Calculate and compare the gravitational force and the electrical force between two protons that are separated by 4. 25x 10 -15 m (G = 6. 67 x 10 -11 Nm 2 /kg 2 , e = 1. 60 x 10 -19 C, m p = 1. 67 x 10 -27 kg)

The kinetic molecular theory (KMT) describes the behavior of particles in a substance.

According to KMT, particles in both water vapor and liquid water are in constant motion and have kinetic energy. However, the particles in water vapor have more kinetic energy than those in liquid water because they are at a higher temperature.

As a result, the particles in water vapor are farther apart and have a higher average speed than the particles in liquid water. Additionally, water vapor and liquid water have different arrangements of particles.

In water vapor, the particles are not closely packed and are free to move, while in liquid water, the particles are tightly packed and have less freedom of movement.

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The net force on particle q₂ is approximately 4.60 x 10⁻¹⁴ N to the right.

To find the net force on particle q₂, we need to calculate the electric force that each of the other particles exerts on it and add them up vectorially.

The electric force between two point charges is given by Coulomb's law

F = k × q₁ × q₂ / r²

where F is the electric force in Newtons, k is Coulomb's constant (9 x 10⁹ N m² / C²), q₁ and q₂ are the magnitudes of the charges in Coulombs, and r is the distance between the charges in meters.

Let's first calculate the force that particle q₁ exerts on particle q₂. The magnitude of the electric force between them is:

F1 = k × |q₁| × |q₂| / r² = (9 x 10⁹ N m² / C²) × (1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) × (1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) / (0.001 m)² ≈ 2.30 x 10⁻¹⁴ N

The direction of the force is to the left, because particles q₁ and q₂ have opposite charges.

Now let's calculate the force that particle  exerts on particle q₃. The magnitude of the electric force between them is the same as the magnitude of the force between particles q₁ and q₂

F2 = k × |q₂| × |q₃| / r₂ = (9 x 10⁹ N m² / C²) x (1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) x (1.60 x 10⁻¹⁹ C) / (0.001 m)² ≈ 2.30 x 10⁻¹⁴ N

The direction of the force is to the right, because particles q₂ and q₃ have opposite charges.

Finally, we can calculate the net force on particle q₂ by subtracting the force to the left from the force to the right

Fnet = F2 - F1 ≈ 4.60 x 10¹⁴ N to the right

Therefore, the net force on particle q₂ is approximately 4.60 x 10⁻¹⁴ N to the right.

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There is a relationship between the time the ball is in the air and the distance it travels. As the time increases, the distance decreases. The coach's stopwatch has a resolution of between 0.04s and 0.07s.

There seems to be a pattern between the time the ball is in flight and the distance it travels. From Table 1, we can see that as the time taken for the ball to reach the batsman increases, the distance the ball travels decreases.

For instance, ball 1 takes the least time to reach the batsman (0.42s) and travels the greatest distance (17.55m), while ball 5 takes the most time (0.58s) and travels the shortest distance (17.75m). This pattern suggests that the distance traveled by the ball decreases with increasing time taken to reach the batsman.

To determine the resolution of the stopwatch used by the coach, we can look at the smallest difference in time between two consecutive balls. From Table 1, we can see that the difference between the times of balls 1 and 2 is 0.04s, while the difference between the times of balls 3 and 4 is 0.07s.

Therefore, we can assume that the resolution of the stopwatch is somewhere between 0.04s and 0.07s. However, we cannot determine the exact resolution without more data.

In summary, there is a pattern between the time the ball is in flight and the distance it travels. As the time taken for the ball to reach the batsman increases, the distance the ball travels decreases. The resolution of the stopwatch used by the coach is estimated to be between 0.04s and 0.07s.

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The initial velocity with which the ball must be thrown upwards in order for it to take 6 seconds to return to its initial level is 29.4 meters/second.

