What is the minimum concentration of fluoride ions necessary to precipitate CaF2 from a 5.25 x 10-3 M solution of Ca(NO3)2? Ksp of CaF2 = 3.9 x 10-11

The molar equilibrium concentration of Cu² ⁺ is [tex]3.3 x 10^-26[/tex]M when 0.100 mol NH₃ is added to 1.00 L of 0.800 M with Kf = [tex]2.1 x 10^13[/tex].

The issue includes computing the molar balance convergence of Cu² ⁺ in an answer that has 0.100 mol NH3 added to 1.00 L of 0.800 M [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ . To tackle the issue, we can involve the balance consistent articulation for the arrangement of[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺:

Kf =[Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺/(Cu² ⁺)(NH₃)₄

Since the volume of the arrangement doesn't change when NH₃ is added, the underlying grouping of [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ is as yet 0.800 M, while the underlying convergences of Cu² ⁺ and NH₃ are zero. Let x be the molar centralization of Cu² ⁺ at balance, and (0.100 - 4x) be the molar grouping of NH₃ at harmony. Then, we can compose the harmony consistent articulation as:

[tex]2.1 x 10^13 = (x)(0.800 - x)^4/(0.100 - 4x)^4[/tex]

Settling for x gives the molar balance convergence of Cu² ⁺ as 3.3 x [tex]10^-26[/tex] M. This tiny focus demonstrates that the majority of the copper in the arrangement is as [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ and that the expansion of NH₃ has moved the harmony towards the development of this complex.

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The pH of the solution is 5.72, which is slightly acidic.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (H+) in a solution. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a pH of 7 is neutral, pH below 7 is acidic, and pH above 7 is basic. The formula to calculate pH is pH = -log[H+], where [H+] represents the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
Given the H+ concentration of 1.9x10-6, we can calculate the pH of the solution as follows:
pH = -log(1.9x10-6) = 5.72
It is important to note that pH is an important factor in various chemical and biological processes. It can affect the solubility of certain substances, enzymatic activity, and the growth and survival of living organisms. Maintaining the appropriate pH is crucial for the proper functioning of these processes.

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The concentration of the ammonia from the calculation is  [tex]1.1 * 10^-15[/tex]M.

The ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants in chemical equilibrium, for a given chemical reaction at a given temperature, is described by the equilibrium constant, abbreviated as Kc or Keq.

We can see that;

[tex]Keq = [NH_{3} ]^2/[N_{2} ] [ H_{2}]^3\\Keq[N_{2} ] [ H_{2}]^3 = [NH_{3}]^2\\\\N_{2} ] = [NH_{3}]^2/Keq[ H_{2}]^3[/tex]

=[tex](0.000123 )^2/ 0.00659 * (0.0275)^3= 1.1 * 10^-15 M[/tex]

Thus we would have the nitrogen concentration as [tex]1.1 * 10^-15[/tex] M

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The volume of the gas at 23.20∘C and 0.990 atm is 7.12L.

The volume of a gas can be calculated using the combined gas law equation as follows;

PaVa/Ta = PbVb/Tb

Where;

According to this question, a sample of an ideal gas initially has a volume of 3.75 L at 10.60 ∘C and 1.80 atm. The resulting volume can be calculated as follows;

1.8 × 3.75/283.6 = 0.990 × Vb/296.2

0.0238 × 296.2 = 0.990Vb

Vb = 7.0498 ÷ 0.990

Vb = 7.12L

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CH₃CHCl₂COOH is 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid, with the least pH, option (c) is correct.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. A lower pH indicates a higher acidity. Acidity is due to the presence of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution. The more the concentration of H⁺, the lower the pH. CH₃CH₂COOH is propanoic acid, which has a pH of around 4.9.

CH₂ClCH₂COOH is 2-chloropropanoic acid, which has a pH of around 2.8 due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the chlorine atom. CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH is butanoic acid, which has a pH of around 4.8. Thus, CH₃CHCl₂COOH is 2,2-dichloropropanoic acid, which has the least pH among the given options, around 1.5 due to the presence of two electron-withdrawing chlorine atoms, option (c) is correct.

