When water boils, what are the bubbles composed of?.

To determine the rate of production of the final product and its composition, we can start by calculating the mass balance for the alcohol in the system.

Given:

Feed rate = 2.0 t/h

Alcohol content in the feed = 15%

Water content in the feed = 82%

Bottoms composition: 94% water, 3.5% inert material, and 2.5% alcohol

We can assume that the inert material remains constant throughout the process, so we only need to consider the alcohol and water components.

Calculation of alcohol mass in the feed:

Alcohol mass in feed = Feed rate * Alcohol content

= 2.0 t/h * 0.15

= 0.3 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the feed:

Water mass in feed = Feed rate * Water content

= 2.0 t/h * 0.82

= 1.64 t/h

Calculation of alcohol mass in the bottoms:

Alcohol mass in bottoms = Alcohol mass in feed * Bottoms composition (alcohol)

= 0.3 t/h * 0.025

= 0.0075 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the bottoms:

Water mass in bottoms = Water mass in feed * Bottoms composition (water)

= 1.64 t/h * 0.94

= 1.5416 t/h

Calculation of alcohol mass in the product:

Alcohol mass in product = Alcohol mass in feed - Alcohol mass in bottoms

= 0.3 t/h - 0.0075 t/h

= 0.2925 t/h

Calculation of water mass in the product:

Water mass in product = Water mass in feed - Water mass in bottoms

= 1.64 t/h - 1.5416 t/h

= 0.0984 t/h

Therefore, the rate of production of the final product is 0.2925 t/h, and its composition is approximately 2.5% alcohol and 97.5% water.

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The chemical energy referred to in the transfer from producers to consumers is the energy stored in the organic molecules synthesized by the producers during photosynthesis.

Producers, such as plants and algae, use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and other organic molecules through the process of photosynthesis. The energy from the sunlight is converted into chemical energy and stored in the organic molecules.

Consumers, such as herbivores and carnivores, obtain this stored chemical energy by consuming the organic molecules synthesized by the producers. The organic molecules are broken down during cellular respiration to release the stored chemical energy, which is used by the consumer to power its cellular processes.

Thus, the transfer of chemical energy from producers to consumers is a fundamental process in the food chain, and it is essential for the maintenance of life on earth.

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The pH of the solution is 4.9.

The pH and pOH of a solution are related by the equation:

pH + pOH = 14

Therefore, if the pOH of a solution is 9.1, we can calculate its pH as:

pH = 14 - pOH

pH = 14 - 9.1

pH = 4.9

So, the pH of the solution is 4.9. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral, while a pH below 7 is acidic and a pH above 7 is basic. In this case, the pH is below 7, which means the solution is acidic.

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When reading an electron dot diagram, you can determine the number of valence electrons an atom has and use that information to predict how it will bond with other atoms. Atoms tend to form bonds in order to achieve a full outer shell of electrons, which is the most stable arrangement. By looking at the number of dots in the electron dot diagram, you can predict how many bonds an atom is likely to form and what types of atoms it will bond with.

To read an electron dot diagram, you first need to understand what it represents. An electron dot diagram, also known as a Lewis structure, shows the number of valence electrons that an atom has. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom and are involved in chemical bonding.

The dot diagram shows the symbol for the element surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons. Each dot represents one electron, and the dots are placed around the symbol in pairs, with no more than two dots on each side.

For example, carbon has four valence electrons, so its electron dot diagram would show four dots surrounding the symbol for carbon. Nitrogen, on the other hand, has five valence electrons, so its electron dot diagram would show five dots.

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The molecular geometry around each carbon atom in [tex]CH_2CHCH_3[\tex]

using vsepr theory is tetrahedral and trigonal planar.

What is molecular geometry?

The three-dimensional shape that a molecule takes up in space is known as molecular geometry. It depends on the surrounding atoms and electron pairs as well as the core atom.

By assessing the amount of electron pairs surrounding an atom, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory predicts molecular shapes and bond angles. Electron couples will reject one another because they are negatively charged. According to the idea, electron pairs will position themselves in three dimensions to minimise repulsion.

VSEPR Guidelines

Determine the main atom.

tally the valence electrons in it.

For every atom with a bond, add one electron.

For charge, add or subtract electrons (see Top Tip).

To determine the total, divide them by 2.

the quantity of electron pairs.

