Answer:
(a) 0.500 s displacement 70.0 m - 7.2 m velocity 7.2 m/s
(b) 1.00 s displacement 70.0 m - 28.8 m velocity -13.6 m/s
(c) 1.50 s displacement 70.0 m - 57.6 m velocity -20.4 m/s
(d) 2.00 s displacement 70.0 m - 92.8 m velocity -24.0 m/s
(e) 2.50 s displacement 70.0 m -134.4 m velocity -25.2 m/s
Lithium is the lightest of metals and the least dense of all nongaseous elements. A pure lithium sample with a volume of 13.0cm^3 has a mass of 6.94g. What is the density of lithium?
Answer:
D(ensity) = M / V = 6.94 g / 13 cm^3 = .534 g / cm^3
Compare to H20 at 1 gm / cm^3
what is the upward acceleratiob of a helicopter with a mass of 5250 kg if a force of 11000 N acts upon it
Answer:
[tex]2.09 m/s^{2}[/tex]
Explanation:
The upward acceleration of an object can be calculated using the formula:
[tex]a = F / m[/tex]
where:
a is the acceleration of the object (in meters per second squared)
F is the force acting on the object (in newtons)
m is the mass of the object (in kilograms)
So in this case, we have:
[tex]a = 11000 N / 5250 kg = 2.09 m/s^2[/tex]
This is the upward acceleration of the helicopter when a force of 11000 N is acting on it.
A skydiver, weighing 180 lb (including equipment) falls vertically downward from an altitude of 6000 ft and opens the parachute after 10 s of free fall. Assume that the force of air resistance, which is directed opposite to the velocity, is of magnitude 0. 75|v| when the parachute is closed and is of magnitude 12|v| when the parachute is open, where the velocity v is measured in ft/s. (A computer algebra system is recommended. Use g = 32 ft/s^2 for the acceleration due to gravity. Round your answers to two decimal places. ) (a) Find the speed of the skydiver when the parachute opens. Ft/s (b) Find the distance fallen before the parachute opens. Ft (c) What is the limiting velocity v_L after the parachute opens? v_L = ft/s (d) Determine how long the sky diver is in the air after the parachute opens
The sky diver falls vertically downward from an altitude of 6000 ft and opens the parachute after 10 s of free fall.
What is Acceleration?
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time. It is basically a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. Acceleration is caused by a force and is measured in meters per second squared (m/s2).
a) The speed of the skydiver when the parachute opens can be found by using the equation
v=gt,
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and t is the time of free fall.
We can substitute the given values into the equation to find the speed.
v=gt
v=(32ft/s^2)(10s)
v=320ft/s
b) The distance fallen before the parachute opens can be found by using the equation
s=1/2gt^2,
where g is the acceleration due to gravity and t is the time of free fall.
We can substitute the given values into the equation to find the distance.
s=1/2gt^2
s=(1/2)(32ft/s^2)(10s)^2
s=16000ft.
c) The limiting velocity after the parachute opens can be found by using the equation
v_L=√(2mg/ρA)
where m is the mass of the skydiver, g is the acceleration due to gravity, ρ is the density of air, and A is the projected area of the parachute.
We can substitute the given values into the equation to find the limiting velocity.
v_L=√(2(180lb)(32ft/s^2)/(1.225kg/m^3)(6m^2))
v_L=30.68ft/s.
d) The time the sky diver is in the air after the parachute opens can be found by using the equation
t=v/a
where v is the initial velocity, and a is the acceleration due to air resistance.
We can substitute the given values into the equation to find the time.
t=v/a
t=(320ft/s)/(12ft/s^2)
t=26.67s.
So, the sky diver is in the air for 26.67s after the parachute opens.
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Jocelyn stood in the middle of a trampoline causing the springs around the edge to stretch. Her identical twin, Jennifer, who has the same mass, joined her in the center of the trampoline Which statement best describes the effect this had on the springs? A The springs maintained the same amount of displacement B The springs stretched to double the original displacement, C The spring displacement reduced to half of the original displacement
B. The springs stretched to double the original displacement, is the the statement that best describe the effect this had on the springs.
What is displacement?The displacement is the shortest distance in geometry and mechanics between the initial and final positions of a point P. From the starting position to the ending position of the point trajectory, it measures the length and direction of the net motion, or total motion, in a straight line. A displacement can be discovered by using the translation that joins the starting point and ending point.
