The layer where most of the x-rays & gamma rays from the sun are absorbed and the ionosphere is found is Thermosphere.
The layer of incredibly rare air above the mesosphere is referred to as the thermosphere. The high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun heat the thermosphere to hundreds or perhaps thousands of degrees. We would, however, feel quite cold in this stratum due to how thin the air is.
In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space than the atmosphere. Actually, lots of satellites orbit the planet inside the thermosphere! Variations in the energy coming from the Sun have a significant impact on the temperature and height of the top of this layer.
The ionosphere is not a discrete layer. The ionosphere, on the other hand, is a collection of places in some mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has jarred electrons free of their parent atoms and molecules. The ionosphere gets its name from the electrically charged atoms and molecules that are created in this process; these ions also give this region some unique features.
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novel ti plasmids in agrobacterium strains isolated from weeping fig and chrysanthemum tumors and their opine-like molecules. mol. plant-microbe interact
An extrachromosomal DNA molecule known as a "tumor-inducing plasmid," or "Ti-plasmid," is frequently identified in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
In addition to other well-known opianes like nopaline, fig and chrysanthemum plant galls that strains of Agrobacterium naturally generated contained three tumor-specific opinelike compounds. Deoxy-fructosyl-glutamine (dfg), deoxy-fructosyl-5-oxo-proline (dfop), and chrysopine were the compounds that were identified. Based on hybridization with several vir and T-DNA probes, it was determined that the strains recovered from Fig tree and chrysanthemum tumors carried unique and unrelated Ti plasmids. They also showed various opine-catabolic characteristics. Chrysopine was metabolized by the strains isolated from fig trees and chrysanthemum plants (Chry strains), but only the Chry strains utilised dfg and dfop. Surprisingly, other Agrobacterium strains catabolized these two molecules: dfg was broken down by the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic Agrobacterium strains, and dfop by every Agrobacterium strain that breaks down agropinic acid. These findings support earlier hypotheses regarding the development of opine-related functions and have strong ecological and evolutionary implications.Learn more about the Ti plasmid with the help of the given link:
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Which part of the brain processes incoming sounds and recognizes them as language?.
Auditory part of the brain processes incoming sounds and recognizes them as language.
What distinguishes Broca's from Wernicke's?The main distinction between Wernicke's and Broca's areas is that Wernicke's area ensures that language has meaning, whilst Wernicke's area is a region of the cerebral cortex that helps to guarantee that language is generated fluently.
The processing of decoded sound material starts within the primary auditoy pathway. This pathway carries message from the cochlea to a sensory area of the temporal lobe called the auditory cortex.
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Students are using beads of different colors to represent the molecules in food. The beads can be connected in chains in different arrangements to represent different kinds of molecules.What is the best way for the students to use the beads to represent the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration that allow plants and animals to get the energy they need?
Answer:
Combine the beads in chains, take them apart, and then put htem togehter in new chains
Explanation:
Excerise science definition
Answer:
Exercise Science is a discipline that studies movement and the associated functional responses and adaptations. The goal of exercise science is to facilitate an understanding of the links between fitness, exercise, diet and health. Ultimately, the discipline provides a scientific approach to study how exercise and the human body interact in order to understand the physiology of exercise as well as its benefits and results.
Exercise Science encompasses a wide variety of disciplines and the study of these disciplines is integrated into the academic preparation of exercise science professionals. Disciplines include areas such as: biomechanics, sports nutrition, sport & exercise psychology, motor control/development, and exercise physiology. In addition, the coursework includes evaluating health behaviors and risk factors, conducting fitness assessments, writing appropriate exercise prescriptions, and promotion of positive health habits and lifestyle behaviors.
Exercise Science professionals are a part of a multidisciplinary team whose work ranges from helping people recover from the unhealthy effects of a sedentary lifestyle to assisting athletes to perform at their maximum capability.
You will find exercise science professionals in a variety of disciplines such as:
College Sport Teams
Human and Athletic Performance Centers
Fitness and Wellness Centers
Hospital Fitness and Rehabilitation Centers
University / Industry Research laboratories
Weight Control Programs
Answer:
Exercise Science is a discipline that studies movement and the associated functional responses and adaptations. The goal of exercise science is to find and improve links between fitness, exercise, diet and health of people. Ultimately, the discipline provides a scientific approach to study how exercise and the human body interact in order to understand the physiology of exercise as well as its benefits and results.
