You are on the EMMA website considering investing in a municipal bond. The information under CUSIP tells you that the most important is the disclosure statement associated with the bond.
The free source of data and information on almost all municipal bonds in the municipal market is the Electronic Municipal Market Access (EMMA®) website. The EMMA website is run by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) to encourage an open, equitable, and effective market. A website called Electronic Municipal Market Access (EMMA) service was developed to inform the public about municipal bonds, bond prices, and market trends. Municipal bonds or money market funds will both pay you interest if you are investing for income. Just be aware that while money market funds are likely not to lose value, bonds occasionally do. Also, keep in mind that you are actually earning more than the interest rate would suggest because municipal bonds are tax-free.
Learn more about EMMA https://brainly.com/question/28481639
#SPJ4
placing ads in newspapers and having knowledgeable salespeople to answer customers' questions are ways marketing intermediaries can provide
Placing ads in newspapers and having knowledgeable salespeople answer customers' questions are ways marketing intermediaries can provide information utility.
The salespeople are in charge of welcoming customers, guiding them toward the merchandise they need, and counting up purchases. You need to be a great communicator if you want to succeed in sales. A successful salespeople achieves sales goals while being courteous and helpful to consumers.
A salespeople is defined as a person who sells products or services. A vehicle salesperson is an illustration of salespeople. a somebody who makes sales. a worker whose job it is to market goods or services.
An effective salespeople's main duty is to boost sales. This will comprise customer identification, presentation, demonstration, handling of objections, and closing the sale for order-getters.
Learn more about salespeople here:
https://brainly.com/question/14013882
#SPJ4
If a balance exists in the temporary moh account at the end of the period, it can be ignored for purposes of preparing the company’s financial statements.
The statement "If a balance exists in the temporary MOH account at the end of the period, it can be ignored for purposes of preparing the company’s financial statements" is False.
The manufacturing overhead (MOH) price is the sum of all the oblique expenses which can be incurred while producing a product. Its miles brought to the value of the very last product alongside the direct cloth and direct labor prices.
Manufacturing overhead is a cost listed below the cost of income, in this case, referred to as the price of products synthetic. It's far something of a trap-all term for the expenses needed to run the facilities to manufacture the business's products intended on the market.
Examples of MOH
Electricity or gas is utilized in a manufacturing facility.Different utilities, inclusive of water and trash provider.Unexpected repairs.Supervisors or managers within the factory.Depreciation of a construction's value.Rent and assets taxes.Equipment depreciation.Learn more about manufacturing overhead here brainly.com/question/13312583
#SPJ4
fiske roofing supplies' stock has a beta of 1.23, its required return is 11.75%, and the risk-free rate is 4.30%. what is the required rate of return on the market? (hint: first find the market risk premium.)
As per CAPM
expected return = risk-free rate + beta * (expected return on the market - risk-free rate)
11.75 = 4.3 + 1.23 * (Market return% - 4.3)
Market return% = 10.36.
A market is a system, institution, process, social relationship, or infrastructure configuration that parties exchange. Although parties can exchange goods and services through barter, most markets rely on sellers offering goods and services (including labor) to buyers in exchange for money.
A market can be described as the process by which prices for goods and services are determined. Markets facilitate trade and enable the distribution and allocation of resources in society. Marketplaces allow the valuation and pricing of any tradeable item.
learn more about the market here; https://brainly.com/question/25754149
#SPJ4
management focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more effectively. multiple choice question.
The goal of operations management is to better efficiently manage the production and delivery of an organization's goods or services.
(OM): What Is It?
The management of business procedures to achieve the best level of productivity within an organization is known as operations management (OM). In order to increase an organization's profit, it is concerned with transforming resources like labor and materials into products and services as effectively as feasible. Teams in charge of operations management strive to produce the maximum net operational profit by balancing costs and revenues.
KEY LESSONS
The management of business procedures to achieve the best level of productivity within an organization is known as operations management.
The most effective conversion of resources like labor and materials into products and services is the focus of operations management.
to know more about Operations Management
https://brainly.com/question/1382997
#SPJ4
last year, rosa spent $130,000 for merchandise she sold. she had net sales of $200,000 and expenses of $40,000. what is rosa’s net profit?