Another way to define a displacement as a relative position is the relationship between a point's final position, or xf, and its starting position, or xi (resulting from motion). The corresponding displacement vector can be defined by the difference between the starting and final positions:
[tex]$ s=x_{\textrm {f}}-x_{\textrm {i}}=\Delta {x}}$[/tex]
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A car goes into a skid and comes to a gradual stop, accelerating at a constant rate to do so. At the midpoint of the skid, how much of its kinetic energy has the car lost (as a percentage, give % as the units)?
The percentage of the lost kinetic energy of the car, at the midpoint of the skid, is 50%.
In physics, work is the measurement of the energy used to move objects. When you are walking, you're using energy to move your body so the work done would be greater than zero.
According to work-energy theorem, work is equal to force times displacement (W = F · x).
A type of energy is kinetic energy, which is the energy of a moving object. If an object is at rest, its kinetic energy is zero. Kinetic energy is equal to one half of a mass times velocity squared (KE = 0.5 · m · v²).
When a car goes into a skid and comes to a gradual stop, at the midpoint of the skid the car has spend 50% its kinetic energy. This is simply because the velocity of the car at the midpoint of the skid is half the velocity of the car when the car starts going into a skid, assuming constant acceleration.
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An object of mass 3 kg is accelerated at 4 m/s2. What force is acting on the object?
Answer:
12 N
Explanation:
Given,
Mass ( m ) = 3 kg
Acceleration ( a ) = 4 m/s^2
To find : Force ( F ) = ?
Formula : -
F = ma
F
= 3 x 4
= 12 N
Therefore, the force acting on the object is 12 N.
Answer: 12 N
Explanation:
When a newly forming star is at its greatest luminosity, what is its energy source?
A. nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
B. A newly forming star has no energy source because it does not shine at all until it becomes a true main-sequence star.
C. radioactive decay of unstable isotopes
D. gravitational contraction
The correct option is D, when a newly forming star is at its greatest luminosity, its energy source is gravitational contraction.
Gravitational contraction is the process by which objects in the universe collapse under their own gravity. It occurs when the internal pressure of an object is not strong enough to resist the pull of gravity. This can occur on small or large scales, from the collapse of a gas cloud to form stars to the collapse of entire galaxies.
As an object collapses, its temperature and density increase, and the collapse accelerate due to gravitational potential energy being converted into kinetic energy. This process can lead to the formation of stars, planets, and other objects in the universe. It is also the source of much of the energy released by stars, which powers the universe. Gravitational contraction is an important part of the astronomical theory of the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets.
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1. What happens to an atom when it gains electrons? *
Answer: An atom that gains or loses an electron becomes an ion. If it gains a negative electron, it becomes a negative ion. If it loses an electron it becomes a positive ion
Answer:
when an atom gains electrons, it gains a negative charge
Explanation:
hope I helped you
state 2 precautionary measures you would take to maintain the efficiency of an accumulator
On gas-loaded accumulators, safety devices like relief valves, burst discs, and temperature fuse plugs are all used as precautionary measures to maintain the efficiency.
What are accumulators?Accumulators are pressurized containers that can hold fluid. When a system needs a boost in power, this stored energy can be used, recharged, and then used again. The right precautions should be taken to keep pressure and temperatures under control because this stored energy can be hazardous.
On accumulators, a number of modest but crucial accessories can be placed to stop the release of this stored energy and guarantee that temperatures stay within their safe operating range.
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Which of the following is an important starting assumption in models of galaxy formation?
A) Galaxies form first, then black holes.
B) All galaxies start out as spiral galaxies.
C) Black holes form first, seeding the formation of galaxies.
D) Some regions in the universe start out denser than others.
The assumption which is important in models of galaxy formation is Some regions in the universe start out denser than others. Option (D) is correct.
Models of galaxy formation begin with the premise that the universe was initially mostly uniformly filled with hydrogen and helium gas, with some regions of this gas being slightly denser than others.
The nucleus, a central bulge, a disc, spiral arms, and a large halo are the four main structural divisions of this structure. Some of the elements combine with one and other. A small portion of the galaxy, the galactic core is located about 400 light-years from the Milky Way's centre. Massive gas clouds which collapse and rotate are the initial point for galaxies. Stars develop within them as they develop. The collision of entire galaxies can change their appearance. When we look far into space, we can observe galaxies in their infancy.
