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CONTENTS
PHYSICAL GEOLOGY
Chapter 2 Minerals
2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms
All matter, including mineral crystals, is made up of atoms, and all atoms are made up of three main particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. As summarized in Table 2.1, protons are positively charged, neutrons are uncharged and electrons are negatively charged. The negative charge of one electron balances the positive charge of one proton. Both protons and neutrons have a mass of 1, while electrons have almost no mass.
Table 2.1 Charges and masses of the particles within atoms
Elementary Particle Charge Mass
Proton +1 1
Neutron 0 1
Electron −1 ~0
The element hydrogen has the simplest atoms, each with just one proton and one electron. The proton forms the nucleus, while the electron orbits around it. All other elements have neutrons as well as protons in their nucleus, such as helium, which is depicted in Figure 2.2. The positively charged protons tend to repel each other, and the neutrons help to hold the nucleus together. The number of protons is the atomic number, and the number of protons plus neutrons is the atomic mass. For hydrogen, the atomic mass is 1 because there is one proton and no neutrons. For helium, it is 4: two protons and two neutrons.
For most of the 16 lightest elements (up to oxygen) the number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons. For most of the remaining elements, there are more neutrons than protons, because extra neutrons are needed to keep the nucleus together by overcoming the mutual repulsion of the increasing numbers of protons concentrated in a very small space. For example, silicon has 14 protons and 14 neutrons. Its atomic number is 14 and its atomic mass is 28. The most common isotope of uranium has 92 protons and 146 neutrons. Its atomic number is 92 and its atomic mass is 238 (92 + 146).
helium atom
Figure 2.2 A depiction of a helium atom.
The dot in the middle is the nucleus, and the surrounding cloud represents where the two electrons might be at any time. The darker the shade, the more likely that an electron will be there. An angstrom (Å) is 10-10m . A femtometre (fm) is 10-15m. In other words, a helium atom’s electron cloud is about 100,000 times bigger than its nucleus.
Electrons orbiting around the nucleus of an atom are arranged in shells — also known as “energy levels.” The first shell can hold only two electrons, while the next shell holds up to eight electrons. Subsequent shells can hold more electrons, but the outermost shell of any atom holds no more than eight electrons. The electrons in the outermost shell play an important role in bonding between atoms. Elements that have a full outer shell are inert in that they do not react with other elements to form compounds. They all appear in the far-right column of the periodic table: helium, neon, argon, etc. For elements that do not have a full outer shell, the outermost electrons can interact with the outermost electrons of nearby atoms to create chemical bonds. The electron shell configurations for 29 of the first 36 elements are listed in Table 2.2.
what type of chart is used to help organize study and predict genetic inheritance?
Answer:
Its a punnet square
Explanation:
In the following SO3 is the Lewis ____ reaction.
SO3(g) + 02-(aq) → 02-(aq) → SO42-(aq)
Answer: acid
Explanation:
Answer:
A) Acid
Explanation:
I got the same question and answered correctly
How many atoms are in 20.4 g of beryllium
What is happening to the electrons between several atoms of Copper?
A.nothing happens to the electrons
B.the electrons become delocalized and form a "sea"
C.they are shared between two atoms
D.the electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Answer:
[tex]\color{Blue}\huge\boxed{Answer} [/tex]
B.the electrons become delocalized and form a "sea"
Why is the method of using a density bottle more accurate than the measuring cylinder
Answer:
While measuring relative density of liquids, two common method of measuring the volume are a measuring cylinder and a density bottle. Among these two method the density bottle gives more accurate measurement of the volume, resulting in more accurate determination of density or relative density
Answer:
While measuring relative density of liquids, two common method of measuring the volume are a measuring cylinder and a density bottle. Among these two method the density bottle gives more accurate measurement of the volume, resulting in more accurate determination of density or relative density.
Explanation:
How did the different trait help the one cactus survive and reproduce?
Answer:
The trait of the other cactus stopped it from being able to reproduce and survive.
Use the Lewis model to determine the formula for the compound that forms from each pair of atoms.
Express your answer as a chemical formula.
1) K and I
2) Mg and F
Answer:
[tex]KI\\\\MgF_2[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello there!