Last year, rosa spent $130,000 on merchandise she sold. she had net sales of $200,000 and expenses of $40,000', therefore rosa’s net profit is $30,000.
Merchandising is any practice that contributes to the sale of products to retail consumers. At the retail level, merchandising refers to the presentation of products that are sold in creative ways that induce customers to purchase more items or products.
Visual display merchandising in retail means using product design, selection, packaging, pricing, and presentation to sell products and encourage consumers to buy more.
To do. This includes disciplining and discounting the physical presentation of products and displays and deciding which products to present to which customers and when. In retail, creatively linking related products and accessories is often a great way to encourage consumer purchases.
learn more about merchandise here; https://brainly.com/question/25745683
#SPJ4
a(n) blank market is created when a customs union lifts restrictions on the mobility of services, labor, and capital among member nations.
A common market is created when a customs union lifts restrictions on the mobility of services, labor, and capital among member nations.
Why was the common market formed?Through the removal of the majority of trade barriers and the development of a unified external trade strategy, the EEC was created with the goal of establishing a common market among its members. In order to shield EEC farmers against agricultural imports, the treaty also called for the creation of a unified agricultural policy, which was implemented in 1962.
A free trade zone with a reasonably unrestricted circulation of goods and services is referred to as a common market. When it was a regional organization from 1958 to 1993, the European Economic Community was known as the "Common Market."
In a customs union, all or almost all of a country's imports, exports, and transiting commodities are subject to the same set of processes, regulations, and tariffs. Customs union participants typically have similar trade and competition laws.
Learn more about Common market here:
https://brainly.com/question/15242077
#SPJ4
a data silo occurs when one business unit is unable to freely communicate with other business units, making it difficult or impossible for organizations to work
A data silo happens while one business unit is unable to freely speak with other enterprise devices, making it tough or impossible for corporations to paint: facts silos hinder enterprise operations and the records analytics initiatives that help them. Silos restrict the potential of executives to apply records to control business strategies and make informed commercial enterprise choices. in addition, they prevent name middle dealers, sales reps and other operational people from accessing applicable facts about clients, products, delivery chains, and more.
Data is defined as records or figures, or statistics it is saved in or used by a pc. An example of facts is facts accrued for a research paper. An example of records is electronic mail.
Information is data that has been translated into a form that is green for movement or processing. Relative to cutting-edge computers and transmission media, statistics are records transformed into binary digital shapes. it is perfect for records for use as a singular issue or a plural subject. records permit corporations to greater effectively determine the motive of problems. facts permit organizations to visualize relationships among what is taking place in extraordinary locations, departments, and structures.
Learn more about data here:
brainly.com/question/19243813
#SPJ4
what illustrates the maximum amount of a good or a service that can be produced given the production of the other.
What illustrates the maximum amount of a good or a service that can be produced given the production of the other is the production possibility frontier.
What is the production possibility frontier?The production possibilities frontier is a curve that shows the various combination of two goods a company can produce when all its resources are fully utilised.
A country that produces on the production possibilities frontier has the highest standard of living it can achieve. A country that produces inside the production possibilities frontier is said to be under utilizing its resources. A country cannot produce outside the production possibilities frontier.
The production possibilities frontier is concave to the origin. This is because of the opportunity cost that occurs in the production process. As more of one of the goods is produced, less quantity of the other good would be produced. Opportunity cost occurs in production because the resources available for production are available in limited quantities. These results in trade off in the production process.
For more information about the production possibility frontier, please check: https://brainly.com/question/25774783
#SPJ1
hui er hires a contractor to remodel her kitchen while she is gone on vacation. in spite of the contractor's promise to do high-quality work, she later discovers that he did not. hui er is experiencing a
Hui er hires a contractor -today to transform her kitchen at the same time as she is long past on vacation. despite the contract every day's promise daily does paintings, she later discovers that he did now not. hui er is experiencing a: the key phrases right here are "internal wiring illness." which is a manufacturing illness case.
A trendy contractor daily, major contractor daily, or daily contractor day-to-day is chargeable for the oversight of a production website, management of carriers and trades, and the verbal exchange of statistics day-to-day all worried parties during the course of a constructing undertaking.
A contract daily is someone who is hired every day to build something. As a contract every day at a building website online, it's far especially endorsed you preserve your hard hat on always.