Make a shape prediction using this number.

Molecular geometry around propane is tetrahedral and trigonal planar.

Therefore, molecular geometry around [tex]CH_2CHCH_3[\tex] is tetrahedral and trigonal planar.

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The temperature when the thermometer reads a pressure of 800 mmHg is approximately 282.2 K (or 9.1 °C).

To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

We can use this equation to calculate the temperature of the gas when the pressure is 800 mmHg.

First, we need to convert the pressures from mmHg to atm, since R is in units of L·atm/K·mol.

1 atm = 760 mmHg

780 mmHg = 1.026 atm

800 mmHg = 1.053 atm

Next, we can set up a ratio of the two pressures and temperatures:

P1/T1 = P2/T2

[tex](1.026 atm) / (273.15 K) = (1.053 atm) / T2[/tex]

Solving for T2, we get:

[tex]T2 = (1.053 atm) / (1.026 atm/273.15 K) \\T2 = 282.2 K[/tex]

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Answer:

107g

Explanation:

First convert the number of molecules to moles using avogadro's number.

There are 6.02 x 10^23 molecules in 1 mol.

3.8 x 10^24 molecules NH3 ÷ 6.02 x 10^23 molecules / mol

= 6.31 mol NH3

Now that we have moles of NH3 we can multiply it by NH3's molecular mass.

NH3 molecular mass = Mass of N + Mass of H x 3

14.007g/mol + 1.008g/mol * 3

= 17.031 g NH3/ mol

6.31 mol NH3 * 17.031 g NH3 / mol

= 107g NH3

Answer:

C. Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

Explanation:

Based on the properties of elements, the correct options for the reactivity and composition of elements and compounds are:

Reactive elements are elements that readily react with other elements by gaining or losing electrons.

Reactive elements may be metals such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals or they may be non-metals such as halogens.

Considering the given questions about the properties of elements, the correct options are:

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At equilibrium, the concentrations of [tex]H_{3} O+, C_{6} H_{5}COO[/tex]-, and [tex]C_{6} H_{5}COO[/tex] in the solution will be 0.038 M, 0.038 M, and 0.012 M, respectively.

First, we can write the chemical equation for the dissociation of benzoic acid in water as follows:  [tex]C_{6}H5COOH + H_{2}O[/tex] ⇌[tex]C_{6}H_{5}COO- + H_{3}O[/tex]

The acid dissociation constant, Ka, is given as 6.3 × 10^-5.

[tex]Ka = [C_{6}H_{5}COO-][H_{3}O+] / [C_{6}H_{5}COOH][/tex]

We can assume that the initial concentration of [tex]C_{6}H_{5}COOH[/tex] is equal to its concentration at equilibrium, x. Thus, at equilibrium:

[tex][C_{6}H_{5}COOH] = x M \\[/tex]

[tex][C_{6}H_{5}COO-] = y M \\[/tex]

[tex][H_{3}O+] = y M\\[/tex]

Using the equilibrium expression and the given value of Ka, we can solve for the values of x and y:

[tex]Ka = [C_{6}H_{5}COO-][H_{3}O+] / [C_{6}H_{5}COOH]\\6.3 * 10^-5 = y^2 / x[/tex]

Since we know that the initial concentration of benzoic acid is 0.050 M, we can write: [tex]x + y = 0.050 M[/tex]

Now we have two equations and two unknowns. Solving for x and y:

[tex]x = 0.012 M\\y = 0.038 M[/tex]

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In the given chemical equation:

Fe(NO3)2 + Al → Fe + Al(NO3)3

Iron (Fe) is being reduced because it is gaining electrons and its oxidation state is decreasing from +2 to 0 (elemental state).

Aluminum (Al) is being oxidized because it is losing electrons and its oxidation state is increasing from 0 (elemental state) to +3.

Therefore, Fe(NO3)2 is the oxidizing agent, and Al is the reducing agent in this reaction.

Explanation:

3120 j / (2000 g * (212-200 C) )  = .13 j /( g C)  

This statement refers to the solubility rules for ionic compounds in water. According to these rules, most chloride, bromide, and iodide compounds are soluble in water, meaning they can dissolve and form aqueous solutions.

However, there are some exceptions to this rule, and those exceptions involve the chloride, bromide, and iodide compounds of the ions Ag+, Hg2^2+, Pb^2+, Ca^2+, Sr^2+, Ba^2+, NH4+ and the alkali metals (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+). These compounds are generally insoluble in water, meaning they cannot dissolve and form aqueous solutions.