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The volume of the 1.5M solution of HCl solution that has 145g of mass is 2.65L.

The volume of a solution can be calculated by dividing the number of moles by its molar concentration as follows;

Volume = no of moles ÷ molarity

According to this question, a 1.5M solution of HCl has 145g of mass. The number of moles can be calculated as follows:

no of moles = 145g ÷ 36.5g/mol = 3.973 moles

volume of HCl solution = 3.973mol ÷ 1.5M

volume of HCl = 2.65L

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The molarity of the product is  0.00368 M. Option B

When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions in a chemical reaction are equal and the concentrations of reactants and products are stable over time, this condition is referred to as reaction equilibrium.

The equilibrium constant is a measure of the relative concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.

[tex]Keq = [H_{2} O] [CO]/[H_{2}] [CO_{2} ]\\0.106 = x^2/(0.0113)^2\\x = \sqrt{} 0.106 (0.0113)^2\\x = 0.00368 M[/tex]

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The rate constant (k) for a chemical reaction can be determined experimentally by measuring the reaction rate (v) at different concentrations of reactants and plotting the data using a suitable rate law equation.

There are different methods to determine the rate constant depending on the type of reaction, but a general approach is as follows:

Conduct the reaction under different initial concentrations of reactants while keeping other variables constant such as temperature, pressure, and pH.

Measure the reaction rate at each concentration by monitoring the change in concentration of reactants or products over time.

An overview was given based on incomplete information.

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Answer:

exothermic reaction is: Reactants → Products + Energy.

Explanation:

Note: ΔH represents the change in energy. If the energy produced in an exothermic reaction is released as heat, it results in a rise in temperature.

Answer:

0.745 moles

Explanation:

We can use the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure (P), volume (V), number of moles (n), and temperature (T) of a gas:

P V = n R T

where R is the gas constant.

We can rearrange this equation to solve for n:

n = (P V) / (R T)

We can look up the value of the gas constant for units of atm L / (mol K). The value is approximately 0.08206 (atm L) / (mol K).

Substituting the given values, we get:

n = (1.71 atm) * (12.85 L) / (0.08206 (atm L) / (mol K) * (68.16 + 273.15) K)

where we have converted the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15.

Evaluating this expression gives us:

n ≈ 0.745 mol

Therefore, there are approximately 0.745 moles of gas in the sample.

Methemoglobinemia was caused by contaminated well water and a genetic predisposition in the population of Troublesome Creek, KY.

Methemoglobinemia was detached to the Problematic Rivulet area of KY in view of the novel blend of ecological variables and hereditary inclination in the populace. The issue was brought about by the utilization of well water polluted with elevated degrees of nitrate and nitrite, which can cause the arrangement of methemoglobin in the blood. The populace in this space was to a great extent slipped from a little gathering of trailblazers who settled there during the 1800s, which might have added to a higher pervasiveness of the hereditary characteristic that inclines people toward the issue. The particular mix of hereditary defenselessness and ecological openness in this populace probably prompted the secluded flare-up of methemoglobinemia around here.

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The enthalpy of the reaction is -94.1308 kJ/mol of the metal.

First, we need to calculate the amount of heat absorbed by the water in the calorimeter. We can use the formula:

q = m × C × ΔT

where q is the amount of heat absorbed by the water, m is the mass of the water, C is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the temperature change of the water.

q = 100 g × 4.184 J/g-°C × 3.81°C = 1601.304 J

Next, we need to calculate the amount of heat released by the reaction. We can use the formula:

q = n × ΔH

where q is the amount of heat released, n is the number of moles of the metal, and ΔH is the enthalpy change of the reaction.

We know that 0.017 moles of metal reacted, and we can assume that all the heat released by the reaction was absorbed by the water in the calorimeter.