In this case, since the Lewis dot structures are able to show the number bonds, required atoms and valence electrons of each bonding species, it is necessary to keep in mind that potassium has one valence electron, iodine has seven, magnesium has two and fluorine has seven; therefore, we can infer that the compound KI has one bond whereby iodine is able to attain the octet and the compound MgF needs two fluoride ions to fill out those two valence electrons of magnesium to obtain MgF₂, since the Lewis structures are:
[tex]K-I\\\\F-Mg-F[/tex]
Therefore, the chemical formulas are just:
[tex]KI\\\\MgF_2[/tex]
Best regards!
How many mL of 0.100M Ca(OH) are needed to titrate 20.0mL of 0.300M H2SO4
Answer:
60.0 mL
Explanation:
Using CAVA = CBVB
CA = 0.300M
VA = 20.0 mL
CB = 0.100M
VB = ?
VB = CAVA
CB
VB = 0.300 * 20/ 0.100
VB = 60.0 mL
Using table 3, predict the molecular geometry of the following molecules:
a. The central atom bonded to four substituent atoms and having no lone pair.
b. The central atom bonded to three substituent atoms and having one lone pair.
c. The central atom bonded to two substituent atoms ảnd having
one lone pair.
d. The central atom bonded to two substituent atoms and having no lone pair.
Answer:
see explanations
Explanation:
a. The central atom bonded to four substituent atoms and having no lone pair.
This is an AX₄ geometry => tetrahedron
b. The central atom bonded to three substituent atoms and having one lone pair.
This is an AX₃E geometry => pyramidal
c. The central atom bonded to two substituent atoms ảnd having
one lone pair.
This is an AX₂E geometry => bent angular
d. The central atom bonded to two substituent atoms and having no lone pair.
This is an AX₂ geometry => linear
_______________________________
Based upon the VSEPR Theory there are 6 parent geometry configurations and associated derived geometries.
Parent geometries => Derivatives => Examples
linear => AX₂ (BeCl₂) trigonal planer => AX₃ (BH₃) => AX₂E (Bent) (:SnCl₂)tetrahedral => AX₄ (CH₄) => pyrimidal AX₃E (NH₃) => Bent AX₂E₂ (H₂O)trigonal bipyrimidal => AX₅ (PCl₅) => seesaw AX₄E (:SF₄) => T-shaped AX₃E₂ (ClF₃ (T-shaped) => linear AX₂E₃ (XeF₂)octahedral => AX₆ (SF₆) => sqr pyramid AX₅E (IF₅) => sqr planar AX₄E₂ (XeF₄) pentagonal bipyrimidal => AX₇ (ClF₇)For graphic images of each geometry do an internet search for 'molecular geometry'.
Groups of organs that work together to complete a series of takes are called..
A: Skeletal System
B: Organ System
C: Muscular System
Amir observes Wave 1 and Wave 2 crashing into each other at two different intervals. His experiments produce Wave 3 and Wave 4. Amir records his data in a table.
A 2-column table with 4 rows titled Amir's Waves. The first column labeled Wave has entries 1, 2, 3, 4. The second column labeled Information has entries Amplitude of 6 centimeters, Amplitude of 4 centimeters, Amplitude of 7 centimeters, Amplitude of 3 centimeters.
What is the best statement about the data collected in Amir’s table?
Wave 3 resulted from destructive interference, and Wave 4 resulted from constructive interference.
Waves 3 and 4 resulted from constructive interference.
Waves 3 and 4 resulted from destructive interference.
Wave 3 resulted from constructive interference, and Wave 4 resulted from destructive interference.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
wave a and b clashing constructively would make c a bigger wave and clashing destructively would make d a smaller wave, which they are.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
What is Minimum Threshold Frequency?
Explanation:
Threshold frequency: Threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of the incident radiation below which photoelectric emission is not possible irrespective of the intensity of the incident radiation. ... Emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.
Hope this helps you dear :)
Good morning!
What is the total number of atoms in ammonium hydroxide?
I will give Brainliest! :)
Answer:Ammonia is a compound that contains one nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms. Ordinarily having a characteristic of a pungent and gaseous compound.
Elemet: Hydrogen, Symbol: H, # of Atoms:5
Elemet:Nitrogen, Symbol: N, # of Atoms:1
Elemet:Oxygen, Symbol: O, #of Atoms:1
Explanation:
The number of atoms presennt in one mole of ammonium hydroxide is 6.02 * 10^23 atoms.