Explanation:
what types of networks allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas between our early foraging ancestors?
All of an organism's foraging behavior consists of how it gathers and makes use of food sources for energy and nutrients. In the context of the greater community, this involves the location and use of resources as well as their retrieval and storage.
What networks our ancestors used for foraging?Our earliest foraging ancestors used a variety of networks to communicate and trade commodities and ideas, such as:
1. Village networks, which link nearby communities and migratory groups.
2. A metropolitan network linked cities to the rural areas and nearby villages.
3. Long-distance networks brought people who lived 100 miles apart together.
4. Networks that are interconnected by roads, waterways, and trails.
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extracellular vesicles carry distinct proteotranscriptomic signatures that are different from their cancer cell of origin
The translation, controlled destruction, mRNA turnover, and transcription of proteins all affect the proteotranscriptomic landscape.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in circulation carry lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA from the cell that produced them. As a result, EV-associated proteins and RNA have drawn a lot of attention as liquid-biopsy indicators. However, it is still unclear how the proteo-transcriptomic landscape of EVs compares to that of their cell of origin. The study present evidence that certain proteo-transcriptomes that are enriched by EVs do not linearly correlate with those that originate from those cells. Study demonstrate the enrichment of short RNA (13–200 nucleotides) involved in cell differentiation, development, and Wnt signaling as well as endosomal and extracellular proteins by EVs. RNY3, vtRNA, MIRLET-7, and the corresponding proteins YBX1, IGF2BP2, and SRSF1/2 are carried by EVs.Learn more about the Transcriptome with the help of the given link:
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a____ is a series of ridges that move across a medium
A. particle
B. wave
C. tide
D. current
the discovery that antibiotics like penicillin and oxytetracycline boost chicken weight gain by at least 10 percent led the department of agriculture to permit the use of antibiotics as additives
"The discovery that antibiotics like penicillin and oxytetracycline boost chicken weight gain by at least 10 percent led the department of agriculture to permit the use of antibiotics as additives", is a quote from a research paper named Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
What is the abstract of the research paper about?The discovery of antibiotics is without a doubt one of the greatest medical advances ever. Their application in veterinary care and animal husbandry has produced farm animals that are healthier and more productive, ensuring the welfare and health of both animals and people. Unfortunately, the resistance countdown began to run as soon as penicillin was used. Antibiotic resistance is currently the main public health issue as diseases brought on by bacteria resistant to antibiotics are on the rise. Farm animal antibiotic use has come under fire for being a factor in the establishment of resistance. Antibiotic consumption and resistance among bacteria in the animal habitat have increased as a result of the use and abuse of antibiotics in farm animal settings as growth boosters or as general illness prevention and treatment methods.
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Which of the following correctly explains the difference between an element and a compound?
A. An element is made up of only one type of atom, and a compound is made up of two or more elements that are
chemically combined.
B. A compound is made up of only one type of atom, and an element is made up mixtures.
C. An element is made up of only one type of atom, and a compound is made up of mixtures.
D. A compound is made up of only one type of atom, and an element is made up of two or more compounds that are
chemically combined.
Answer:
Option A is the answer. This is because compounds are elements combined by chemical combination
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. What are these bacteria-killing molecules called?.
Many soil-dwelling bacteria produce molecules that can be naturally synthesized and kill other species of bacteria. These bacteria-killing molecules are called antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals used to treat infections caused by bacteria that kill or stop bacteria from growing. Soil fungi and bacteria naturally produce them. Because the antibiotic destroys their competition, the microbe gains the upper hand when competing for food, water, and other scarce resources in a specific habitat.
Antibiotics exploit the structural difference between the host cell and bacterial cell. They can prevent bacterial cells from multiplying, allowing the host's protective mechanism to fight the illness or kill the bacteria by, for example, blocking the process that creates their cell walls.