Therefore:

q = n × ΔH

1601.304 J = 0.017 mol × ΔH

ΔH = 1601.304 J / 0.017 mol = 94130.8235 J/mol

Finally, we need to convert the answer from joules to kilojoules:

ΔH = 94130.8235 J/mol / 1000 J/kJ = -94.1308 kJ/mol

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Answer:

Explanation:

[tex]\frac{918.7 g}{1} *\frac{1}{216.59m } = 4.241 mol[/tex] To start off the mol of HgO must be found.

After that the molar ratio between HgO and O must be found but in this case its 1:1

[tex]4.241 mol HgO*\frac{1 molO}{1molHgO} = 4.241 mol O[/tex] the mols of HgO is put on the bottom to cancel out  with the other one leaving just mols of oxygen. Finally to find g of oxygen it must be multiplied by its molar mass.

[tex]\frac{4.241 molO}{1} * \frac{15.999 g}{mol} = 67.85 g[/tex] Oxygen

Answer:

Explanation:

Structural Levels of the body:
a. Characteristics of Living Things: Living things exhibit certain characteristics such as the ability to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis.
b. Cell Specialization: Cells in the body are specialized to perform different functions such as muscle cells for movement, nerve cells for communication, and red blood cells for carrying oxygen.

Skeletal and Muscular System:
a. The Skeletal System: The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
b. The Muscular System: The muscular system allows movement of the body and helps in maintaining posture. It is composed of muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Food and Nutrition:
a. Food Pyramid: The food pyramid is a guide for healthy eating that emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet including fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, and dairy.

Digestive System:
a. Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that help in breaking down food into simpler forms for absorption in the body. They are produced by different organs in the digestive system such as the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine.

Circulatory System:
a. Circulation: The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of blood and nutrients throughout the body. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
b. Heart: The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood to different parts of the body.
c. Blood Vessels: Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries that transport blood to and from the heart.

Respiratory System:
a. Respiration: Respiration is the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is responsible for this process and includes the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

First, we need to write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:

2 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

From the equation, we can see that 2 moles of NO2 react with 1 mole of H2O to produce 1 mole of HNO3 and 1 mole of NO. Therefore, we need to determine which reactant is limiting and calculate the amount of HNO3 that can be produced based on that.

To do this, we can use the mole ratio of NO2 to H2O:

5.0 mol NO2 × (1 mol H2O / 2 mol NO2) = 2.5 mol H2O

Since we have 11.0 mol of H2O, it is not limiting and we will use up all of the NO2.

Therefore, we can calculate the amount of HNO3 that can be produced from 5.0 mol of NO2:

5.0 mol NO2 × (1 mol HNO3 / 2 mol NO2) = 2.5 mol HNO3

Therefore, the largest amount of HNO3 that could be produced is 2.5 mol, rounded to the nearest 0.1 mol.

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A zinc chloride solution is prepared by dissolving 0.316 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 100.0 mL of [tex]H_2O[/tex] . The mass of zinc chloride present in 19.97 mL of the solution is  0.316 g.

We can use the formula:

C1V1 = C2V2

where C1 is the concentration of the original solution, V1 is the volume of the original solution, C2 is the concentration of the final solution, and V2 is the volume of the final solution.

First, let's calculate the concentration of the original solution:

concentration = (0.316 g) / (100.0 mL) = 0.00316 g/mL

Now, we can use the formula to find the mass of zinc chloride in 19.97 mL of the solution:

C1V1 = C2V2

0.00316 g/mL x 100.0 mL = C2 x 19.97 mL

C2 = (0.00316 g/mL x 100.0 mL) / 19.97 mL

C2 = 0.01583 g/mL

So the concentration of zinc chloride in the final solution is 0.01583 g/mL.

Now we can use this concentration to calculate the mass of zinc chloride in 19.97 mL of the solution:

mass = concentration x volume

mass = 0.01583 g/mL x 19.97 mL

mass = 0.316 g

Therefore, there are 0.316 g of zinc chloride present in 19.97 mL of the solution.

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To determine the enthalpy of reaction for the given reaction, use Hess's Law, which states that the total enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states.