What is the mole?The mole refers to the amount of a substance that can be used as a reference. According to Avogadro, one mole of a substance contains 6.02 * 10^23 atoms, molecules, ions etc.
In that case, we can say that the number of atoms presennt in one mole of ammonium hydroxide is 6.02 * 10^23 atoms.
Learn more about mole: https://brainly.com/question/3393755?
Why are half-reactions used in redox reactions?
Answer:
Because a redox reaction holds for both oxidation and reduction.
One half equation is of oxidation and the other is of reduction.
When these two half equations are combined, we get an overall equation of the redox reaction.
A student mixes 36.0 grams of silver nitrate solution with 30.0 grams of sodium chromate solution. The mass of the products, which includes the resulting solution and precipitate, is equal to 66.0 grams. Which of the following best explains these results
Answer:
Explanation:
The law of multiple proportions.
3.A binary mixture consisting of 50.7 mol % n-butane (1) and the balance iso-butane (2) enters a flash chamber operating at 9.6 bar and 344 K. Use the truncated virial equation of state (equation 3.36 in the textbook) to estimate the composition of the vapor and liquid phases leaving the flash chamber.
10) Is the chemical equation balanced?
2 Al + Fe2O3
2Fe + Al2O3
Answer: Yes , the equation is balanced.
Explanation:
According to the law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Thus the mass of products has to be equal to the mass of reactants. The number of atoms of each element has to be same on reactant and product side. Thus chemical equations are balanced.
The given chemical equation is:
[tex]2Al+Fe_2O_3\rightarrow 2Fe+Al_2O_3[/tex]
As the number of atoms on reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on product side, the equation is balanced.
What is the chemical formula for iodine trichloride?
ОА. ЗІСІ
O B. ICI:
O c. 1, Cl₂
O D. 12C1
Answer:
I₂CL₆
Explanation:
Answer12C1
Explanation:
Question 2
The volume of a gas-filled balloon is 20.0 L at 60 atm pressure. What volume in liters will the balloon have at 30 atm?
Question 3
8.00 L of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP) is compressed to 3 L. What is the new pressure of the gas in atm?
Question 4
If a tennis ball has a pressure of 200 atm at a temperature of 27oC, what pressure in atm will the tennis ball have if the temperature of the gas increased to 77oC?
Question 5
Exactly 5.00 L of air at -23oC is warmed to 27o What is the new volume in liters if the pressure remains constant?
Question 6
The temperature inside my refrigerator is about 40 If I place a balloon in my fridge that initially has a temperature of 220 C and a volume of 0.5 liters, what will be the volume of the balloon in liters when it is fully cooled by my refrigerator?
Question 7
Some students believe that teachers are full of hot air. If I inhale 2.2 liters of gas at a temperature of 180 C and it heats to a temperature of 380 C in my lungs, what is the new volume of the gas in liters?
Question 8
Today, I forgot my soda in the trunk of my car. The initial pressure is 3 atm and it was a cool morning, at 15o By the afternoon, however, the temperature rose to 25oC. What is the pressure in atm inside the can?
please help me, im failing all my classes and really need some help with this. if i could give more than 100 i would
These questions all involve special cases of the ideal gas law, namely Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's Laws. The ideal gas law relates together the absolute pressure (P), volume (V), the absolute temperature (T), and number of moles (n) of a gas by the following:
PV = nRT
where R is the universal gas constant.
The special cases of the ideal gas law are obtained by holding constant all but two of the variables of a gas.
Boyle's Law relates the pressure and volume of a given mass of gas at a constant temperature: PV = k or P₁V₁ = P₂V₂.
Charles' Law relates the volume and temperature of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure: V/T = k or V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂.
Gay-Lussac's Law relates the pressure and temperature of a given mass of gas at a constant volume: P/T = k or P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂.
Depending on what we're given and instructed to find in each question, we can figure out which law to use.
---
Question 2:
We are given the volume of a gas at some pressure, and we're to find the new volume of the gas at a different pressure. Here, we use Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ where P₁ = 60 atm, V₁ = 20.0 L, and P₂ = 30 atm. We want to find V₂, which we can determine by rearranging the equation into the form V₂ = P₁V₁/P₂. Note that pressure and volume are inversely related according to Boyle's Law; since we're decreasing the pressure, the new volume of the gas should be greater than the initial volume of 20.0 L.