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What is the efficiency of a solar cell if 1000 J of solar energy hits the
cell and 200 J are converted into electrical energy?
Answer:
Efficiency = 20%
Explanation:
Given the following data;
Input energy = 1000 Joules
Output energy = 200 Joules
To find the efficiency of the solar cell;
[tex] Efficiency = \frac {Out-put \; energy}{In-put \; energy} * 100 [/tex]
Substituting into the formula, we have;
[tex] Efficiency = \frac {200}{1000} * 100 [/tex]
[tex] Efficiency = 0.2 * 100 [/tex]
Efficiency = 20%
How does energy affect the appearance of light?
Answer:
The bigger the energy source the more light it makes
Answer:
Energy effects light by heat, and radiation. and the depth of it and how big and other things, radiation can change the appearance slightly and heat also.
for example energy can make light, the light bulb in my opinion is electricity turned off and on Etc.
Energy can be made by light also, and other things that are completely complicated. Just look into generators and how they do that and etc.
What is the intensity of 60 dB sound?
The intensity of 60 dB sound is 10⁻⁶ W/m².
A common conversation between two persons seated at a distance of around one meter (3 14 feet) is as loud as 60 dB. It is equivalent to the typical noise level in a restaurant or office.
The decibel scale is a logarithmic one rather than a linear one. Accordingly, 10 dB denotes a sound that is 10 times louder than 0 dB, which represents no sound at all. Now, a sound at 20 decibels is 100 times louder than one at 0 decibels. And so on until a sound that is 100 decibels is 1 billion times louder than total silence (0 decibels).
A sound at 60 dB is therefore 100 times louder than a sound at 40 decibels and 1000 times louder than a sound at 30 decibels, while being 10 times louder than a sound at 50 decibels.
The formula for sound volume is L = log(I/I₀), or (I/I₀) = 10^L.
Given that L = 60dB = 6bel and that we know that I₀ = 10⁻¹² W/m²,
I/I₀ = 10⁶.
or I = 10⁻¹² × 10⁶ = 10⁻⁶ W/m²
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You rub a piece of wool upon your skin and your skin becomes negatively charged because it gained _____.
When you touch a piece of wool against your skin, your skin acquires a negative charge because of the conservation of charge, which caused it to gain a positive charge.
Charge is a material's property that can be transferred into another person's body. The transfer of the charge results in the generation of electricity. The following are some examples of charge's various properties: 1 Electric charge addition 2 Electric charge conservation 3 Electric charge quantization. Equations in chemistry are denoted by the capital letter Q to denote charge, with the elementary charge of an electron (e) serving as a standard unit. The coulomb is the SI-derived unit of charge (C). In electrical engineering, the ampere-hour (Ah) unit of charge is frequently used.Dipole Definition in Chemistry and Physics. by this primary information we can consider that when you rub a piece of wool upon your skin and your skin becomes negatively charged because it gained a positive charge as the result of conservation of charge.
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What is the velocity of the particle at time t 0?
The velocity of the particle at t=0 is zero because the particle is in rest position and did not moving at any of the instance or travelling at an uniform speed through out the whole journey or yet did not start from the source point.
Velocity is the rate of change of velocity. At any point on a trajectory, the magnitude of the velocity is given by the rate of change of velocity in both magnitude and direction. Velocity of the body that we can consider is the increasing value of the velocity of any object at a constant rate and that of we can calculate. Hence by the primary information that we have we can formerly consider that the velocity which is acting on the particle at t=0 is zero because the particle is in rest position and did not moving at any of the instance or travelling at an uniform speed through out the whole journey or yet did not start from the source point.
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If two boxes, one with a mass of 4 kg and one with a mass of 10 kg are sitting on a shelf. Explain the differences in their amount of potential energy.
Answer:
The box with a mass of 10 kilograms would have a greater amount of potential energy than the box with a mass of 4 kilograms.
Explanation:
Potential energy can be defined as an energy possessed by an object or body due to its position.
Mathematically, potential energy is given by the formula;
[tex] P.E = mgh[/tex]
Where,
P.E represents potential energy measured in Joules.
m represents the mass of an object.
g represents acceleration due to gravity measured in meters per seconds square.
h represents the height measured in meters.