Break the given reaction into a series of steps for which the enthalpy changes are known or can be measured experimentally.

Add the enthalpy changes of each step to determine the overall enthalpy change for the reaction.

For example, determine the enthalpy of formation for A₂X₄(l), X₂(g), and AX₃(g) and use them to calculate the enthalpy of reaction for the given equation.

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At equivalence point, the reaction is seen to consume approximately 0.0024973 moles of KHP and then 0.0024973 moles of  NaOH

The primary aim in this problem is to standardize a solution of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH, with the aid of potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP.

The beginning point in this problem is the balanced chemical equation with respect to this neutralization reaction

KHP (aq] + NaOH(aq] → KNaP(aq] + H₂O(l]

The important thing that we are going to observe is that there is a ratio of 1:1 mole ratio between the two reactants. This suggests to us that the equivalence point can be attained by getting equal number of moles of  KHP and of NaOH to react with each other.

We will begin with 0.5100 g of KHP. To obtain the molar amount of acid utilized for the experiment, we will make use of its molar mass of 0.5100g⋅

molar mass of KHP

1 mole KHP 204.22g = 0.0024973 moles KHP

Thus, at equivalence point, the reaction is seen to consume approximately 0.0024973 moles of KHP and then 0.0024973 moles of  NaOH, due to the fact that it's what the  1:1 mole ratio suggests to us.

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273.8 grams of zinc (Zn) are needed to produce 8.45 grams of hydrogen gas [tex](H_2).[/tex]

In this chemical reaction, zinc (Zn) reacts with sulfuric acid [tex](H_2SO_4)[/tex] to produce zinc sulfate  [tex](ZnSO_4)[/tex] and hydrogen gas [tex](H_2).[/tex]

From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 1 mole of zinc (Zn) reacts with 1 mole of sulfuric acid [tex](H_2SO_4)[/tex] to produce 1 mole of hydrogen gas [tex](H_2).[/tex]

Hydrogen gas  has a molar mass of 2.016 g/mol.

Therefore, 8.45 grams of hydrogen gas is equal to 8.45 g / 2.016 g/mol = 4.19 moles of [tex]H_2[/tex].

Since 1 mole of Zn reacts with 1 mole of [tex]H_2[/tex] , we need 4.19 moles of Zn to produce 4.19 moles of [tex]H_2[/tex].

molar mass of Zinc = 65.38 g/mol.

Therefore, 4.19 moles of Zn has a mass of 4.19 moles x 65.38 g/mol = 273.8 grams.

Therefore, you would need 273.8 grams of zinc (Zn) to produce 8.45 grams of hydrogen gas [tex](H_2).[/tex]

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Answer:

70.91 kJ

Explanation:

The amount of energy (in kJ) required to increase the temperature of 255 g of water from 25.2 C to 90.5 C can be calculated using the formula:

Q = m * c * ΔT

Where Q is the amount of energy, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Substituting the given values:

m = 255 g

c = 4.184 J/g C

ΔT = (90.5 - 25.2) C = 65.3 C

Q = 255 g * 4.184 J/g C * 65.3 C

Q = 70905.564 J

Q = 70.91 kJ (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 255 g of water from 25.2 C to 90.5 C is 70.91 kJ.

After writing the correct formulas for the reactants and products, the equation is balanced by adjusting coefficients to the smallest whole-number ratio. The correct answer is option b.

Adjusting the coefficients to the smallest whole-number ratio is the process of balancing a chemical equation. Balancing the equation means that the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of each element on the product side.

The coefficients in front of the formulas of the reactants and products are used to balance the equation. By adjusting the coefficients, you can make sure that the number of atoms of each element is balanced on both sides of the equation. Therefore option b is correct

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A chemical interaction between an acid and a base is known as an acid-base reaction.

Thus, These are known as acid-base theories, such as the Brnsted-Lowry acid-base theory, and they offer alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems.

When examining acid-base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when the acid or basic character may be less obvious, their significance becomes clear.