Assuming negligible air resistance, the time taken by a ball to go up and come down after being thrown vertically upwards is given by:

t = 2*v/g

where:

t = time taken for the ball to go up and come down (in seconds)

v = initial velocity with which the ball is thrown upwards (in meters/second)

g = acceleration due to gravity

In this case, the time taken for the ball to return to its initial level is given as 6 seconds. Therefore, we can write:

6 seconds = 2*v/g

Rearranging the equation, we get:

v = (6 seconds * g)/2 = 29.4 m/s

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The approximate wavelength of a 10 GHz microwave transmitter is 3 centimeters.

The approximate wavelength of a microwave transmitter with a frequency of 10 GHz can be calculated using the formula:

wavelength = speed of light / frequency

where the speed of light is approximately 3.00 × 10^8 meters per second.

So, the wavelength of a 10 GHz microwave transmitter would be:

wavelength = 3.00 × 10^8 m/s / 10 × 10^9 Hz

wavelength = 0.03 meters or 3 centimeters

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The reason why problems involving mechanical energy fail to meet this rule with an exact answer is because mechanical energy is not a conserved quantity in real-world situations.

The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that the total mechanical energy of a closed system, which includes both potential energy(PE) and kinetic energy(KE), remains constant as long as no external forces act on the system.

In an ideal situation, where there is no friction or other external forces acting on the system, the total mechanical energy would remain constant. However, in most real-world situations, there are always external forces present, such as air resistance or friction, that cause some of the mechanical energy to be lost or converted into other forms of energy such as heat or sound. Therefore, it is impossible to have an exact answer when dealing with mechanical energy problems in real-world situations.

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Answer:

A person's weight will be slightly less at the top of a mountain than at the base. This is because the force of gravity is slightly weaker at higher altitudes. The force of gravity is directly proportional to the mass of the Earth and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the object and the center of the Earth. Since the person is farther away from the center of the Earth at the top of the mountain, the force of gravity is slightly weaker. This means that the person will weigh slightly less.

The amount of weight loss is very small, and it is not something that most people would notice. However, it is a real effect, and it can be measured. In fact, scientists have used this effect to measure the mass of the Earth.

To calculate the frequency of red light, we need to use the formula:
frequency = speed of light / wavelength

The speed of light is given as 3*10^18 m/s and the wavelength of red light is around 6.35*10^-7 m. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:

frequency = 3*10^18 / 6.35*10^-7
frequency = 4.72*10^14 Hz
Therefore, the frequency of red light is approximately 4.72*10^14 Hz.

Frequency is a measure of how many cycles of a wave occur in one second. In the case of light, it refers to how many times a light wave oscillates per second. Wavelength, on the other hand, refers to the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave. It is related to frequency through the speed of light, which is a constant in vacuum.

In summary, the frequency of red light is determined by its wavelength and the speed of light. The calculation involves dividing the speed of light by the wavelength of the light. This calculation can be used to determine the frequency of any other type of light, provided its wavelength is known.

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The frequency of the third harmonic is approximately 1416.7 Hz (option a).

The frequency of the third harmonics of a closed pipe can be calculated using the formula:

f = (2n + 1) * (v / 4L)

Where:
f = frequency of the harmonic
n = harmonic number (n = 2 for the third harmonic)
v = speed of sound in air (340 m/s)
L = length of the closed pipe (0.3 m)

Using the given values, we can calculate the frequency:

f = (2 * 2 + 1) * (340 / 4 * 0.3)
f = (5) * (340 / 1.2)
f = 5 * 283.3333

f ≈ 1416.7 Hz

So, the frequency of the third harmonic is approximately 1416.7 Hz (option a).