V₂ = (60 atm)(20.0 L)/(30.0 atm) = 40.0 L.
So, at 30 atm, the balloon will have a volume of 40.0 L.
---
Question 3:
This is another Boyle's Law question. The standard pressure (our initial pressure) is 1 atm. Here, we are decreasing the volume of the gas, and we want to find the new pressure; the pressure of the gas should thus increase proportionally (the pressure will be greater than 1 atm). Rearranging Boyle's Law to solve for P₂, we get P₂ = P₁V₁/V₂.
P₂ = (1 atm)(8.00 L)/(3 L) = 2.67 atm.
So, the new pressure of the gas is 2.67 atm (or 3 atm if we're considering V₂ to comprise one significant figure).
---
Question 4:
Here, we are increasing the temperature of a gas at a known pressure, and we want to determine what the new pressure will be. This is a Gay-Lussac's Law question; from the law, we see that pressure and temperature are directly proportional. Since we're increasing the temperature of the gas, we should expect the pressure of the gas to be greater than the initial 200 atm. Gay-Lussac's Law rearranged to solve for P₂ gives us P₂ = P₁T₂/T₁. When working with gas laws, temperatures must be in Kelvin (°C + 273.15 = K). So, T₁ = 300.15 K, T₂ = 350.15 K, and P₁ = 200 atm.
P₂ = (200 atm)(350.15 K)/(300.15 K) = 233 atm.
So, if the temperature is increased from 27 to 77 °C, the pressure of the gas in the tennis ball will be 233 atm. Here, it's ambiguous how many sig figs to use; if we use one sig fig per P₁, then our P₂ would equal P₁, which I think would be an absurd for a question to ask for. I would stick with either 233 atm or 230 atm (following the two sig figs of the temperatures), or you may go with however you've been instructed.
---
Question 5:
This is a Charles' Law question; we're looking for the new volume of a gas when the temperature of the gas is increased. As was the case in Gay-Lussac's Law, the two parameters in Charles' Law—volume and temperature—are directly proportional. Since the temperature of the gas is increased, we should expect the new volume of the gas to also increase (V₂ will be greater than 5.00 L). Temperatures should be in Kelvin.
V₂ = V₁T₂/T₁ = (5.00 L)(300.15 K)/(250.15 K) = 5.99 L.
---
Question 6:
Another Charles' Law question. As with question 5, we want to find the new volume of the gas after a change in temperature. This time, the final temperature is lower than the initial temperature, so we should expect that V₂ will be less than the initial 0.5 L. Again, temperatures in Kelvin.
V₂ = V₁T₂/T₁ = (0.5 L)(313.15 K)/(493.15 K) = 0.317 L.
So, the volume of the balloon when it is fully cooled by your refrigerator will be 0.317 L.
---
Question 7:
This is yet another Charles' Law question, and, again, we are solving for V₂ after a change in temperature. Since the final temperature is greater than the initial temperature, V₂ should be greater than 2.2 L. Again, the temperatures should be in Kelvin.
V₂ = V₁T₂/T₁ = (2.2 L)(653.15 K)/(453.15 K) = 3.17 L.
The new volume of the gas is 3.17 L ≈ 3.2 L (two sig figs).
---
Question 8:
We return to Gay-Lussac's Law here; pressure and temperature are directly proportional, and the temperature of the gas is increased. Thus, P₂ should be greater than 3 atm. Again, remember that temperatures must be in Kelvin.
P₂ = P₁T₂/T₁ = (3 atm)(298.15 K)/(288.15 K) = 3.1 atm.
So, the pressure inside the can after the temperature rise is 3.1 atm. Not a big increase, but an increase nonetheless.
Calculate how many grams of sodium acetate you expected to make from your starting amount of sodium bicarbonate (0.5g). This is your theoretical yield.
Equation: NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 = NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
Plz answer the first two questions and maybe the third. I will give brainliest.
Answer:
1. 24.45 moles
2. 437.90 grams
Bonus :
0.75 grams
Explanation:
Hope it was helpful ;)
C3H8, + 5O2
+ 5O2,3CO2 + 4H20
If 2.50 moles of C3H8react, how many moles of H20 are produced?