The relative potency of the conjugated acid-base pair in the salt controls the pH of its solutions when weak acids and bases react. The resulting salt or its solution can be basic, neutral, or acidic. A strong acid and a weak base can combine to generate an acid salt.

Thus, A chemical interaction between an acid and a base is known as an acid-base reaction.

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The number of mole of the gas lost, given that the pressure had dropped to 97.0 atm is 44.5 moles

First, we shall determine the initial mole of the gas. Details below:

P₁V₁ = n₁RT₁

107 × 109 = n₁ × 0.0821 × 298

Divide both sides by (0.0821 × 298)

n₁ = (107 × 109) / (0.0821 × 298)

n₁ = 476.7 mole

Next, w shall determine the final mole of the gas. Details below

P₂V₂ = n₂RT₂

97 × 109 = n₂ × 0.0821 × 298

Divide both sides by (0.0821 × 298)

n₂ = (97 × 109) / (0.0821 × 298)

n₂ = 432.2 mole

Finally, we shall determine the mole of the gas that was lost. Details below:

Mole lost = n₁ - n₂

Mole lost = 476.7 - 432.2

Mole of gas lost = 44.5 moles

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The volume of N2 produced each day is approximately 24.56 L.

First, let's find the number of moles of NO3- that flow into the swamp each day:

NO3- molar mass = 14.01 (N) + 3 * 16.00 (O) = 62.01 g/mol

135 g / 62.01 g/mol ≈ 2.177 moles of NO3-

In the denitrification process, NO3- is reduced to N2 gas. The balanced equation for denitrification is:

2NO3- → N2 + 3O2

From the stoichiometry of the reaction, we can see that 2 moles of NO3- produce 1 mole of N2. Therefore, the moles of N2 produced each day can be calculated as follows:

moles of N2 = 2.177 moles of NO3- / 2 ≈ 1.0885 moles of N2

Now we can use the ideal gas law equation to find the volume of N2 produced:

PV = nRT

where:

P = Pressure (1.00 atm)

V = Volume (in Liters)

n = Moles of N2 (1.0885 moles)

R = Ideal gas constant (0.0821 Latm/molK)

T = Temperature (17.0°C or 290.15 K)

Solving for the volume of N2:

V = nRT / P

V = (1.0885 moles) * (0.0821 Latm/molK) * (290.15 K) / (1.00 atm)

V ≈ 24.56 L

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The pressure of the gas in the smaller flask at the new temperature is approximately 168.5 mm Hg.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law equation, which relates the initial and final states of a gas sample undergoing changes in pressure, volume, and temperature. The equation is:
[tex]P_1V_1/T_1 = P_2V_2/T_2[/tex]

where [tex]P_1[/tex] and [tex]P_2[/tex] are the initial pressure and final pressure, [tex]V_1[/tex] and [tex]V_2[/tex] are the initial and final volumes, and [tex]T_1[/tex] and [tex]T_2[/tex] are the initial and final temperatures in Kelvin.

[tex]V_1[/tex] = 245 mL
[tex]T_1[/tex] = 23.5°C + 273.15 = 296.65 K
[tex]P_1[/tex] = 37.8 mm Hg
[tex]V_2[/tex] = 54 mL
[tex]T_2[/tex] = 0°C (ice water) + 273.15 = 273.15 K

We need to find [tex]P_2[/tex] . Plug the given values into the equation and solve for [tex]P_2[/tex] :
(37.8 mm Hg * 245 mL) / 296.65 K = (P2 * 54 mL) / 273.15 K

Rearrange the equation to isolate [tex]P_2[/tex] :
[tex]P_2[/tex] = (37.8 mm Hg * 245 mL * 273.15 K) / (296.65 K * 54 mL)
[tex]P_2[/tex] ≈ 168.5 mm Hg
So, the pressure of the gas is approximately 168.5 mm Hg in the smaller flask at the new temperature.

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1.71 L of [tex]H^2[/tex] gas can be produced at STP from the given reaction.