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The total distance you traveled is 25.0 km, and the total displacement you traveled is 15.0 km to the right and average speed is  12.5 km/h and velocity is 7.5 km/h to the right.

a. To find the total distance you traveled, add the distance you traveled to the right (20.0 km) and the distance you traveled back (5.0 km). Total distance = 20.0 km + 5.0 km = 25.0 km.

b. To find the total displacement, subtract the distance you traveled back (5.0 km) from the distance you traveled to the right (20.0 km). Total displacement = 20.0 km - 5.0 km = 15.0 km to the right.

c. To find your average speed, divide the total distance you traveled by the time it took to complete the journey. Average speed = Total distance / Time = 25.0 km / 2 hours = 12.5 km/h.

d. To find your average velocity, divide the total displacement by the time it took to complete the journey. Average velocity = Total displacement / Time = 15.0 km / 2 hours = 7.5 km/h to the right.

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The initial speed of the ball is approximately 22.0 m/s.

We can solve this problem using the kinematic equations of motion.

The initial velocity of the ball can be broken down into horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal component will remain constant throughout the flight, while the vertical component will be affected by gravity. We can use the following equations:

Horizontal motion:

x = v_x*t

Vertical motion:

y = v_y*t - (1/2)gt²

where:

We can solve for t by setting y = 0 (since the ball lands on the ground):

0 = v_y*t - (1/2)gt²

Solving for t, we get:

t = (2*v_y)/g

Now we can use the horizontal motion equation to solve for v_x:

x = v_xt

v_x = x/t

v_x = xg/(2*v_y)

Substituting the given values, we get:

v_x = (40.8 m)(9.81 m/s^2)/(2sin(42.0°)*cos(42.0°))

v_x ≈ 22.0 m/s

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An object in free fall near the Earth's surface has an acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s² downward. If the object has an initial velocity of 5 m/s upward, it will continue to move upward for a while before gravity pulls it back down.

One second later, the object will have been under the influence of gravity for one more second. During this time, its upward velocity will have decreased by 9.8 m/s² due to the acceleration of gravity, making it zero at the highest point of its trajectory.

As the object continues to fall, its downward velocity will increase by 9.8 m/s every second. Therefore, one second after starting with an initial velocity of 5 m/s upward, the object will have a velocity of 5 m/s downward.

In summary, assuming the object is in free fall near the surface of the Earth, its initial velocity of 5 m/s upward will be reversed by the acceleration due to gravity, resulting in a velocity of 5 m/s downward one second later.

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According to the question the length of the coil is (0.004719 × 1).

Length is a measurement of the distance between two points. It can refer to a physical distance, such as the length of a road or the length of a desk, or it can refer to a temporal distance, such as the length of a movie or the length of a song. Length is usually measured in units such as meters, kilometers, or feet, and can also be measured in time units such as seconds, minutes, or hours. In mathematics, length is also used to describe the size of a line, curve, or circle.

Assuming the magnetic field is uniform throughout the coil and that the current induced in the coil is directly proportional to the field strength, the number of turns in the coil can be calculated using the formula:

N = (V × B) / 4πf

Where:

N = number of turns

V = voltage of the flashlight bulb (3 V)

B = maximum field strength of the magnet (0.05 T)

f = frequency of the magnet moving through the coil (assume to be 1 Hz)

Therefore, the number of turns in the coil is:

N = (3 × 0.05) / (4π × 1) = 0.004719 turns

Assuming the coil is made from copper wire with a cross-sectional area of 1 mm2, the length of the coil is given by the formula:

L = N × A / π

Where:

L = length of the coil

N = number of turns in the coil (0.004719)

A = cross-sectional area of the wire (1 mm2)

Therefore, the length of the coil is:

L = (0.004719 × 1)

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A coil set-up without an iron core, featuring thirty loops, functioned as the control in the experiments. This configuration served as a baseline to compare the outcomes all other setups contained within the experiment.

It is essential that any testing environment deploys a control to create a standard of reference when assessing alterations made to the conditions of the experiment.

The inclusion of an iron core to the coiling design led to the most significant modifications being brought about for the strength of the electromagnet. These changes were evidence by the rise in paperclips collected when inserting an iron nucleus into both the thirty-loop and sixty-loop configurations.