A contractor daily is not a worker; as an alternative, they run their very own entity (such as a sole proprietor-to-dealership, limited liability employer, or constrained liability partnership) and are gotten smaller out with the aid of agencies' day-to-day work on precise initiatives or assignments. Their contract relationships may be short- or lengthy-term.
Learn more about contractor here: https://brainly.com/question/25795065
#SPJ4
a contract which is lacking a vital element or is based on an illegality such as the transfer of stolen goods is .
A contract that is missing an important detail or is based totally on illegality inclusive of the switch of stolen items is a void contract.
The definition of a contract is an agreement between two or more humans to do something. An example of an agreement is a mortgage agreement among customers and sellers of a car. An instance of agreement is an agreement among two human beings to be married.
First, events agree to paintings together and forge a connection that if fostered nicely and beneficial on both sides, can final years. A contract is the visible illustration of that courting. Contracts additionally hold every party to their unique agreement.
A contract is an agreement, but a settlement isn't always continually a contract. A settlement can be casual or it is able to be written; an agreement can be verbal or written, however, an agreement will constantly be enforceable if it contains positive necessities.
Learn more about contract here:
https://brainly.com/question/5746834
#SPJ4
agatha helped her client rufus complete the form that documents rufus’s purchase offer to the seller for the property he'd like to buy. what is this form?
'Agatha helped her client Rufus complete the Sales Contract that documents Rufus's purchase offer to the seller for the property he'd like to buy.
A bill of sale, bill of sale, purchase order or bill of sale is a legal contract for the purchase of property by a buyer from a seller for an agreed monetary value. A decidedly ancient exchange practice now governed by statutory law in many common law jurisdictions.
A sales contract is an agreement between a buyer and a seller for the sale and delivery of goods, securities or other movable property. In the United States, domestic sales contracts are governed by the Uniform Commercial Code.
A bill of sale is a contract that sets out the terms of exchange between a buyer and a seller. Also called bill of sale, contract of sale, contract of sale, contract of sale, or bill of sale. A very common type of purchase agreement is the type used when buying a home.
Learn more about sales contract https://brainly.com/question/28025789
#SPJ4
a sales associate received an earnest money deposit at 9:00 am on saturday. the sales associate is required to deliver the deposit to the broker by the end of business on
The sales associate must deliver the deposit to the broker by the end of business on Tuesday.
A sales associate is someone hired to welcome customers on arrival at a retailer. they are to take care of clients' inquiries approximately their purchases and assist them to make the right purchases. Sales pals additionally assist with returns and refunds of products of jewelry, office supplies, and apparel sold at the outlets.
A sales associate works in a store to promote merchandise to clients. Like cashiers, they could paint to system clients' bills, however typically produce other obligations, like supporting clients to find products that shape their wishes or restocking shelves.
Sales pals are most typically found running for outlets that promote garb, rings, workplace materials, and wearing items. Alternative titles for this role are retail income companion, income ground associate, and retail shop clerk.
Learn more about sales associate here https://brainly.com/question/930797
#SPJ4
an outward shift in the production possibilities curve of an economy can be caused be an increase in
An increase in capital causes the production possibilities curve of an economy to go outward.
What do you understand by capital?Usually, money or other liquid assets are held or acquired for use as capital. The phrase can be used broadly to refer to all of a company's monetary-valued assets, including its inventory, real estate, and equipment.
It boosts worker productivity, which benefits the economy as a whole. A increasing population, the importance of technology, and specialization have forced manufacturers to get additional funding and supporting resources to meet demand. According to some, capital accumulation is the foundation of economic growth.
Capital is the portion of money that can be used to create more wealth. Other than the free gifts of nature that provide income, all forms of wealth are considered to be capital, according to Marshall. As a result, capital refers to any forms of wealth—aside from land—that contribute to the continued generation of revenue.
To learn more about the capital, Visit: https://brainly.com/question/17192889
#SPJ4
several major u.s. retailers have opened manufacturing plants overseas. these manufacturers represent which strategic option for entering into the international marketplace?
Direct ownership is the strategic option for entering into the international marketplace which the US retailers have used abroad.
What is meant by direct ownership in strategic options?This is the term that is used to tell us that a particular firm is owned by only one person or a single entity and that they have no partners in the market abroad.