Let's assume the height is 5 meters.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s²
For box with mass of 10 kg
[tex] P.E = 10*10*5[/tex]
P.E = 500 Joules.
For box with mass of 4 kg;
[tex] P.E = 4*10*5[/tex]
P.E = 200 Joules.
Hence, the box with a mass of 10 kilograms would have a greater amount of potential energy than the box with a mass of 4 kilograms.
Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided.
Column A
1. boiling point
2. oven toasters
3. "C
4. "moving"
5. grease
6. thermometer
7. Energy at rest
8. Radiant energy
9. calories
10. coal
Column b
a. lubricants
b. Celsius
c. temperature
d. potential energy
e. 100 °C
f. electricity
g. kinetic fricion
h. heat
i. spontaneous combustion
j. light energy
k. energy
I meant to put chemistry not physics lol
Answer:
1. e
2. f
3. b
4. g
5. a
6. c
7. d
8. j
9. k
10. i
The points of Column A with Column B related to unit measurement, temperature and energy are matched with their appropriate option.
[tex]1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10\\ e-f-b-g-a-c-d-j-k-l[/tex]
What is energy?Energy is the capacity of a object to do a work. More the energy object posses, more the work it can do.
The main categories of energy
1. Kinetic—The energy of moving objects.2. Potential—The energy stored in objects.Let's match the point of Column A with Column B.
1. Boiling point of water is at 100 degree Celsius.2. Oven toasters is the electric device which runs on the electricity.3. "C" is symbol which represent the Celsius to show the temperature of a body on the Celsius scale.4. Kinetic friction is the force which is enforce between the moving surface. 5. Grease is used as the lubricants. This is a semi-solid lubricants used in moving or rotating system to avoid friction.6. Thermometer is device which is used to measure the temperature of the body.7. Energy at rest is called the potential energy. Potential energy is the stored energy of the body which it posses due its position.8. Radiant energy is the type of electromagnetic energy which is the form of light energy.9. Calories is the unit of measurement which is used to measure the energy of a body. 10. The burning of coal provides spontaneous combustion.Thus, the points of Column A with Column B related to unit measurement, temperature and energy are matched with their appropriate option.
[tex]1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10\\ e-f-b-g-a-c-d-j-k-l[/tex]
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Arrange the objects from smallest to largest. swap_vert The diameter of Europa swap_vert The diameter of the rings around Saturn swap_vert The diameter of Charon
According to the given information the correct order is Charon ,Europa, Rings around Saturn.
What does diameter mean?A straight line that cuts through the middle of a figure and body is called a diagonal. Particularly: the width of a diameter; a line segment passing thru the center of the circle with its endpoints on the circumference.
What is larger, diameter or width?A circle's diameter is measured as the width of a line connecting its two center points. Since diameter only applies to circular or circularly based objects, such as a sphere or cylinders, the length and width must always be equal.
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Answer:
the order goes
G
E
C
A
Explanation:
Hope this helps.
suggest how the thermal conductivity of a metal depends on its temperature
Answer:
With an increase in temperature, the electrical conductivity of a pure metal decreases. This implies that the thermal conductivity of the pure metal shows little variance with an increase in temperature. However, a sharp decrease is observed when temperatures approach 0K
The Cessna Cardinal, a single-engine light plane, has a wing with an area of 16. 2 m^2, and an aspect ratio of 7. 31. Assume the span efficiency factor is 0. 62. A. If the airplane is flying at standard sea-level conditions with velocity of 251 km/h, what is the induced drag when the total weight is 9800N b. Calculate the induced drag when the
The Cessna Cardinal, a single-engine light plane, has a wing area of 16.2 m² and an aspect ratio of 7.31 with span efficiency factor of 0.62 then the induced drag when the total weight is 9800 N is 18.8 N.