It is important to note that while these are general solubility rules, there may be some exceptions to them depending on the specific conditions of a given chemical system.

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The basic element of drawing that helps us illustrate the realistic view of an object is the "line."

Lines are essential as they define shapes, outlines, and edges of objects in drawings. The "alphabet of lines" refers to the different types of lines used in technical drawing, such as continuous, dashed, and dotted lines.

These lines help convey various details and aspects of the object being drawn.

In the "drawing" process, you use these lines to create a realistic representation of an object by capturing its dimensions, proportions, and perspective.

The "layout" is the arrangement of these lines and shapes on the drawing surface, ensuring a clear and organized presentation. To "generate" a drawing, you must effectively utilize these lines, the alphabet of lines, and the layout to create a visually accurate representation of the object you are depicting.

By incorporating these terms and concepts, you can create a detailed and realistic drawing that effectively communicates the appearance and characteristics of the object in question.

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The concentration of the solution containing 25.0 g NaOH in 500 cm³ of water is approximately 1.25 M (moles per liter).

To find the concentration of a solution containing 25.0 g NaOH in 500 cm³ of water, follow these steps:

1. Convert grams of NaOH to moles. The molar mass of NaOH is approximately 40 g/mol (Na = 23 g/mol, O = 16 g/mol, H = 1 g/mol).

25.0 g NaOH × (1 mol NaOH / 40 g NaOH) ≈ 0.625 mol NaOH

2. Convert the volume of water from cm³ to liters (L).

500 cm³ × (1 L / 1000 cm³) = 0.5 L

3. Calculate the concentration of the solution in moles per liter (M).

Concentration = moles of solute/volume of solvent (in liters)
Concentration = 0.625 mol NaOH / 0.5 L ≈ 1.25 M

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On a rock in coastal Maine, the fungus, the algae, and the bacteria make up part of an ecosystem.

An ecosystem consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact.

In the yellow scale lichen, the fungus provides protection, moisture, and nutrients for the algae. The algae carry out photosynthesis to produce food that is used by the fungus.

Ecosystem function is generally described as the capacity of natural processes and components to provide goods and services that satisfy human needs, either directly or indirectly.

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The ranking of these solutions in decreasing melting point is: calcium phosphate > magnesium chloride > sodium chloride > glucose.

To rank the solutions with the same molal concentration in decreasing order of their melting points, we need to consider their van't Hoff factor (i), which represents the number of particles a solute dissociates into when dissolved in water. The formula to calculate the effect of a solute on the melting point of a solution is ΔTf = Kf × m × i, where Kf is the cryoscopic constant of water, m is the molality, and i is the van't Hoff factor.

Here are the van't Hoff factors for each substance:

1. Calcium phosphate, Ca₃(PO₄)₂: This substance dissociates into 5 ions (3 Ca²⁺ + 2 PO₄³⁻), so i = 5.
2. Glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆: This substance is a molecular compound and does not dissociate into ions, so i = 1.
3. Sodium chloride, NaCl: This substance dissociates into 2 ions (Na⁺ + Cl⁻), so i = 2.
4. Magnesium chloride, MgCl₂: This substance dissociates into 3 ions (Mg²⁺ + 2 Cl⁻), so i = 3.

Using the van't Hoff factor, we can rank the solutions in decreasing order of their melting points:

1. Calcium phosphate, Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (i = 5)
2. Magnesium chloride, MgCl₂(i = 3)
3. Sodium chloride, NaCl (i = 2)
4. Glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆ (i = 1)

So, the ranking of these solutions in decreasing melting point is: calcium phosphate > magnesium chloride > sodium chloride > glucose.

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The most likely temperature of the water after the sphere and the water has reached thermal equilibrium is approximately 70 degrees Celsius. So option C is correct.

This is because heat energy will flow from the metal sphere to the water until they both reach the same temperature. The initial temperature difference between the metal sphere and the water will cause heat to flow from the sphere to the water. As the heat flows, the metal sphere will cool down and the water will heat up. Eventually, they will both reach the same temperature, which will be somewhere between the initial temperatures of the sphere and the water. Therefore option: c is Correct.