This tells us that these United States companies that are abroad only have themselves as the ones operating the businesses. Hence we can say that Direct ownership is the strategic option for entering into the international marketplace which the US retailers have used abroad.
Raed more on strategic options here:
https://brainly.com/question/14332597
#SPJ1
No matter which markets they serve, all private enterprises have one goal—to maximize what?
A. indicators
B. price
C. profits
D. labor
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
C is your answer, hope I helped
are important to business decision makers because they provide ways to settle conflicts between countries and resolve disagreements more easily than if one government worked directly with another.
Institutions are important to business decision-makers because they provide ways to settle conflicts between countries and resolve disagreements more easily than if one government worked directly with another.
Institutions are artificial structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. All definitions of institution generally imply some degree of permanence and continuity. Laws, rules, social customs, and norms are examples of institutions. Different institutions have varying degrees of formality and informality.
Institutions are major subjects of study in the social sciences, such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology (sociology was described by Emile Durkheim as "the science of institutions, their formation and function").
A primary or meta-institution is an institution such as family or money that is broad enough to include a group of related institutions. Institutions are also a central concern of law, the formal mechanism for the making and enforcement of political rules. Historians study and document the foundations, growth, decline, and development of institutions as part of their political, economic, and cultural histories.
Learn more about Institutions here: https://brainly.com/question/25567167
#SPJ4
In the context of the poem, how do people face death? How does Keats challenge the inevitably of death in this poem? How do people use art to overcome death?
Most of John Kets' poems have the theme of human emotions and feelings, such as love and death, and death is portrayed by the author in the form of being an emotional challenge for human beings, who fear it, but at the same he hopes that there will be a moment of reunion through the precepts of faith.
How does art transform human beings?Art is an instrument of expression, it is the possibility for individuals to express themselves freely through poems, texts and songs, for example, where they can portray their emotions in order to transform them into something meaningful and reflective for themselves and for others.
Therefore, art is an instrument of personal expression, being a way of developing creativity through variables that are intrinsic to human life, such as its challenges, difficulties, observation of nature, social interaction, etc.
Find out more about poems here:
https://brainly.com/question/9861
#SPJ1
employees whose main contribution to the organization is specialized knowledge, such as knowledge of customers, a process, or a profession are known a
Employees whose main contribution to the organization is specialized knowledge, such as knowledge of customers, a process, or a profession are known a Knowledge workers.
Knowledge workers are the workers where their main capital is their knowledge. They are the person who have an expertise in their field based on knowledge, skills and task orientation. Knowledge workers use their understanding, practical knowledge in their work. They understand about the industries and provide a sound advice and give directions to the activity of their work place. By learning more about your professions and skills you can be classify as the working profession in your fields.
Learn more about knowledge workers
https://brainly.com/question/14464614
#SPJ4
true or false: when considering established criteria for effective communication, external auditors rely on financial and managerial models of efficiency and effectiveness.
False
When considering established criteria for effective communication, external auditors rely on financial and managerial models of efficiency and effectiveness.
What is effective communications?The process of exchanging ideas, opinions, knowledge, & facts in order to ensure that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose is known as effective communication. Both the sender & the recipient are satisfied when communication is successful.
There are many other ways to communicate, including writing, listening, visuals, and verbal and nonverbal cues. It can happen in person, over the phone (via apps, calls, and video), in the mail, and on websites, social media platforms, and forums.
Clear, accurate, thorough, succinct, and empathetic communication is necessary for it to be effective.
Learn more about effective communication
https://brainly.com/question/26152499
#SPJ4
strategic planning should be an annual exercise in which managers quickly review the previous plan, retain the majority of previous strategies, and make only a few changes going forward so they can more easily track the success of new marketing tactics.
The correct option is True.
An organization that is growing and hopes to sustain that growth needs a set of strategies to guide its program development, build a solid financial foundation, and prepare for challenges that lie ahead and that is having a strategic plan.
A good strategic plan should include goals and objectives, desired outcomes, metrics for measuring your progress, timelines, and .budgets.