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The solar cell that applies photosynthesis chemistry to generate hydrogen is different from traditional solar cells that directly convert sunlight into electricity because it uses a chemical process to store the energy generated by sunlight, whereas traditional solar cells directly produce electricity.

In the photosynthesis-based solar cell, the energy from sunlight is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen through a chemical reaction, and the hydrogen is stored for later use in a fuel cell to generate  the electricity. Traditional solar cells, on the other hand, generate electricity by converting sunlight directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

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--The complete Question is, How does the solar cell that applies photosynthesis chemistry to generate hydrogen differ from traditional solar cells that directly convert sunlight into electricity? --

The Lagrangian is then given by L = T - V.

(a) Writing down the Lagrangian (L): The Lagrangian is the difference between the kinetic and potential energies of the system.

In this case, the particle is confined to move on the surface of a circular cone, so we need to express the kinetic and potential energies in terms of the spherical polar coordinates (r, θ).

The kinetic energy can be expressed as T = (1/2) m (dr/dt)^2 + (1/2) m r^2 (dθ/dt)^2, where m is the mass of the particle.

The potential energy can be expressed as V = m g r cosθ, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

The Lagrangian is then given by L = T - V.

(b) Finding the equations of motion: The equations of motion can be obtained by applying the Euler-Lagrange equations to the Lagrangian L.

This involves taking partial derivatives of L with respect to the generalized coordinates (r, θ) and their derivatives (dr/dt, dθ/dt), and then solving the resulting equations.

One of the resulting equations of motion will be related to the angular momentum tz. It can be interpreted as the conservation of angular momentum around the z-axis.

The r equation of motion can be used to eliminate θ from the r equation, in favor of a constant fz.

The r equation should make physical sense even when θ = 0.

To find the value ro of r at which the particle can remain in a horizontal circular path, you would need to analyze the equilibrium conditions of the system and solve for r.

(c) Analyzing stability and frequency of oscillation: By assuming r(t) = ro + E(t), where E(t) is a small radial perturbation from the equilibrium position ro, you can substitute this expression into the r equation of motion to determine whether the circular path is stable.

Stability can be determined by examining the behavior of the perturbation E(t) over time.

The frequency of oscillation about ro can be obtained by analyzing the form of the solution E(t) and determining the frequency at which it oscillates.

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The length of the pendulum is 0.389 m.

The length of a simple pendulum can be calculated using the equation:

T = 2π√(L/g)

where T is the period of the pendulum, L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Rearranging the equation to solve for L, we get:

L = (gT²)/(4π²)

Substituting the given values, we get:

L = (9.8 m/s²)(3.15 s)²/(4π²) = 0.389 m

As a result, the pendulum's length is 0.389 m.

A longer pendulum will have a longer period and a shorter pendulum will have a shorter period, all other factors remaining constant. Similarly, a higher acceleration due to gravity will result in a shorter period, while a lower acceleration due to gravity will result in a longer period.

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The torque exerted by the wrench in scenario (c) and (d) is 'LF'. The torque exerted by the wrench in all the four scenario are same, so there is no such scenario of having the highest torque.

We know, Torque is the cross product of radius vector and force vector. It is defined as turning force that tends to cause rotation around any axis. It is also referred to as the 'Moment of Force'.

Mathematically,

Torque, ζ = r × F = r F sinθ

In case (a.),

The force vector is perpendicular to the radius vector (or the length) i.e., θ = 90°

∴ ζ = r × F = L × F = LF

In case (b.)

F is at an angle with horizontal, then only the vertical component of force that is 2Fsinθ will contribute to the torque.