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To accurately measure a very small volume of liquid like 0.03 ml, a micropipette would be the most appropriate measuring tool to use.

A micropipette is a laboratory instrument commonly used in biology, chemistry, and other related fields to accurately and precisely measure and transfer small volumes of liquids. It typically operates through a piston-driven air displacement system, allowing for very precise measurements in the microliter (μL) or even nanoliter (nL) range.

Micropipettes are commonly used in applications such as DNA sequencing, PCR, and protein assays, where precise and accurate liquid handling is essential for accurate results.

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The maximum amount of Al₂O₃ that can be produced in this reaction is 1.00 kg, which confirms that aluminium is the limiting reactant.

To determine if aluminium is the limiting reactant in this reaction, we need to first calculate the theoretical yield of the reaction using both reactants.

From the balanced equation, we can see that for every 2 moles of aluminium, we need 1 mole of iron oxide.

1.00 kg of aluminium has a mass of 1000 g / 27 g/mol = 37.04 moles.

3.00 kg of iron oxide has a mass of 3000 g / (2 x 56 g/mol + 3 x 16 g/mol) = 13.39 moles.

Since we need half as many moles of iron oxide as aluminium for the reaction, the aluminium is the limiting reactant.

To calculate the theoretical yield of the reaction, we need to use the amount of aluminium as the limiting factor.

Since the balanced equation shows that 2 moles of aluminium react to produce 1 mole of Al₂O₃, we can calculate the theoretical yield of Al₂O₃ as:

37.04 moles Al x (1 mol Al₂O₃ / 2 mol Al) x (2 x 27 g/mol Al₂O₃) = 999.5 g or 1.00 kg (rounded to two significant figures).

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The molality of the naphthalene solution in chloroform is approximately 0.551 mol/kg.

To calculate the molality of a solution of naphthalene dissolved in chloroform, we need to use the boiling point elevation formula: ΔTb = Kb * molality, where ΔTb is the change in boiling point, Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, and molality is the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

First, we need to find the change in boiling point (ΔTb) by subtracting the normal boiling point of chloroform from the given boiling point. The normal boiling point of chloroform is 61.2°C. Therefore, ΔTb = 63.2°C - 61.2°C = 2.0°C.

Next, we need to find the boiling point elevation constant (Kb) for chloroform. The Kb value for chloroform is 3.63 °C/kg/mol.

Now, we can use the boiling point elevation formula to solve for molality:
2.0°C = 3.63 °C/kg/mol * molality

Rearranging the equation and solving for molality, we get:
molality = 2.0°C / 3.63 °C/kg/mol = 0.551 mol/kg

Therefore, the molality of the naphthalene solution in chloroform is approximately 0.551 mol/kg.

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The moles of hydrogen added to the balloon to give it a volume of 17.1 L were 8.8 mol.

Determine the initial ratio of moles to volume:
Initial moles of hydrogen = 2.6 mol
Initial volume of the balloon (V₁) = 3.9 L
Ratio of moles to volume: 2.6 mol / 3.9 L = 0.6667 mol/L

Final volume of the balloon (V₂) = 17.1 L

Calculate the final moles of hydrogen in the balloon using the initial ratio of moles to volume.
Final moles of hydrogen (H₂) = Ratio of moles to volume * V₂
Final moles of hydrogen (H₂) = 0.6667 mol/L * 17.1 L = 11.4 mol

The number of moles of hydrogen added thus are:
Moles of hydrogen added = Final moles of hydrogen - Initial moles of hydrogen
Moles of hydrogen added = 11.4 mol - 2.6 mol = 8.8 mol

So, 8.8 moles of hydrogen were added to the balloon to give it a volume of 17.1 L.

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The computation in the question results in the production of 21 g of NF3.

Because it is the reactant that is totally consumed during the reaction, the limiting reactant specifies the maximum amount of product that can be created in a chemical process.

F2 molecular weight is 16.5 g/38 g/mol.

= 0.43 moles

N2 molecular weight is 16.5 g/28 g/mol.

= 0.59 moles

Now;

If 3 moles of F2 and 1 mole of N2 react,

N2 interacts with 0.59 moles at 0.59 * 3/1.

= 1.77 moles of F2

Thus F2 is the limiting reactant

2 moles of NF3 are created from 3 moles of F2.

When using 0.43 moles of F2, you get 0.43 * 2/3.