This therefore confirms that strategic planning should be an annual exercise in which managers quickly review the previous plan, retain the majority of previous strategies, and make only a few changes going forward so they can more easily track the success of new marketing tactics.
https://brainly.com/question/28460179
#SPJ4
1d. how can gail make evidence-based decisions... how can gail make evidence-based decisions that support the company’s business goals?
Gail can make evidence-based decisions that support the company’s business goals by using workforce analytics.
Gail makes proof-based totally decisions by using the usage of workforce analytics. It is a scientific method to gather and examine the information from the Human resource database and make proof-primarily based selections that support commercial enterprise projects and dreams.
Workforce analytics is an advanced set of facts analysis tools and metrics for comprehensive personnel performance size and development. Staff analytics information can be implemented in a few fundamental classes: recruitment, retention, and skills management.
The “analytics” piece of the body of workers making plans and analytics refers to the process of figuring out, with records, whether or not you've got the right variety of humans, with the right talents, in each purposeful location based totally on your quick- and long-variety enterprise plans. group of workers analysts interpret, examine, read, and make guidelines that enhance a team of workers with a watch on decreasing overhead and increasing client pleasure and experience. They function as a primary point of touch for a group of workers' control policies and are issue-remember specialists on a team of workers' optimization steps.
Learn more about human resources here brainly.com/question/25443563
#SPJ4
atkins company collected $1,750 as payment for the amount owed by a customer from services provided the prior month on credit. how does this transaction affect the accounting equation for atkins?
The effect of the transaction by Atkins Company of collecting payment for an amount owed by a customer is One asset would increase $1,750 and a different asset would decrease $1,750, causing no effect.
How does an increase and decrease in assets affect the accounting equation?The fact that a customer owed Atkins Company means that the customer was an accounts receivable which is an asset account.
The cash that Atkins Company collected is also an asset. So, the transaction simply led to one asset(accounts receivable) being reduced and the other asset(cash) being increased. The amount is the same so there would be no effect.
Find out more on changes to the accounting equation at https://brainly.com/question/27905497
#SPJ1
acheron co.'s december 31, year 1, balance sheet contained the following items in the long-term liabilities section: unsecured 5.375% registered bonds ($25,000 maturing annually beginning in year 4) $550,000 6.5% convertible bonds, callable beginning in year 10, due year 21 $225,000 secured 4.875% guaranty security bonds, due year 21 $500,000 5.0% commodity-backed bonds ($50,000 maturing annually beginning in year 5) $150,000 what are the total amounts of term bonds and debenture bonds? term bonds debenture bonds a. $700,000 $775,000 b. $725,000 $375,000 c. $700,000 $650,000 d. $725,000 $775,000
In the long-term liabilities part of Acheron Co.'s December 31, year 1 balance sheet, the following items were found: Period bonds pay the entire principal upon maturity at the conclusion of the term, in contrast to serial bonds, which mature in installments. The $725,000 in term bonds consists of the $225,000 6.5% unsecured convertible bonds and the $500,000 4.875% guaranty secured bonds. Debenture bonds, which total $775,000 and consist of $550,000 in registered bonds yielding 5.375% and $225,000 in convertible bonds yielding 6.5%, are unsecured bonds.
So the correct option is A
What is Long-term liabilities?
A company's long-term liabilities are its debts that won't be paid off for at least a year. To give a more accurate picture of a company's current liquidity and its capacity to pay current liabilities as they fall due, the current portion of long-term debt is mentioned separately. Long-term debt and noncurrent liabilities are other names for long-term obligations.
To learn about Long-term liabilities
https://brainly.com/question/27866371
#SPJ4
the creation of new products and production methods that completely destroys the market positions of firms that are wedded to existing products and older ways of doing business is called .
Creative destruction is the creation of new products and production methods that completely destroy the market positions of firms wedded to existing products and older ways of doing business.
Creative destruction is the constant process and product innovation mechanism through which new production models replace obsolete ones. This restructuring process pervades the main features of macroeconomic performance, including lengthy growth and changes in the economy, structural adjustment, and factor market functioning.
Over time, the practice of creative destruction is responsible for more than half of all productivity growth. Restructuring typically decreases during recessions at business cycle frequency, adding a massive expense to downturns. Obstacles to the creative destruction process can have serious long- and short-term macroeconomic consequences.