Given that,
Wing area (A) = 16.2m²
Aspect ratio (r) = 7.31
Efficiency factor (e) = 0.62
Weight of plane (W) = 9800 N
Velocity of airplane (v) = 251 km/h = 251× 5/18 = 69.72 m/s
We know,
Dynamic pressure (p) = 1/2ρv²
where ρ is density of plane = 1.225
p = 1/2 × 1.225 × 69.72 × 69.72 = 2977.29 pa
Lift coefficient Cl = W/p × A = W/(1/2ρv²) A
where, A is the area of wing
Cl = 9800/2977.29 × 16.2 = 0.203
Induced drag coefficient (Cd) = Cl²/πer² = (0.203 × 0.203)/(π × 0.62 × 7.31 × 7.31) = 0.041/(104.08) = 0.39×10⁻³
Induced drag (d) = p × A × Cd = 2977.29 × 16.2 × 0.39 × 10⁻³ = 18.8 N.
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which one is the lunar eclipse?
Answer:
Yes it would be a lunar eclipse here is an image that I found that might help but during a lunar eclipse when the moon is directly behind earth it will be a full moon
Explanation:
How does the gravitational pull of different objects in space affect other objects in space?
Answer:
Every object in space exerts a gravitational pull on every other.
Explanation:
gravity influences the paths taken by everything traveling through space. It is the glue that holds together entire galaxies. It keeps planets in orbit. It can also cause life-destroying asteroids to crash into planets.
A 15,000 kg rocket traveling at +230 m/s turns on its engines. Over a 6. 0 s period it burns 1,000 kg of fuel. An observer on the ground measures the velocity of the expelled gases to be −1,200 m/s
First, we need to calculate force of the rocket.
What is Velocity?
Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the rate and direction of a body's motion. It is represented by an arrow pointing in the direction of motion and having a length equal to the rate of motion. Velocity is a fundamental concept in classical mechanics and is defined as the rate of change of position with respect to time.
Calculate the force of the rocket:
F = ma = (15,000 kg)(230 m/s) = 3,450,000 kg m/s2
Calculate the force of the exhaust gases:
F = ma = (1,000 kg)(-1,200 m/s) = -1,200,000 kg m/s2
Calculate the net force on the rocket:
Net Force = F_rocket + F_exhaust = 3,450,000 kg m/s2 + (-1,200,000 kg m/s2) = 2,250,000 kg m/s2
Calculate the acceleration of the rocket:
a = F/m = (2,250,000 kg m/s2)/(15,000 kg) = 150 m/s2
Calculate the change in velocity of the rocket:
Δv = a × t = (150 m/s2)(6.0 s) = 900 m/s.
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Which of the following objects is not a close approximation of a thermal emitter?
A) hot, thin gas
B) a star
C) a filament in a light bulb
D) you
E) a planet
A thermal emitter cannot be accurately approximated by hot, thin gas.
Devices known as thermal emitters radiate heat from a heated component. Some of them can be used as broadband infrared light sources for applications in spectroscopy, for instance, when the very low brightness is acceptable. Some of them are special types of incandescent lamps, sometimes in a very compact form. Their emission may be fairly continuous, but not always with high calibration accuracy. Unique designs, such as the globar and the Nernst lamp. These sources occasionally have an infrared filter installed that only allows the transmission of infrared light in a specific spectral range.
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How do you calculate torque of a shaft?
Divide the radius by the shear stress and the polar moment of inertia to find the shaft torque.
A device that measures shaft torque records the degree to which a shaft will twist in the presence of a specific amount of force. A shaft will twist less than one with a torque of 3 degrees than one with a torque of 5 degrees, and so on.
Does torque equate to rotation?The rotating equivalent of force is torque. So an object will rotate with an angular acceleration in response to a net torque. A torque must be described about the rotational axis since every rotational motion has an axis of rotation. A torque is an applied force that rotates an object about its axis.
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Two objects with negative charges of 6.2 nC each are separated by 0.3 m. What is the size and direction of theforce between the two charges?
A negatively charged object is one that has more electrons than protons.
What is the negative charge?A negative charge is present when an object has more electrons than protons. An atom has a positive charge when there are more protons than electrons in it. The charges of protons are positive while those of electrons are negative. The coulomb is used to measure charge (C).
The opposite of a charge's attraction is the opposite of its repellency. Therefore, a positive charge attracts a negative charge, whereas two negative charges repel one another. Along the boundary between the two charges, attraction or repulsion occurs.
Along the line that connects the centres of the two objects, the force is applied in that direction. Coulomb's law results in a negative value if the two charges have opposing signs. As a result, the force separating the particles is an attractive force.Coulomb's law produces a favourable outcome if the two charges have the same signs.
Therefore, the answer is 12.4 c positive.