= 0.29 moles

NF3 mass generated is 0.29 moles * 71 g/mol.

= 21 g

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We need to add 7.7 g of solid iron(II) nitrate to make a 0.172 M solution in 250 mL volumetric flask.

First, we can use molarity and volume of solution to find the number of moles of iron(II) nitrate needed:

moles of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex]= Molarity × Volume in liters

moles of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] = 0.172 mol/L × 0.250 L = 0.043 mol

Next, we can use the molar mass of iron(II) nitrate to find the mass of the solid that needs to be added:

mass of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] = moles of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex] × molar mass of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex]

mass of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex]= 0.043 mol × (55.85 g/mol + 2 × 14.01 g/mol + 6 × 16.00 g/mol)

mass of [tex]Fe(NO_3)_2[/tex]= 0.043 mol × 179.86 g/mol = 7.7 g

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The Bohr equation for the hydrogen atom is given by:

E = -2.18 × 10^-18 J/n^2

where E is the energy of the electron, and n is the principal quantum number.

The lowest energy level or ground state of hydrogen is when n = 1. So, we can find the energy of the lowest excited state by setting n = 2 in the Bohr equation:

E = -2.18 × 10^-18 J/2^2 = -0.54 × 10^-18 J

The energy of the lowest excited state is the difference between the energy of the ground state and the energy of the excited state. So, we can find the energy of the lowest excited state by subtracting the energy of the ground state (n=1) from the energy of the excited state (n=2):

ΔE = E₂ - E₁ = (-0.54 × 10^-18 J) - (-2.18 × 10^-18 J) = 1.64 × 10^-18 J

Therefore, the energy of the lowest excited state of hydrogen is 1.64 × 10^-18 J, which is closest to option (b) 1.66 × 10^-18 J.

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The mass of CH2Cl2 that can be melted by applying 7.80 kJ of energy at the melting point can be calculated using the equation of q = m * c * ΔT, where q is the energy applied, m is the mass, c is the heat capacity, and ΔT is the difference between the final and initial temperatures. In this case, the mass can be calculated as m = q / (c * ΔT). Plugging in the given values yields a mass of 0.126 g, rounded to three significant figures.

Therefore, 7.80 kJ of energy can melt 0.126 g of solid CH2Cl2 at the melting point. The equation used for this calculation assumes that the heat capacity and melting point of CH2Cl2 remain constant throughout the process, and thus the calculated value is only an estimate.

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The volume of the gas-filled balloon at STP would be 36.7 L.

To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:

(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2

where P1, V1, and T1 are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively, and P2, V2, and T2 are the final pressure, volume, and temperature, respectively.

At STP (standard temperature and pressure), the temperature is 273 K and the pressure is 1 atm. So we have:

(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2

(1.5 atm x 30.0 L)/313 K = (1 atm x V2)/273 K

Solving for V2:

V2 = (1.5 atm x 30.0 L x 273 K)/(1 atm x 313 K)

V2 = 36.7 L

Therefore, the volume of the gas-filled balloon at STP would be 36.7 L.

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0.008 moles of C₃H₇OH contains 1.44528 x 10^22 atoms of carbon.

To find the number of carbon atoms in 0.008 moles of C₃H₇OH, follow these steps:

1. Identify the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of C₃H₇OH. In this case, there are 3 carbon atoms.
2. Calculate the total number of molecules in 0.008 moles of C₃H₇OH by multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's constant (6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol).

0.008 moles * (6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol) = 4.8176 x 10^21 molecules

3. Multiply the total number of molecules by the number of carbon atoms in each molecule to find the total number of carbon atoms:

4.8176 x 10^21 molecules * 3 carbon atoms/molecule = 1.44528 x 10^22 carbon atoms

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The volume of the gas in the truck tire is approximately 44.2 L.

The ideal gas law equation can be used to solve for the volume of the gas in the tire:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas.

Substituting the given values into the equation, we get:

(2.1 atm)(V) = (1.85 mol)(0.08206 L atm/mol K)(300 K)

Solving for V, we get:

V = (1.85 mol)(0.08206 L atm/mol K)(300 K)/(2.1 atm) ≈ 44.2 L

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The  three general exceptions to the octet rule is:

The octet rule is  described as a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

The structure of the octet is usually held responsible for the relative inertness of the noble gases and the chemical behavior of certain other elements.

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