Answer:
[tex]from \: the \: equation \\ 1 \: moles \: of \: propane \: produce \: 4 \: moles \: of \: water \\ 2.50 \:moles \: of \: propane \: will \: produce \: ( \frac{(2.50 \times 4)}{1} ) \: moles \\ = 10 \: moles \: of \: water[/tex]
1. You and a friend are hiking through a canyon. You tell your friend that the rock layers in the canyon are all different ages, and you can
tell which rock layers are the oldest and which are the youngest. She picks four different rock layers on the canyon wall, as shown in the
photograph
Which layer is the youngest?
A. Layer 1
O B. Layer 2
C. Layer 3
D. Layer 4
Answer:
its number 4 D layer 4
Explanation:
just look at it look at the colors so that's how you know and plus it just old
Answer:
From what I gathered from researching, I would say that Layer 2 is the correct answer to the question you asked.
Explanation:
The reason I'd say it is Layer 2 is because the lower you look in a canyon, the farther back you look in time. Over that canyon's history, more layers are added on top of the rock and ground as erosion and weathering happen.
Layer 2 is the highest up, which means that it was added the most recent of the other layers. Although there are more things that could maybe be taken to account, the best answer I see from what information you were given in this question... Layer 2 is the correct answer.
Hope that helps!
what is the Democratus
Answer:
Democritus was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe. Democritus was born in Abdera, Thrace, around 460 BC, although there are disagreements about the exact
Explanation:
What is a renewable resource on Earth?
minerals
coal
wind
petroleum
Answer:
Wind
Explanation:
Wind turbines make energy by the movement of the natural force on earth called 'wind' and renewable resources are resources that can be made from natural and environment-safe objects or things (e.g. Water, Geothermal Heat, The Sun, and Wind)
What is the most likely effect of people logging a forest faster than it can grow back?
The forest will eventually disappear and no longer provide any resources.
The forest will eventually reach a smaller population size and remain at that size.
The forest will gradually grow faster to keep up with increased demand.
The forest will keep its current population size and continue to provide resources.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
A growing body of scientific evidence shows that the felling of tropical forests creates optimal conditions for the spread of mosquito-borne scourges, including malaria and dengue. Primates and other animals are also spreading disease from cleared forests to people.
explain the general properties of group 1 elements in relation to their electronic configuration
Answer:
The elements in Group 1 (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) are called the alkali metals. All of the alkali metals have a single s electron in their outermost principal energy. ... For example, the electron configuration of lithium (Li), the alkali metal of Period 2, is 1s22s1.
Answer:
they have a mono positive charge of +1
Explanation:
this is due to having one electron in their outermost ns orbital
3.88g of NaOH is required to neutralize a spill of hydrochloric acid. A 0.516M solution of NaOH is available for use.
A. Determine the number of moles needed to complete the reaction.
B. What volume of NaOH solution is needed for this reaction?
C. What volume of a stock 1,15M solution would be used to make the solution used in the reaction?
Answer:
ftb
Explanation:
What is the reducing agent in the following reaction?
2 Br−(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Answer:
the reducing agent is Bromine
The oxidation state of an element is calculated by subtracting and the total sum of oxidation states of all the individual atom (excluding the one that has to be calculated) from total charge on the molecule. Bromine is the reducing agent in the following reaction.
What is oxidation state?Oxidation state of an element is a number that is assigned to an element in a molecule that represents the number of electron gained or lost during the formation of that molecule or compound.
The ionic equation is given as
2 Br⁻(aq) + H[tex]_2[/tex]O[tex]_2[/tex](aq) + 2 H⁺(aq) → Br[tex]_2[/tex](aq) + 2 H[tex]_2[/tex]O(l)
The oxidation state of bromine on reactant side is -1 while on product side it is 0 so, oxidation state of bromine has increased by 1 so, bromine is oxidized. If it is oxidized that means it must have reduced someone. So, bromine is acting as a reducing agent.
Therefore, bromine is the reducing agent in the given reaction.
To learn more about Oxidation state, here:
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Balance the single replacement chemical reaction.
Explanation:
B) 3CuCl2+2AL..….2AlCl3+3Cu
hope it helps.
Balanced Equation:
3CuCl₂ + 2Al = 2AlCl₃ + 3Cu