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glycemic index and glycemic load of gluten-free brownies made from combination of mocaf and black glutinous rice flour
Glycemic index and glycemic load of gluten-free brownies made from combination of mocaf and black glutinous rice flour is low.
Mocaf-black glutinous rice flour was used to make gluten-free brownies with a low glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). Brownies with mocaf to black glutinous rice flour ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 had GI values of 37.66, 41.12, and 31.28 correspondingly, while their GL values were 9.21, 9.30, and 8.25.
The glycemic index, which ranges from 0 to 100 and is arbitrarily assigned to pure glucose, measures how much a food will affect the blood sugar level two hours after consumption.
A food's glycemic load is a measurement of how much it will increase a person's blood sugar levels after consumption. The impact of consuming one gram of glucose is roughly approximated by one unit of glycemic load.
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What term is used to describe the property of the cell membrane that allows certain molecules in but keeps others out?
Answer:
Semi-permeable
Explanation: The cell membrane is semi-permeable, meaning that it allows certain substances to move into the cell while it keeps certain other substances out of the cell.
What is the ultimate destination of the electrons that are extracted from glucose during cellular respiration?.
The ultimate destination of the electrons that are extracted from glucose during cellular respiration is that they are used to form water.
The stage of cellular respiration known as the electron transport chain, or ETC, is made up of protein complexes. It transfers the electron generated by the Kreb's cycle and glycolysis through a redox process (citric acid cycle).
By combining hydrogen and oxygen to generate a water molecule, the ETC first creates a gradient before reducing the molecular oxygen. Cellular respiration results in the release of water and carbon dioxide. The final electron carrier is the water that is thus created.
As a result, the electron in the ETC phase of cellular respiration ends up in a water molecule.
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grodum e, gram j, brixen k, bollerslev j. autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: bone mineral measurements of the entire skeleton of adults in two different subtypes. bone. 1995;16(4):431–4.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in two subgroups of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis (ADO).
Radiologically, diffuse symmetrical osteosclerosis has been used to describe both forms, but they differ in certain ways. While endobones in the pelvis and thickened end plates in the spine are required findings in type II ADO, increased thickness of the cranial vault is an usual finding in type I ADO. When radiogrammetric, biochemical, and histologic studies are combined, they show states of faulty bone resorption, although both types of patients' bone production appears to be normal. Patients with autosomal dominant osteopetrosis may exhibit no symptoms, making a chance diagnosis possible. However, thorough investigations have shown that almost all individuals have symptoms connected to the condition. The symptoms develop with age and are linked to osteosclerosis. The frequency of fractures is higher in Type II patients and normal in Type I patients, whose trabecular bone strength has been found to be normal or even raised by biomechanical examinations. Symptomatic therapy has been the norm. A sensible course of action includes encouraging bone resorption while, if possible, also preventing new bone from growing.
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caffeine increases activity not only in the brain but also in the branch of the nervous system serving the body. this branch is called the nervous system. please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices central peripheral secondary primary
The appropriate response is peripheral.
What exactly does being nervous mean?Expressing or demonstrating worry, apprehension, or concern I get anxious whenever I have to give a speech.A sudden feeling of dread or panic She detests operating a vehicle.Consisting of, involving, or comprising nerves or nerve cells.What functions does the nervous system perform?Your nervous system uses neurons, which are specialized cells, to send impulses and messages throughout your body. Your muscles, organs, glands, skin, and brain all send and receive electrical signals. The communications allow you to move your limbs and feel things like pain.
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Imagine that a polypeptide (protein) was supposed to have 8 amino acids, but instead only has 3 amino acids. What is the cause and result?
A. Silent mutation; no impact to the function
B. Nonsense mutation; no impact to the function
C. Missense mutation; impact to the function
D. Nonsense mutation; impact to the function
The reason why there are fewer amino acids in the protein is because there is a nonsense mutation, resulting in an impact on function.
What is a nonsense mutation?Nonsense mutation occurs in DNA when there is a change in the sequence giving a termination codon instead of a specific amino acid codon, thus creating a shorter protein than the original. Being then this protein probably not functional.
This termination codon will be called a premature termination codon or a nonsense codon.
Therefore, we can confirm that the reason why there are fewer amino acids in the protein is because there is a nonsense mutation, resulting in an impact on function.