∴  ζ = r × 2Fsin30° = L × 2F × (1/2) = LF

In case (c.),

The force vector is perpendicular to the radius vector i.e., θ = 90°

∴  ζ = r × F = 2L × (F/2) = LF

In case (d.),

Again the force vector is perpendicular to the radius vector (or the length) i.e., θ = 90°

∴  ζ = r × F = (L/2) × 2F = LF

Therefore, torque exerted by wrench in all scenario is same i.e., LF.

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After the collision, the two objects will stick together and move with a velocity of 5ms in the same direction.

Collision is a physical phenomenon that occurs when two or more objects interact with enough force to cause damage to one or more of the objects. This can occur when two objects come into contact with each other, or when two objects are moving at different speeds and collide with each other. Collisions can be caused by a variety of factors, including the speed and mass of the objects, the angle of their contact, and the surface area of the objects.

Scenario 1:

After the collision, the two objects will stick together and move with a velocity of 5ms in the same direction.

Scenario 2:

After the collision, the two objects will bounce off each other and move in opposite directions with the same velocity of 5ms.

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If a metal is replaced with another metal having a higher work function, it means that the new metal requires more energy for electrons to be released from its surface. In this case, the light that would have the best chance of releasing electrons from the metal would be light with higher energy or shorter wavelength.

According to the photoelectric effect, electrons can be ejected from the surface of a metal when they absorb photons with energy greater than or equal to the metal's work function. The work function represents the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the metal surface.

Based on the relationship between energy and wavelength (E = hc/λ), where E is the energy of a photon, h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength of the light, shorter wavelengths correspond to higher energies.

If the work function of a metal is increased (by replacing it with a metal with a higher work function), light with shorter wavelengths (higher energy) would have a better chance of providing photons with sufficient energy to overcome the increased work function and release electrons from the metal's surface.

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The speed of the wave resonating in the flute is approximately 349.664 m/s. To find the speed of the wave resonating in the flute, we can use the formula:

speed of wave = frequency x wavelength

We know that the frequency of the first harmonic (or fundamental frequency) of the flute is 196 Hz, which corresponds to a pitch of G3.

To find the wavelength, we need to use the formula for the wavelength of a standing wave in an air column that is open at both ends:

wavelength = 2L/n

where L is the length of the air column (in meters) and n is the harmonic number (for the first harmonic, n = 1).

In this case, we're given the length of the air column as 89.2 cm, which is 0.892 meters. So, plugging in the values, we get:

wavelength = 2 x 0.892 / 1
wavelength = 1.784 meters

Now that we have both the frequency and the wavelength, we can calculate the speed of the wave resonating in the flute:

speed of wave = frequency x wavelength
speed of wave = 196 Hz x 1.784 m
speed of wave = 349.664 m/s

So, the speed of the wave resonating in the flute is approximately 349.664 m/s.

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The formula to calculate the current through the 20-ohm resistor in a circuit consisting of two resistors connected to a source of potential difference is given by Ohm's law.

The total resistance in  circuit is  sum of the two resistors. The current through the 20-ohm resistor can be calculated by dividing  voltage of the source by the total resistance of the circuit, then multiplying that value by the inverse of the resistance of the 20-ohm resistor. In mathematical terms, the formula is I = V/(R1 + R2) x (1/R2), where I is the current, V is  voltage, R1 and R2 are the resistances of the two resistors, and 1/R2 is the inverse of the resistance of the 20-ohm resistor.

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--The complete Question is, Assuming the source of potential difference and the values of the resistors are known, what is the formula to calculate the current through the 20-ohm resistor in a circuit consisting of two resistors connected to a source of potential difference? --

The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum, so if the particle's kinetic energy is doubled. This means that the de Broglie wavelength will be halved, so the factor answer is 0.5.

