

Answer:

In the adult organism, mitosis plays a role in cell replacement, wound healing and tumour formation. Mitosis, although a continuous process, is conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Cell cycle has different stages called G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the stage where the cell is preparing to divide. To do this, it then moves into the S phase where the cell copies all the DNA.

Explanation:

good luck

please mark me as a brainliest

What is science, what is your own definition of science to you.

Answers

Answer:

The way that the Universe works, the way that different things in life contribute to one another.

Explanation:

Dang, that got deep real quick

science can be defined as all about the nature.

1) Which of the following are scales of
ecosystems?
a. Micro
b. Macro
C. Messo
d. Ecotone

Answers

Answer:

Messo

Explanation:

why does my feet smell?

Answers

u stink nvffvbhnbgvfcdrxsezawsexdrcftvybhun

Answer:

Because you stink, and it's sweaty.

Explanation:

I suggest you use a condom to scrub soap off each toe! <3

Which of the following would not be considered evidence that supports the modern theory of evolution?
a. The embryonic structures of many organisms appear similar and they share characteristics like gills and tails during early development.
b. Fossils are discovered that show gradual changes in the physical characteristics of a species over time.
c. Analogous structures, like bird and bat wings, show us that these organisms inherited wings from a recent common ancestor.
d. DNA of organisms that are theorized to be closely related often shares a lot of similarities.

Answers

Answer:

a

Explanation:

If a recessive trait is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, what can you determine about its genotype?

a. Both alleles in the genotype are recessive.
b. At least one allele in the genotype is recessive.
c. You cannot determine anything about the organism’s genotype.
d. Both alleles in the genotype are dominant.

Answers

I believe it is A due to C and D being completely incorrect and B half incorrect

I need a small text (about 50 words) for the human brain.

Answers

Answer:

The human brain is the command center for the human nervous system. It receives signals from the body's sensory organs and outputs information to the muscles. The human brain has the same basic structure as other mammal brains but is larger in relation to body size than any other brains.The largest part of the human brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into two hemispheres, according to the Mayfield Clinic. Underneath lies the brainstem, and behind that sits the cerebellum. The outermost layer of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, which consists of four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. [Nervous System: Facts, Functions & Diseases]

Like all vertebrate brains, the human brain develops from three sections known as the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Each of these contains fluid-filled cavities called ventricles. The forebrain develops into the cerebrum and underlying structures; the midbrain becomes part of the brainstem; and the hindbrain gives rise to regions of the brainstem and the cerebellum.

Explanation:

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Answers

Answer:

Weather: "Hurricane", "Lightening", "Tornado", "A pattern of changes happening around the world over many years", "Tells you how to dress for that day", "Heat wave", "Specific event or condition that happens over a period of hours or days", "Short Term", "A thunderstorm, a snowstorm, and today's temperature", "Include wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation", "The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time".

Climate: "The average weather conditions in a place over many years", "Highly variable day to day, and from one year to the next", Minneapolis is cold and snowy in the winter, while Miami's is hot and humid",  "Tells you what wardrobe to own", "Usually taken over 30 plus years",  "Annual Rainfall", "Drought", "Long Term", "Ice Age", "Determined by lattitude, bodies of water and altitude".

Explanation:

Examine the image that shows the folds in the lining of the small intestine.
Which of the statements best describes the interaction between the small intestine and another organ based on the model shown
here?
A)
The large number of extensions allows the small intestine to filter wastes
before they are absorbed by the kidneys and liver.
B)
The large indentation in the small intestine lining allows for the storage of
food molecules before they are processed by the liver.
The increased surface area to volume ratio of the small intestine allows for
the absorption of materials into the bloodstream more efficiently.
The increased number of cells in the lining of the small intestine allows
the absorption of materials into the large interesting more efficiently.
D)

Answers

Answer:

D?

Explanation:

I took this test on Testprep but I am not sure that is the answer but I wish good luck to you

Answer: It is C.) The increased surface area to volume ratio of the small intestine allows for

the absorption of materials into the bloodstream more efficiently.

Explanation: Microvilli increases surface area of the cells

If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all of the following molecules produced by the algae contain 18O except If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all of the following molecules produced by the algae contain 18O except ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). O2. 3-phosphoglycerate. glucose. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).

Answers

Answer:

Option B, O2

Explanation:

It is because the oxygen released during the process of photosynthesis comes from the water absorbed by the roots and not by the CO2containing heavy oxygen (18O). In fact oxygen from CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O) is used in making sugar which is then stored for energy.

Hence, option B is correct

What occurs when someone exhales? A. The rib cage contracts, but the diaphragm relaxes. B. Both the rib cage and the diaphragm relax C. Both the rib cage and the diaphragm contract. D. The rib cage relaxes, but the diaphragm contracts

Answers

Answer:

Answer is A ............

Edit: its actually D... i just verified

Answer:

The answer be D if you doubt you can try out the practical yourself.

What information does the rocks tell us? List three things

Answers

What rocks? I would answer but I don’t understand the question

Is this person male or female? Why?

Answers

Answer:

I can't tell you why, but I think the person is male.

can some one plz help me on this question its hard :( ill give brainliest

Answers

D,E,G is the correct answer

Which of the following describes the genetic material found in prokaryotes?

1. several large circular chromosomes and sometimes one additional small circular plasmid
2. one large linear chromosome and sometimes additional small circular plasmids
3. one large circular chromosome and sometimes additional small circular plasmids
4.several large linear chromosomes and sometimes one additional small circular plasmid

Answers

Answer:

one large circular chromosome and sometimes additional small circular plasmids.

Explanation:

The climate influences ________
A. Plant growth
B. Biodiversity
C. Adaptions of land organisms
D. All of the above

Answers

Answer:

D

Explanation:

Please help.................

Answers

Answer:

C i think.......................................

Water that infiltrates into the ground is called ___________.
A. runoff

B. groundwater

C. precipitation

Answers

Answer: B Infiltration

Explanation: The process by which water penetrates the ground to become groundwater is called b. infiltration. Runoff is water that flows on the earth's surface after a shower of rain. This water usually flows into rivers or streams. Precipitation can occur as rainfall, snow, hail or sleet and falls from clouds when condensation occurs. Transportation is the process by which trees release water vapor into the atmosphere via stomata in the leaves.

Answer:

B-Groundwater

Explanation:

Think about it lol "Water that infiltrates into the ground" which word has ground and water in it

Correct you got it right it is "groundwater"

You are officially big brain

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