To learn more about creative destruction: brainly.com/question/15718116
#SPJ4
the additional benefits that arise by using an additional unit of the managerial control variable is defined as the: group of answer choices
the additional benefits that arise by using an additional unit of the managerial control variable is defined as the Marginal benefit
What Is Marginal Benefit?A consumer's utmost willingness to pay for an additional commodity or service is known as the marginal benefit. It also refers to the additional pleasure or utility that a customer has after purchasing the extra commodity or service.
As a consumer consumes more of an item or service, their marginal benefit tends to drop. The term "marginal revenue" is frequently used in the business sector to describe the manufacturers' marginal gain. The utmost price a buyer will pay for an extra commodity or service is known as the marginal benefit.
A marginal advantage is also the extra happiness a customer experiences after buying the extra commodity or service. The marginal benefit often declines with rising consumption.
To learn more about marginal benefit check the given linkhttps://brainly.com/question/8136407
#SPJ4
A student is ordering a flower arrangement. She can choose any combination of roses and carnations for her flower arrangement, and she does not want to spend more than $30. If roses cost $3 each and carnations cost $2 each, which inequality represents all possible combinations of x roses and y carnations?.
3x +2y≤ 30.is the correct answer of the given statement.
How do you represent an inequality?Draw a circle over the number to begin plotting an inequality, such as x>3, on a number line (e.g., 3). If the sign also says equal to (or), then complete the circle. The circle should not be filled in if the sign does not include equal to (> or ).
What is linear inequality meaning?A mathematical expression that compares two expressions using the inequality symbol is known as a linear inequality. The expression may be a numerical expression, an algebraic expression, or both.
What does mathematical expression mean?A mathematical expression is created when we successfully combine variables and numbers using operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and other as-yet-unlearned operations and functions.
To know more about linear inequality visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11897796
#SPJ4
Choose the answer.
Miguel is planning a teleconference that involves people from New York, Los Angeles (three hours behind New York), and Paris (six hours ahead of New York). He wants to avoid making anyone participate when people in that time zone are typically asleep. When is the best time for him to plan this teleconference using New York (Eastern) time?
Question 2 options:
6:00 a.m.
noon
4:00 p.m.
6:00 p.m.
Answer:
4:00 p.m or
by noon
Because it would be too early by 6:00am in the morning but by noon or 4:00pm everyone would have been ready by then.
In simple summary form, the calvin cycle requires an input of __________ for every product that is formed and the output product is __________, which is used for glucose synthesis.
Answer:
a. 3 CO₂
b. a three-carbon molecule
true or false? to ensure that your sla is working properly, it’s important to create a judicial branch made up of your top sales leadership.\
FALSE - It's crucial to establish a judicial branch made up of your top sales leadership in order to make sure that your SLA is operating effectively.
Successful sales leaders are competitive, energetic, driven, passionate, communicative, inspiring, etc. Great sales leaders use these attributes and mix it with their understanding of the current sales scenario as they integrate new technologies for modern selling.
What is SLA?
A service-level agreement (SLA) outlines the amount of service you should anticipate from a vendor, the metrics used to measure service, and any penalties or remedies that may be imposed if the agreed-upon service standards are not fulfilled. Any contract with a technology vendor must include it.
Any outsourcing and technology vendor contract must include SLAs. An SLA not only outlines requirements for service kind and quality, but it also outlines remedies for noncompliance.
To learn More about SLA from the given link.
https://brainly.com/question/16015646
#SPJ4
compute the cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold for company for the most recent year using the amounts described next. assume that raw materials inventory contains only direct materials.
West Nautical Company Calculation of Direct Materials Consumed in the Year Raw Materials Starting Inventory 23,000 and Direct Materials Purchases 74,000 Available Materials 97,000. 25,000 less raw materials in stock. Directly consumed materials 72,000.
Especially for large-scale manual or machine manufacturing or production. Process materials into shapes to make cotton, invent fictitious brewing methods and create incident reports.
Direct materials are the components used in the product. For example, components such as screens, integrated circuits, camera modules, and buttons are materials directly involved in the manufacture of smartphones. Direct Materials are materials and consumables that are consumed in the manufacture of a product and are directly identified with that product. Items called direct materials are usually listed in his BOM file for the product.
Learn more about Direct Materials here
https://brainly.com/question/26245657
#SPJ4