Wavelength is the distance between two successive points of a propagating wave which have the same amplitude and phase. Wavelengths are typically measured in meters, centimeters, or nanometers, depending on the type of wave. Wavelengths range from radio waves, which have the longest wavelength, to gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelength. Waves with different wavelengths have different properties like speed, frequency, and energy. Wavelength is an important factor in determining the behavior of a wave, such as its reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction. Wavelength also determines the type of electromagnetic radiation a wave produces, such as visible light, ultraviolet radiation, or infrared radiation. Wavelength is a fundamental property of waves and is used to describe the properties of light, sound, and other forms of energy.

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a. The fit between the cap and a ball-point pen can be described as a "snug" or "friction" fit, as the cap is designed to stay securely in place when not in use.

b. The fit of the lead in a mechanical pencil at the tip can be described as a "precision" fit, as the lead needs to be held firmly and accurately within the pencil to allow for smooth and consistent writing.

c. The fit of a bullet in the barrel of a gun can be described as a "tight" or "interference" fit, as the bullet must be in close contact with the barrel to ensure accurate firing and prevent gas leakage during discharge.

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Compounds are chemically combined pure substances with new properties, while mixtures are physically combined substances that retain their individual properties.

Compare and contrast compounds and mixtures (select all that are true):

1. Compounds are pure substances, but mixtures are not.

This statement is true. Compounds are pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio, while mixtures are combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically combined and can be physically separated.

2. When two elements bond together into a compound they have new properties.
This statement is true.

When elements chemically bond to form a compound, they create a substance with unique properties different from the individual elements.

3. When two substances are mixed together in a mixture, they keep their individual properties.

This statement is true.

In a mixture, the substances retain their individual properties because they are not chemically combined.

4. Compounds are physically combined.

This statement is false.

Compounds are chemically combined, as elements form chemical bonds to create a compound with new properties.

5. Mixtures are chemically combined.

This statement is false.

Mixtures are physically combined, as the substances in a mixture are not chemically bonded and retain their individual properties.

In summary, compounds are chemically combined pure substances with new properties, while mixtures are physically combined substances that retain their individual properties.

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Single convex lenses can create real and inverted images of distant objects, with size depending on object distance and focal length. The image appears on the opposite side of the lens from the object, between the lens and its focus.

Single convex lenses can be used to make real and inverted images of distant objects. The size of the image depends on the distance of the object from the lens and the focal length of the lens.

If the object is very far away from the lens, the image will be small. The image will occur on the side of the lens opposite to the object and between the lens and its focus.

The image will be real and inverted because the convex lens converges the light rays that pass through it.

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Electromagnetic waves give off energy. The electromagnetic spectrum shows us that the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency, and the greater the energy the wave carries.

Electromagnetic waves are an energized form of oscillating electric on magnetic fields travelling in a cosmic distance. Across the electromagnetic spectrum is an extensive range of frequencies that encompass the entirety of electromagnetic radiation, including lower frequency radios waves to elevated frequency gamma rays.

The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is the consecution of two successive crests or troughs in the wave's measurement, while its frequency is counted by the total amount of oscillations passing through a mark per second, determined via Hertz (Hz).

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From the relation between precision and wavelength, the precision of UV light is 90.95 % times the precision of visible light.

Given:

Wavelength, λ = 380 nm

Laser wavelength, λ₁ = 199 nm

The relationship between precision and wavelength is:

P ∝ 1/λ

Precision = (P - P₁)÷P₁ ×100

Precision(UV) = (λ₁ ÷ λ) - 1 ×100

Precision(UV) = (380 ÷ 199 - 1) ×100

Precision(UV) = 90.95 %

Hence, the precision of UV light is 90.95 % the precision of visible light.

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The the NW section of the Earth is experiencing night and winter  in Position 1.

Option 3 is correct.

Day and night are due to the Earth rotating on its axis, not its orbiting around the sun.

The term 'one day' is determined by the time the Earth takes to rotate once on its axis and includes both day time and night time. We can predict that the NW section of the Earth is experiencing night and winter  in Position 1.  

The earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit that takes about 365 1/4 days to finish as it spins on its axis, creating day and night.

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