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Neurons have more mitochondria than cheek cells. suggest why.
Neurons have more mitochondria because neurons are the essential unit of the brain and the human body's nervous system, which perform and maintain all body functions. Neurons completely depend on mitochondria because they produce ATP that is used by the neurons use to perform functions.
However, cheek cells have fewer mitochondria because the function or metabolic activities performed by cheek cells are very less as compared to the neurons.
Therefore, mitochondria are the membrane-bounded cell organelles that produce ATP or Chemical Energy. As neurons have to perform more actions and metabolic activities, so Neurons have more mitochondria as compared to the cells of cheeks.
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what is the present status of international trade in nepal?
in the periphery of the body, build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons.
In the periphery of the body, Schwann cells build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons.
What is function of schwann cells?The most prevalent form of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system are Schwann cells (SCs). They are crucial for the growth, upkeep, operation, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. Myelinating and nonmyelinating cells are the two main groups of SCs in the mature nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is maintained in large part by Schwann cells (PNS). Schwann cells can either be myelinating or non-myelinating, and they are generated from neural crest cells. Both are crucial for the preservation and regeneration of the PNS's neurons' axons.Learn more about the Schwann cell with the help of the given link:
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what were the historical reasons for the resistance to recognizing airborne transmission during the covid-19 pandemic?
Up until a 1962 demonstration of tuberculosis airborne transmission, airborne transmission of all major respiratory diseases was assumed to be of insignificant or moderate consequence over the following fifty years.
Before COVID-19, only a small number of diseases—those that were blatantly spread to people not in the same room—were generally acknowledged as airborne. This is because the contact/droplet paradigm remained popular.
What does the term "airborne transmission" mean?The term "airborne transmission" refers to the propagation of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that retain their infectious properties after being suspended in air for a lengthy period of time and over great distances.Bacteria or viruses that cause airborne infections are most frequently spread by tiny respiratory droplets. When a person with the airborne sickness sneezes, coughs, laughs, or exhales in any other way, these droplets are released.
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which processes does the central dogma rule out? group of answer choices making rna or dna from protein making protein directly from dna without an rna intermediate making rna from dna a and b b and c
The processes does the central dogma rule out making of RNA from DNA, and making protein from RNA.
Central dogma is theory of molecular biology which states that information in living organism flows in one direction i.e. from DNA to RNA to protein.
The process of flow of information from DNA to RNA is called transcription. In transcription the code of the DNA is transferred to mRNA by enzyme called RNA polymerase . It is done in three steps initiation, elongation and termination.
The process of flow of information from RNA to protein is called translation. It is synthesized with the help of ribosomes and tRNA.
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smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the .
Smooth muscle fibers can sustain a contraction without fatigue by allowing dephosphorylated myosin to remain attached to actin in what is called the Latch State.
Latch State- Dephosphorylating myosin's RLCs prevents the formation of cross-bridges with actin, but doing so after myosin has already been bound to actin slows down its off rate and produces the so-called "latch state." While enduring low rates of ATP hydrolysis, smooth muscle retains tension in the latch state.
ATP hydrolysis- Energy released that has been stored in adenosine triphosphate is released whenever the elevated phosphoanhydride bonds break, as happens, for instance, in muscles. ATP hydrolysis is the name given to this process.
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When a skeletal muscle contracts, what is happening at the level of the muscle proteins?.
When a muscular contraction takes place, the length of the sarcomeres as a whole is reduced as the actin and myosin filaments temporarily establish cross-bridge attachments and slide across one another.
Muscle fibers with myofibrils, which are smaller units, make up the skeletal muscle.Each myofibril is composed of three different types of proteins: contractile, regulatory, and structural proteins. Actin, a thin filament, and myosin are referred to as contractile proteins (thick filaments).Shortening of thick filaments occurs and in comparison to thick filaments, thin filaments glide.The neuromuscular junction, or synapses between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber, is where skeletal muscle contraction starts. Action potential propagation to the motoneuron and subsequent depolarization causes the presynaptic membrane's voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels to open.The sliding filament model of muscle contraction states that when sarcomeres shorten, thick and thin filaments move past one another. The energy required for cross-bridge creation and filament sliding is provided by ATP.Thus, The muscle fibers become tense and often shorten during contraction. The resting state of the muscle fiber is referred to as relaxation.