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Two objects with negative charges of 6.2 nC (Coulomb) each are separated by 0.3 m. the size and direction of the force between the two charges is 3.8387038*10^12 N and toward left.
What is Coulomb?In the International System of Units, the unit of electric charge is the coulomb. It is equivalent to 5 1027/801088317 elementary charges in the current version of the SI, as well as the electric charge given by a 1 ampere continuous current in 1 second, e.Solution:
Given :
Two objects with negative charges of 6.2 nC (nano coulomb ) each.
Separation= 0.3 m.
We will use the following Coulomb’s Law.
F = k*|q1| |q2|/r2 ∵ where k = 8.9876 × 109 N·m2
Putting the values, we get
F = 8.9876 × 109*|6.2| |6.2|/0.3^2
F=3.8387038*10^12 N
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. Suppose a positively charged object A is brought in contact with an uncharged object B in a closed system. What type of charge will be left on object B
Charging by Contact is positive. On object B, a positive charge will remain.
What is Charge?The fundamental physical property of matter, electric charge, exerts a force when kept in an electric or magnetic field. A magnetic field is produced by a moving electric charge, and an electric charge is associated with an electric field. Magnetic and electric fields combine to form the electromagnetic field. The interaction of the charges results in the electromagnetic force, which is the fundamental force in physics. Throughout this session, tell us about electric charges, their types, and their traits.
A scalar quantity is an electric charge. Only when a quantity complies with the laws of vector addition, such as the triangle law of vector addition and the parallelogram law of vector addition, can it be said to be a vector in addition to having a magnitude and direction. In the case of an electric current, the resultant current of these two currents at a junction is an algebraic sum rather than a vector sum. Therefore, despite having magnitude and direction, an electric current is a scalar quantity.
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What are the two primary factors that control what type of magma erupts from a volcano and what type of volcano it will create?
Answer:
answers are located on the picture attached to this answer
Explanation:
Position Collisions
Scenario 1: Fatima and Alberta are playing catch. Fatima is standing at
the door, while Alberta is standing 8m away to the right. Fatima throws a
paper ball to the right with a speed of 2.4m/s. Alberta realizes that she is
to far away and runs to the left at 0.6m/s. When and where will Alberta meet
the paper ball?
Answer:
t = (x_ball + 8 ) / 0.6
Explanation:
To solve this problem, we can use the equations of motion for the paper ball and Alberta, and then set them equal to each other to find the time and position where they will meet.
The equation of motion for the paper ball is:
x = x0 + v0t + (1/2)at^2
where x is the position of the paper ball, x0 is the initial position (the door), v0 is the initial velocity (2.4 m/s to the right), t is the time, and a is the acceleration (which is 0 for a thrown ball).
The equation of motion for Alberta is:
x = x0 + v0t + (1/2)at^2
where x is the position of Alberta, x0 is the initial position (8 m to the right), v0 is the initial velocity (-0.6 m/s to the left), t is the time, and a is the acceleration (which is 0 for a person running).
If we set these two equations equal to each other, we get:
x_ball = x_alberta
x0 + v0t + (1/2)at^2 = x0 + v0t + (1/2)at^2
This simplifies to:
x_ball = x_alberta
Then we know that both x_ball and x_Alberta are the same point in space (where Alberta met the paper ball)
Now to find time, we need to use one of the original equation for time t. Using equation of motion for Alberta,
x_Alberta = x0 + v0t
So, t = (x_Alberta - x0) / v0
t = (x_ball - 8 ) / (-0.6) = (x_ball + 8 ) / 0.6
The negative sign of velocity of Alberta tells that she is running towards left whereas ball is thrown towards right.
So we can find time and position where Alberta will meet the paper ball by plugging in the specific distance (x_ball) and known values for x0, v0 and acceleration.
The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum depends on the star's (a) atomic structure. (b) chemical composition. (c) rotation rate.
The set of spectral lines that we see in a star's spectrum depends on the star's (b) chemical composition, (d) temperature.
The spectral lines of a star are determined by its chemical composition and temperature. These properties determine the number and type of atoms present in the star's atmosphere. Each type of atom has its own unique set of spectral lines, and the temperature of the star determines the energy level of the atoms, which affects the wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted. The rotation rate and atomic structure of a star do not affect the set of spectral lines we see in its spectrum.
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