According to the equation, 1 mole of hydrogen gas [tex]H^2[/tex]  is created for every 2 moles of sodium (Na) that react with extra water.

Using the molar mass of Na, we can get the number of moles from the given amount of sodium (3.60 g):

3.60 g Na × (1 mol Na / 22.99 g Na) = 0.157 mol Na

Since the reaction requires 2 moles of Na to produce 1 mole of [tex]H^2[/tex]  the number of moles of [tex]H^2[/tex] produced is

0.157 mol Na × (1 mol [tex]H^2[/tex] / 2 mol Na) = 0.079 mol [tex]H^2[/tex]

Now, to calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP (standard temperature and pressure), we can use the ideal gas law

PV = nRT

Where

Solving for V, we get:

V = nRT/P = (0.079 mol)(0.08206 L atm/(mol K))(273 K)/(1 atm) = 1.71 L

Therefore, 1.71 L of % [tex]H^2[/tex] gas can be produced at STP from the given reaction.

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Answer:

If an atom loses or gains electrons, it will become a positively or negatively charged particle, called an ion. The loss of one or more electrons results in more protons than electrons and an overall positively charged ion, called a cation.

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The amount of heat absorbed during the reaction is 385.9 cal.

Calorimetry is the science of measuring the heat absorbed or evolved during the course of a chemical reaction or change of state.

The amount of heat in a reaction can be calculated as follows;

Q = mc∆T

Where;

Q = 45.4 × 1 × {31.5 - 23)

Q = 45.4 × 8.5

Q = 385.9 cal

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Answer:

D

Explanation:

to keep seeds safe and make them easier to spread

Answer:

D. to keep seeds safe and make them easier to spread

Explanation:

The main reason plants grow fruit is to aid in the protection and spreading of seeds. The fruit protects the seeds and also helps to spread them. Many fruits are good to eat and attract small animals, such as birds and squirrels, who like to feed on them. The seeds pass through them unharmed and then get spread through their droppings. So, the correct answer would be D.

The rates of reaction for the trial 1 is 8.22 x 10⁻² M⁻² s⁻¹ and 1.10 M⁻² s⁻¹ for traila 2 and 3

To find the reaction rate with respect to U and S, keep the concentration of W constant and vary the concentrations of U and S while measuring the rate.

Assuming the concentration of W in all three trials is constant, choose trial 1 as the reference trial and calculate the rate constant (k) for the reaction with respect to U and S.

For trial 1:

[W] = 0.13 M

Rate = 4.72 x 10⁻⁴ M/s

For trial 2:

[W] = 0.13 M

Rate = 1.18 x 10⁻² M/s

From the equation rate = k[U][S], set up the following ratio of rates:

Rate2/Rate1 = (k[U]2[S]2)/(k[U]1[S]1)

Simplifying:

k = (Rate2/Rate1) x (1/[U]2) x (1/[S]2) x ([U]1) x ([S]1)

Substituting the values from trials 1 and 2:

k = (1.18 x 10⁻² M/s) / (4.72 x 10⁻⁴ M/s) x (1/0.65 M) x (1/1 M) x (0.13 M) x (1 M)

k = 8.22 x 10⁻²M⁻² s⁻¹

Similarly, for trial 3:

[W] = 0.13 M

Rate = 2.95 x 10⁻¹ M/s

Using trial 1 as the reference trial again, calculate the rate constant (k) for the reaction with respect to U and S:

k = (Rate3/Rate1) x (1/[U]3) x (1/[S]3) x ([U]1) x ([S]1)

k = (2.95 x 10⁻¹ M/s) / (4.72 x 10⁻⁴ M/s) x (1/3.25 M) x (1/1 M) x (0.13 M) x (1 M)

k = 1.10 M⁻² s⁻¹

Therefore, the reaction rate with respect to U and S is given by the equation:

rate = k[U][S]

where k = 8.22 x 10⁻² M⁻² s⁻¹ and 1.10 M⁻² s⁻¹ for trials 2 and 3, respectively.

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