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Which feature forms at this plate boundary? mountains rift valleys volcanoes island chains
Mountains are a formation at this plate boundary. This implies that mountains are the right answer.
What feature is formed at convergent plate boundries?Trenches are geological features formed by convergent boundaries. When two tectonic plates converge , the heavier plate is forced downward, creating a subduction
Some of the tallest mountain systems were created when two continents collided.
The Himalayan Mountains are among the best illustrations of a zone where two continents collide. Two continental tectonic plates colliding resulted in these tallest mountain chains. One of the continental plates broke apart and was thrust upward after a collision to create this greatest mountain chain.
A collision between two continents is depicted in the picture. When two continental tectonic plates contact, a continental collision occurs.
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Answer: a. Mountains
Explanation:
Which geologic feature is most likely to form from continent-continent convergence? O undersea mountains O seafloor spreading O earthquakes O mid-ocean ridges
Earthquakes geologic feature is most likely to form from continent-continent convergence.
Geologic traits are answerable for soil formation, landscape form and erodibility. these characteristics of primary geology influences plant boom and animal habitat, distribution, and migration patterns. Geologic issues are often key to aid making plans and management on a watershed scale.
The geologic procedures, consisting of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, erosion, and deposition are what create or trade geological capabilities. Volcanoes are created by internal forces within the Earth that reason heated, melted rock (magma) to upward push to the floor.
Geographic capabilities, or geographical formations, are components of a planet that can be referred to as places, websites, regions, or areas (and consequently can also display up on maps). There are natural geographic features, summary geographic capabilities, and on earth there also are artificial geographic functions.
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pre- and postsynaptic activation of m-channels by a novel opener dampens neuronal firing and transmitter release
Because it blocks subthreshold depolarizations, the M-type K(+) current (M-current), which is encoded by Kv7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) K(+) channels, is essential for controlling neuronal excitability. By synthesising NH6, a novel N-phenylanthranilic acid derivative, as a Kv7.2/3 channel opener, we were able to characterise the functions of pre- and postsynaptic M-channels.
What is Pre and post synaptic activation ?The action potential, an electrical signal, is turned into a chemical signal at the presynaptic terminal, which is at the end of an axon (neurotransmitter release). Less than 50 nanometers distant, the postsynaptic terminal membrane has specific receptors.
Presynaptic inhibition indirectly controls the activity of PNs by controlling the release probability of the ORN-PN synapses, whereas postsynaptic inhibition directly suppresses PN activity.Learn more about Synapse here:
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We mostly observe using our eyes. Give an example of an observation that cannot be made with the eyes.
Answer:
The taste of a keyboard recently cleaned.
Explanation:
byers dl. studying plant–pollinator interactions in a changing climate: a review of approaches applications in plant sciences. 5: 1700012. pmid 28690933 doi: 10.3732/apps.1700012
Plant–pollinator interactions are potentially at danger due to climate change. Because of the spatial and temporal variation related with the effects of climate trade and the responses of both actors, lookup to examine this interaction requires innovative approaches. This assessment focuses on assessments of plants’ and pollinators’ altered phenology in response to environmental changes, as phenology is one of the key responses. I reviewed research strategies with the goal of presenting the huge variety of available techniques for addressing modifications in these interactions. Approaches ranged from use of historical specimens to multisite experimental neighborhood studies; whilst differing in depth of historic facts and community interactions, all contribute to evaluation of phenology changes. Particularly insightful were those research that directly assessed the environmental modifications throughout spatial and temporal scales and the responses of flowers and pollinators at these scales. Longer-term studies throughout environmental gradients, doubtlessly with reciprocal transplants, allow an evaluation of climate influences at both scales. While modifications in phenology are well studied, the influences of phenology modifications are not.
Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation).
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explain why fresh water protozoa like amoeba do not burst when placed in distilled water
Answer: I hope this helps you
Explanation: https://ay.live/jPM5h
Explain the role of enzymes and how they affect the chemical reactions of living things.